{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent studies in lung cancer have demonstrated that TC2N functions as a novel oncogene by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Its overexpression in lung cancer tissues correlates with poor patient outcomes, and mechanistic investigations indicate that TC2N impairs p53 signaling—an effect achieved by disrupting Cdk5‐mediated phosphorylation of p53 through Cdk5 degradation or interference with the Cdk5/p53 interaction. Moreover, TC2N modulation has been linked to altered responses to chemotherapy, as its downregulation is associated with doxorubicin‐induced apoptosis via p53 pathway activation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond lung cancer, the role of TC2N extends to other malignancies where it exerts context‐dependent functions. In hepatocellular carcinoma, for instance, TC2N is upregulated and facilitates tumor progression by activating the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, thereby promoting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In contrast, studies in breast and gastric cancers reveal that TC2N can function either as an oncogenic driver—as observed through its regulation of the PI3K–Akt signaling cascade in breast cancer—or as a tumor suppressor, underscoring the complexity of its activity in different tumor types."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nCollectively, these findings underscore the multifaceted role of TC2N in cancer biology. By modulating key signaling pathways such as p53, Wnt/β‐catenin, and PI3K–Akt, TC2N contributes to tumorigenesis in a cell type– and context‐dependent manner. Its divergent functions across cancer types not only highlight its potential as a prognostic biomarker but also point to the possibility of targeting TC2N-driven pathways for therapeutic intervention."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiang-Lin Hao, Fei Han, Ning Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TC2N, a novel oncogene, accelerates tumor progression by suppressing p53 signaling pathway in lung cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Differ (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41418-018-0202-8"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-018-0202-8"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30254375"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30254375"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xianglin Hao, Li-Yun Gao, Ning Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tac2-N acts as a novel oncogene and promotes tumor metastasis via activation of NF-κB signaling in lung cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Exp Clin Cancer Res (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s13046-019-1316-7"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-019-1316-7"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31466523"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31466523"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hanyang Li, He Fang, Li Chang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TC2N: A Novel Vital Oncogene or Tumor Suppressor Gene In Cancers."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Front Immunol (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3389/fimmu.2021.764749"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.764749"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34925334"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34925334"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yi-Xia Lou, Jing Gu, Lei Zhu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TC2N Promotes Cell Proliferation and Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Targeting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lab Invest (2023)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100260"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100260"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "37839635"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37839635"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiang-Lin Hao, Yang-Fan Lv, De-Feng Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TC2N inhibits distant metastasis and stemness of breast cancer via blocking fatty acid synthesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Transl Med (2024)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12967-023-04721-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04721-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "38167440"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38167440"}]}]}]}