{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTransgelin (TAGLN), also known as SM22, is a 22‐kDa actin‐binding protein that plays a central role in regulating cytoskeletal architecture and smooth muscle cell differentiation. In normal tissues it functions as an early marker of smooth muscle differentiation, contributing to calcium‐independent contractility, cell shape modulation, and tissue remodeling. TAGLN expression is tightly controlled by signals such as transforming growth factor–β (TGF–β)/Smad3 and by mechanical cues that influence actin filament stabilization, underscoring its importance in maintaining the differentiated contractile phenotype of vascular and visceral smooth muscle cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn oncological settings, TAGLN demonstrates a complex, context‐dependent behavior. Numerous studies have reported that loss or downregulation of TAGLN in epithelial cancers – including colorectal, prostate, and breast carcinomas – is associated with early tumor progression and has been interpreted as evidence for a tumor‐suppressor role. Conversely, in some advanced tumor types and in specific cellular compartments (for example, within reactive tumor stroma or even in cancer stem cells), maintained or re‐induced TAGLN expression has been linked to enhanced cell migration, invasion, and resistance to cytotoxic therapies. These observations suggest that, while diminished TAGLN expression may contribute to malignant transformation, its re‐expression in later stages can promote metastatic potential through modulation of actin dynamics and interaction with oncogenic regulators such as p53 and PTEN."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its roles in muscle physiology and tumor cell behavior, TAGLN has emerged as a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Differential expression patterns—such as its contrasting levels in neoplastic epithelial cells versus the tumor‐induced reactive stroma—and regulation by microRNAs highlight its potential utility in stratifying tumor aggressiveness, predicting clinical outcome, and guiding targeted therapies. Moreover, these studies indicate that TAGLN may also be involved in broader pathological processes, including vascular remodeling, inflammatory responses, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, thereby offering insights into tumor–stroma interactions and other disease‐related cytoskeletal disturbances."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "29", "end_ref": "38"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Janiel M Shields, Kelley Rogers-Graham, Channing J Der "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Loss of transgelin in breast and colon tumors and in RIE-1 cells by Ras deregulation of gene expression through Raf-independent pathways."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M110086200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110086200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11773051"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11773051"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Haiying Yu, Melanie Königshoff, Aparna Jayachandran, et al. 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