SPON2 Gene

Name spondin 2, extracellular matrix protein
Description Predicted to enable antigen binding activity; lipopolysaccharide binding activity; and metal ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cell adhesion. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including defense response to other organism; opsonization; and positive regulation of cytokine production. Located in extracellular exosome. Biomarker of meningioma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]
Summary
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nSpondin‑2 (also known as mindin) is a secreted extracellular matrix protein with a multifaceted role in immune regulation. Its amino‐terminal F‑spondin (FS) domain mediates integrin binding, thereby facilitating efficient T‑cell priming by dendritic cells, whereas its carboxy‑terminal thrombospondin type‑1 repeat (TSR) domain recognizes pathogen components such as lipopolysaccharide to trigger innate immune responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nWithin the tumor microenvironment, Spondin‑2 displays context‑dependent functions. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), for instance, it promotes the recruitment of M1‑like macrophages via distinct integrin signaling pathways that activate RhoA/Rac1 and influence F‑actin reorganization and Hippo pathway components—processes shown to suppress metastasis and be upregulated by thyroid hormone."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "2", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In contrast, in colorectal and gastric cancers, elevated Spondin‑2—sometimes induced by oncogenic transcription factors like MACC1—enhances cell viability, migration, invasiveness, and metastatic spread via activation of signaling cascades including NF‑κB, Rho‑GTPases, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway; its high expression is associated with advanced disease stages and poorer patient outcomes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, in lung adenocarcinoma and clear cell renal cell carcinoma, Spondin‑2 similarly contributes to tumor aggressiveness and metastatic potential."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nOutside the realm of oncology, Spondin‑2 is implicated in diverse pathological processes involving tissue remodeling and inflammatory responses. It exerts protective effects in vascular biology by suppressing abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, thus mitigating neointima formation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Elevated levels have also been observed in metabolic and renal pathologies—being upregulated in high‑calorie diet models and correlating with podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "—while decreased serum concentrations have been linked to early‐stage bronchial asthma."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In prostate cancer, Spondin‑2 promotes osteomimicry and bone metastasis through ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and pan‑cancer evaluations indicate its emerging value as a prognostic biomarker."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "21"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, studies in cardiac hypertrophy have implicated mindin in the inhibition of angiogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yili Li, Chunzhang Cao, Wei Jia, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cardiac-specific mindin overexpression attenuates cardiac hypertrophy via blocking AKT/GSK3β and TGF-β1-Smad signalling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cardiovasc Res (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/cvr/cvr159"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvr159"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21632881"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21632881"}]}]}]}
Synonyms MINDIN, M-SPONDIN, DIL-1, DIL1
Proteins SPON2_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID 10417
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions View SPON2's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.
Co-expressed Genes View SPON2's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines View SPON2's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.

Functional Associations

SPON2 has 7,377 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 99 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for SPON2 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Dataset Summary
Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray tissue samples with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq tissue samples with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of SPON2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations cell types associated with SPON2 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of SPON2 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors binding the promoter of SPON2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 transcription factors binding the promoter of SPON2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules small molecule perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores cellular components containing SPON2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 cellular components containing SPON2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores cellular components co-occuring with SPON2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 cellular components co-occuring with SPON2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of SPON2 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles cell lines with SPON2 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions chemicals interacting with SPON2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
CTD Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with SPON2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 diseases associated with SPON2 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores diseases co-occuring with SPON2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 diseases co-occuring with SPON2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with SPON2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations phenotypes associated with SPON2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at SPON2 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of SPON2 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors binding the promoter of SPON2 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing SPON2 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
GAD Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with SPON2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with SPON2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations biological terms co-occuring with SPON2 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing SPON2 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases disease perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations kinase perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules small molecule perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations transcription factor perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections virus perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset.
GlyGen Glycosylated Proteins ligands (chemical) binding SPON2 protein from the GlyGen Glycosylated Proteins dataset.
GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 biological processes involving SPON2 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 cellular components containing SPON2 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 molecular functions performed by SPON2 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.
GTEx eQTL 2025 SNPs regulating expression of SPON2 gene from the GTEx eQTL 2025 dataset.
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 tissues with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset.
GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GTEx Tissue-Specific Aging Signatures tissue samples with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue-Specific Aging Signatures dataset.
Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other cell lines from the Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other cell lines from the HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of SPON2 protein relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HuBMAP Azimuth Cell Type Annotations cell types associated with SPON2 gene from the HuBMAP Azimuth Cell Type Annotations dataset.
HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations phenotypes associated with SPON2 gene by text-mining GWAS publications from the HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations protein domains predicted for SPON2 protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset.
JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors regulating expression of SPON2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of SPON2 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles cell lines with SPON2 gene mutations from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations transcription factor perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset.
LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbation Consensus Signatures small molecule perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbations Consensus Signatures dataset.
LINCS L1000 CMAP CRISPR Knockout Consensus Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP CRISPR Knockout Consensus Signatures dataset.
LINCS L1000 CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules small molecule perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations cellular components containing SPON2 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations dataset.
LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations cellular components predicted to contain SPON2 protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset.
MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by SPON2 gene mutations from the MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 dataset.
MiRTarBase microRNA Targets microRNAs targeting SPON2 gene in low- or high-throughput microRNA targeting studies from the MiRTarBase microRNA Targets dataset.
MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training tissue samples with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training dataset.
MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by SPON2 gene mutations from the MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
MSigDB Cancer Gene Co-expression Modules co-expressed genes for SPON2 from the MSigDB Cancer Gene Co-expression Modules dataset.
MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations dataset.
Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions interacting proteins for SPON2 from the Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions dataset.
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Mouse Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 pathways involving SPON2 protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset.
PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024 pathways involving SPON2 protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset.
PID Pathways pathways involving SPON2 protein from the PID Pathways dataset.
Reactome Pathways 2014 pathways involving SPON2 protein from the Reactome Pathways dataset.
Reactome Pathways 2024 pathways involving SPON2 protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue DNA Methylation Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low DNA methylation of SPON2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue DNA Methylation Profiles dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at SPON2 gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures drug perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset.
RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of SPON2 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations cell types with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other cell types from the Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations dataset.
TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets microRNAs regulating expression of SPON2 gene predicted using conserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets dataset.
TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets microRNAs regulating expression of SPON2 gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset.
TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors tissue samples with high or low expression of SPON2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset.
TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues with high expression of SPON2 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 tissues with high expression of SPON2 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues with high expression of SPON2 protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 tissues with high expression of SPON2 protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues co-occuring with SPON2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 tissues co-occuring with SPON2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.