{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTARM1 (T cell‐interacting, activating receptor on myeloid cells‐1) is a newly identified, evolutionarily conserved transmembrane receptor encoded within the leukocyte receptor complex that plays a modulatory role in innate and adaptive immune responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Its transmembrane domain harbors a conserved arginine residue that permits its association with an ITAM‐bearing adaptor, FcRγ, while it does not associate with DAP10 or DAP12. In the steady state, TARM1 is constitutively expressed on both mature and immature CD11b⁺Gr-1⁺ neutrophils within the bone marrow.\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nUpon inflammatory stimulation—for example, following intraperitoneal LPS administration or systemic bacterial challenge—TARM1 expression is robustly upregulated in neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes, and TARM1-positive cells are rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Likewise, bone marrow–derived macrophages and dendritic cells increase TARM1 surface expression upon stimulation with Toll-like receptor agonists. Ligation of TARM1 in the presence of TLR stimuli (such as LPS) synergistically enhances proinflammatory cytokine secretion from macrophages and primary mouse neutrophils, whereas engagement of TARM1 alone does not trigger cytokine production.\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nNotably, an immobilized TARM1-Fc fusion protein has been shown to suppress CD4⁺ T cell activation and proliferation, suggesting that TARM1 participates in bidirectional signaling. In this setting, a putative T cell ligand interacting with TARM1 likely increases the activation threshold of T cells while concurrently costimulating the innate response by promoting cytokine release from myeloid cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " This dual function implicates TARM1 as an important immunomodulatory receptor that helps balance inflammatory responses during infection and other immune challenges.\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Valeria Radjabova, Piero Mastroeni, Karsten Skjødt, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TARM1 Is a Novel Leukocyte Receptor Complex-Encoded ITAM Receptor That Costimulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion by Macrophages and Neutrophils."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.1401847"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1401847"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26311901"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26311901"}]}]}]}