SUB1 Gene

Name	SUB1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)
Description	Enables several functions, including DNA binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and transcription coactivator activity. Involved in several processes, including RNA polymerase II promoter clearance; negative regulation of DNA duplex unwinding; and regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process. Located in nucleolus and nucleoplasm. Part of transcription regulator complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nSUB1, the yeast homolog of human PC4, is a multifunctional transcriptional coactivator that plays a central role in modulating gene expression. It functions as a mediator between upstream activators and the basal transcription machinery by engaging in multiple phases of the transcription cycle—including initiation, elongation, termination, and reinitiation—and by influencing chromatin structure. In addition to its canonical role in transcription, SUB1/PC4 displays a unique single‐stranded DNA binding activity that enables it to interact with non‐B DNA structures such as G-quadruplexes, suggesting a critical role in promoter accessibility and genome integrity. These versatile functions are further underscored by its ability to influence co-transcriptional mRNA processing events, thereby ensuring proper gene expression dynamics."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its role in transcription, SUB1/PC4 contributes to the maintenance of genomic stability by participating in critical DNA-dependent processes. Its binding to single-stranded DNA is essential for stabilizing stalled replication forks and facilitating the repair of DNA damage via pathways such as nonhomologous end joining and homologous recombination. Moreover, SUB1/PC4 has been implicated in the cellular response to genotoxic stress by engaging in repair of DNA lesions, including those induced by alkylation events in the minor groove, thereby protecting cells from replication–transcription collisions and promoting cell survival."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAberrant regulation of SUB1/PC4 has profound implications in oncogenesis. Overexpression and dysregulated activity of SUB1 have been observed in several malignancies, including aggressive prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and gliomas. In these contexts, SUB1/PC4 promotes tumorigenesis by upregulating the transcription of oncogenes—such as PLK1, C-MYC, and BUB1B—and by downregulating tumor suppressors, thereby enhancing cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and overall poor clinical outcomes. As a result, SUB1 emerges not only as a key factor in fundamental nuclear processes but also as a promising diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in cancer."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Christine Conesa, Joël Acker "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sub1/PC4 a chromatin associated protein with multiple functions in transcription."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RNA Biol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4161/rna.7.3.11491"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4161/rna.7.3.11491"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20305379"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20305379"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Christopher R Lopez, Shivani Singh, Shashank Hambarde, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yeast Sub1 and human PC4 are G-quadruplex binding proteins that suppress genome instability at co-transcriptionally formed G4 DNA."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleic Acids Res (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/nar/gkx201"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx201"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28369605"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28369605"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Miguel Garavís, Olga Calvo "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sub1/PC4, a multifaceted factor: from transcription to genome stability."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Curr Genet (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00294-017-0715-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-017-0715-6"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28567479"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28567479"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Olga Calvo "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sub1 and RNAPII, until termination does them part."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transcription (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/21541264.2017.1333558"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21541264.2017.1333558"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28853990"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28853990"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kiran Batta, Masatoshi Yokokawa, Kunio Takeyasu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human transcriptional coactivator PC4 stimulates DNA end joining and activates DSB repair activity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Mol Biol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.008"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.008"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19038270"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19038270"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oliver Mortusewicz, Wera Roth, Na Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Recruitment of RNA polymerase II cofactor PC4 to DNA damage sites."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1083/jcb.200808097"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200808097"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19047459"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19047459"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "O Mortusewicz, B Evers, T Helleday "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PC4 promotes genome stability and DNA repair through binding of ssDNA at DNA damage sites."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/onc.2015.135"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2015.135"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25961912"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25961912"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ting Zhao, Xiaomei He, Xiaochen Liang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "HMGB3 and SUB1 Bind to and Facilitate the Repair of "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "N"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "sup"}], "href": "sup"}, {"type": "t", "text": "2"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/sup"}], "href": "/sup"}, {"type": "t", "text": "-Alkylguanine Lesions in DNA."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Am Chem Soc (2024)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1021/jacs.4c06680"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c06680"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "39101269"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39101269"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "B V S K Chakravarthi, M T Goswami, S S Pathi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MicroRNA-101 regulated transcriptional modulator SUB1 plays a role in prostate cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/onc.2016.164"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2016.164"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27270442"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27270442"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhenyang Liu, Jiaying Wang, Junyu Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CircVCAN/SUB1 up-regulates MYC/HSP90β to enhance the proliferation and migration of glioma cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brain Res Bull (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.003"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.003"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34534637"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34534637"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hao Wang, Wenwen Chen, Yanting Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "SUB1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by activating NF-κB signaling via UBR5-mediated ubiquitination of UBXN1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci China Life Sci (2024)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s11427-023-2429-5"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-023-2429-5"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "38240906"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38240906"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	P15
Proteins	TCP4_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	10923
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

SUB1 has 10,365 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 126 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for SUB1 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

SUB1 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by SUB1 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of SUB1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of SUB1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of SUB1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of SUB1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of SUB1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of SUB1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of SUB1 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of SUB1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of SUB1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of SUB1 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of SUB1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of SUB1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with SUB1 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with SUB1 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of SUB1 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of SUB1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of SUB1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of SUB1 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing SUB1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing SUB1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing SUB1 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing SUB1 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with SUB1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with SUB1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	CORUM Protein Complexes	protein complexs containing SUB1 protein from the CORUM Protein Complexes dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of SUB1 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with SUB1 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with SUB1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with SUB1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of SUB1 protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by SUB1 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with SUB1 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with SUB1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with SUB1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with SUB1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with SUB1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at SUB1 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of SUB1 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of SUB1 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.