{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nSRY is the pivotal Y‐chromosomal transcription factor that directs male sex determination by engaging DNA via its highly conserved high‐mobility group (HMG) box to bind and bend target sequences and thereby initiate the cascade of events leading to testis differentiation. Its efficient function depends critically on dual nuclear localization signals—one mediating import via the classical importin‐β pathway and the other through a calmodulin‐dependent route—to ensure robust accumulation in the nucleus. Mutations that reduce DNA‐binding, alter DNA bending or disrupt nuclear import (even when DNA binding per se is retained) can compromise SRY’s transcriptional function and cause XY gonadal dysgenesis and related disorders."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its core role in sex determination, SRY modulates transcriptional networks by employing several regulatory mechanisms. It undergoes post‐translational modification—for example, acetylation by p300 enhances its interaction with nuclear import machinery—and forms complexes with other factors such as WT1 and KRAB‐domain proteins to recruit epigenetic silencing complexes. SRY also acts as a repressor of ovarian-promoting pathways by antagonizing Wnt/β-catenin signaling and directly controls target promoters (for instance, that of the chromatin‐remodeling factor WDR5) to influence downstream effectors like SOX9. Such multifaceted regulation is further exemplified by studies reconstituting its dual nuclear import pathways and revealing competitive binding between importin‐β and calmodulin."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its developmental role in sex determination, SRY has been implicated in functions outside the embryonic gonad. It is endogenously expressed in discrete subsets of cells in the adult brain—where it modulates catecholamine synthesis by directly activating tyrosine hydroxylase—as well as in liver, where aberrant or ectopic expression can contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma by sustaining cancer stem-like properties via OCT4 activation. Moreover, SRY’s dysregulation is linked to inherited conditions such as Turner syndrome and 46,XX true hermaphroditism and may modify risk in disorders like Hirschsprung disease and atherosclerosis through effects on key signaling pathways (for example, by repressing enhancer elements of neuregulin 1). Collectively, these studies underscore that SRY not only orchestrates the initial steps of testis determination but also exerts broader roles in neural, cardiovascular, and oncogenic contexts."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "21", "end_ref": "32"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "E C Murphy, V B Zhurkin, J M Louis, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Novel mutations affecting SRY DNA-binding activity: the HMG box N65H associated with 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis and the familial non-HMG box R30I associated with variable phenotypes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Mol Med (Berl) (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00109-002-0376-9"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-002-0376-9"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12483463"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12483463"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Vincent R Harley, Sharon Layfield, Claire L Mitchell, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Defective importin beta recognition and nuclear import of the sex-determining factor SRY are associated with XY sex-reversing mutations."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.1137864100"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1137864100"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12764225"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12764225"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yumiko Matsuzawa-Watanabe, Jun-Ichiro Inoue, Kentaro Semba "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transcriptional activity of testis-determining factor SRY is modulated by the Wilms' tumor 1 gene product, WT1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.onc.1206717"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206717"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12970737"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12970737"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mohammad Shahid, Varinderpal S Dhillion, Neeraj Jain, et al. 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