| HGNC Family | G protein-coupled receptors |
| Name | taste receptor, type 2, member 31 |
| Description | TAS2R44 belongs to the large TAS2R receptor family. TAS2Rs are expressed on the surface of taste receptor cells and mediate the perception of bitterness through a G protein-coupled second messenger pathway (Conte et al., 2002 [PubMed 12584440]). For further information on TAS2Rs, see MIM 604791.[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2009] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent integrative genetic and functional analyses have identified the bitter taste receptor TAS2R31 as key in mediating human bitter taste responses to various compounds, including the artificial sweeteners saccharin and acesulfame K as well as quinine. In cultured cell assays and human psychophysical studies, TAS2R31 was shown to be activated by these bitter compounds, with naturally occurring mutations in the receptor independently influencing its responsiveness. Such variations in receptor function help explain inter-individual differences in bitter perception that may affect food and nonnutritive sweetener consumption habits."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "Genetic association studies further reveal that TAS2R31 polymorphisms are linked to differences in the bitterness of quinine and the hedonic evaluation of products such as grapefruit juice. These data also suggest that previously observed associations with nearby taste receptor genes, for example TAS2R19, may be attributed to strong linkage disequilibrium with functional variants in TAS2R31."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "Moreover, investigations into the bitter off-taste of acesulfame potassium have demonstrated that specific TAS2R31 alleles, notably the WMVI haplotype, influence the perceived bitterness and liking of this nonnutritive sweetener in both children and adults. These findings underscore the potential role of TAS2R31 in modulating dietary choices and the risk of overconsumption of bitter-tasting sweetener-containing products."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Natacha Roudnitzky, Bernd Bufe, Sophie Thalmann, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genomic, genetic and functional dissection of bitter taste responses to artificial sweeteners."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Mol Genet (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/hmg/ddr252"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddr252"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21672920"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21672920"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "John E Hayes, Emma L Feeney, Alissa A Nolden, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Quinine Bitterness and Grapefruit Liking Associate with Allelic Variants in TAS2R31."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chem Senses (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/chemse/bjv027"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjv027"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26024668"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26024668"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nuala Bobowski, Danielle R Reed, Julie A Mennella "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Variation in the TAS2R31 bitter taste receptor gene relates to liking for the nonnutritive sweetener Acesulfame-K among children and adults."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Rep (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/srep39135"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39135"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27966661"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27966661"}]}]}]}
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| Synonyms | TAS2R44, T2R53, T2R31, T2R44 |
| Proteins | T2R31_HUMAN |
| NCBI Gene ID | 259290 |
| API | |
| Download Associations | |
| Predicted Functions |
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| Co-expressed Genes |
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| Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
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TAS2R31 has 2,399 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 63 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for TAS2R31 from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles | cell lines with fitness changed by TAS2R31 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray | tissue samples with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of TAS2R31 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TAS2R31 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of TAS2R31 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas | gene perturbations changing expression of TAS2R31 gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components co-occuring with TAS2R31 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of TAS2R31 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with TAS2R31 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
| CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions | chemicals interacting with TAS2R31 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset. | |
| DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency | cell lines with fitness changed by TAS2R31 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset. | |
| DGIdb Drug Targets 2026 | interacting drugs for TAS2R31 protein from the DGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with TAS2R31 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with TAS2R31 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at TAS2R31 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TAS2R31 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of TAS2R31 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing TAS2R31 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset. | |
| GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with TAS2R31 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing TAS2R31 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of TAS2R31 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of TAS2R31 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of TAS2R31 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections | virus perturbations changing expression of TAS2R31 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 | biological processes involving TAS2R31 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 | biological processes involving TAS2R31 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2025 | biological processes involving TAS2R31 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset. | |
| GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 | cellular components containing TAS2R31 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 | molecular functions performed by TAS2R31 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 | molecular functions performed by TAS2R31 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 | molecular functions performed by TAS2R31 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
| GTEx eQTL 2025 | SNPs regulating expression of TAS2R31 gene from the GTEx eQTL 2025 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 | tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue-Specific Aging Signatures | tissue samples with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue-Specific Aging Signatures dataset. | |
| HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other cell lines from the HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other tissue samples from the HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with TAS2R31 gene by text-mining GWAS publications from the HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
| InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations | protein domains predicted for TAS2R31 protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of TAS2R31 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of TAS2R31 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| KEGG Pathways 2026 | pathways involving TAS2R31 protein from the KEGG Pathways 2026 dataset. | |
| Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of TAS2R31 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of TAS2R31 gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components predicted to contain TAS2R31 protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2014 | pathways involving TAS2R31 protein from the Reactome Pathways dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2024 | pathways involving TAS2R31 protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at TAS2R31 gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 | transcription factors regulating expression of TAS2R31 gene from the Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of TAS2R31 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of TAS2R31 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations | cell types with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other cell types from the Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations dataset. | |
| TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors | tissue samples with high or low expression of TAS2R31 gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset. | |
| TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of TAS2R31 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues co-occuring with TAS2R31 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| WikiPathways Pathways 2014 | pathways involving TAS2R31 protein from the Wikipathways Pathways 2014 dataset. | |
