{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTFCP2 (also known as CP2, LSF, or LBP‐1c) has been implicated as a potent oncogenic regulator in a variety of cancers. In cervical cancer, for example, elevated TFCP2 levels—resulting from a circRNA (hsa_circ_0023404) acting as a sponge for miR‐136 that normally suppresses TFCP2—activate the YAP signaling pathway and promote tumor development and progression. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), TFCP2 drives aggressive, angiogenic, and metastatic behaviors by transcriptionally up‐regulating genes such as osteopontin and matrix metalloproteinase‐9, and by cooperating with YAP to sustain oncogenic transcription. Its aberrant overexpression has also been linked to colorectal, oral, and head and neck cancers, where TFCP2 influences cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, DNA methylation (via direct interactions with DNMT1 and UHRF1), and even cytoskeletal modifications through SET8‐mediated α‐tubulin methylation. Furthermore, TFCP2’s involvement is extended to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and endometrial cancer, where its deregulated expression correlates with poor prognosis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its oncogenic roles, TFCP2 is a versatile transcriptional regulator in normal physiology and development. It is essential for the robust transcriptional activation of inflammatory genes—for instance, by binding to enhancer elements in the SAA3 promoter upon cytokine stimulation. TFCP2 also plays a central part in hematopoiesis, where its binding to globin gene promoters is crucial for the enhanced transcription observed during erythroid differentiation. Beyond the blood lineage, TFCP2 regulates key developmental genes such as PAX6 in ocular morphogenesis and directly activates the SRY promoter, thus participating in sex determination. Its activity is further modulated by interactions with transcriptional repressors like Polycomb group proteins and by posttranslational modifications, as seen with the sumoylation‐regulated CRTR‐1, a family member that contributes to the maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "17", "end_ref": "23"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nGenetic association studies have explored polymorphisms within TFCP2 (and its related loci) in the context of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, albeit with mixed outcomes. While certain TFCP2 variants have been reported to exert a moderate protective effect against Alzheimer’s disease in some cohorts, other studies have failed to confirm a significant association. In parallel, a frameshift mutation in a related family member, TFCP2L3, has been linked to an autosomal dominant form of sensorineural hearing loss, underscoring the importance of proper TFCP2 family function in sensory systems. Moreover, TFCP2 polymorphisms have been examined for potential roles in the susceptibility to other complex disorders such as major depression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "24", "end_ref": "30"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent studies have also uncovered novel scenarios of aberrant TFCP2 activity through chromosomal rearrangements and specialized intercellular delivery. In rare rhabdomyosarcomas, oncogenic fusions involving TFCP2 (with partners such as EWSR1 or FUS) disrupt normal myogenic differentiation while up‐regulating factors like ALK and truncated TERT, thereby driving a highly aggressive tumor phenotype. In a different context, extracellular vesicles derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to carry TFCP2, which in turn contributes to improved invasion and migration of extravillous trophoblasts—an observation that may inform therapeutic strategies for conditions such as preeclampsia."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "31", "end_ref": "33"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jianhua Zhang, Xinyuan Zhao, Jin Zhang, et al. 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