{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTCP11X1 is a testis‐enriched protein containing a MORN (membrane occupation and recognition nexus) motif that appears to play a pivotal role during spermiogenesis. In mouse testis, a MORN‐motif protein (MOPT) exhibiting many hallmarks of TCP11X1, is expressed predominantly in round and elongated spermatids; its dynamic relocalization—from proacrosomic vesicles in early spermatids to the nucleus in mature spermatozoa—suggests an essential function in acrosome biogenesis and nuclear remodeling during the final stages of sperm maturation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its role in male germ cell development, proteins containing the MORN motif, such as those related to TCP11X1, also influence distinct cellular processes in other cell types. For instance, overexpression of MORN2 in macrophages enhances LC3-associated phagocytosis by promoting LC3-II production and facilitating phagosome acidification—a process that is further modulated by reactive oxygen species and interactions with plasma membrane SNARE proteins."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMoreover, the importance of MORN motif–bearing proteins extends into the regulation of bioelectrical signal homeostasis, as observed in cardiomyocytes, and into the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity essential for adenosine triphosphate production. This underscores a broader biological relevance whereby TCP11X1-like proteins not only contribute to energy-demanding processes such as sperm motility via proper mitochondrial sheath function but might also integrate aspects of intracellular membrane trafficking and signal regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Y-J Choi, K-C Hwang, J-Y Park, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification and characterization of a novel mouse and human MOPT gene containing MORN-motif protein in testis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Theriogenology (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.09.010"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.09.010"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19913896"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19913896"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Maya Morita, Mayu Kajiye, Chiye Sakurai, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Characterization of MORN2 stability and regulatory function in LC3-associated phagocytosis in macrophages."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biol Open (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/bio.051029"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.051029"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32414768"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32414768"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yining Liu, Tongtong Li, Mingze Shi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MORN2 regulates the morphology and energy metabolism of mitochondria and is required for male fertility in mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Transl Med (2024)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12967-024-05010-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-05010-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "38443933"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38443933"}]}]}]}