{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThymosin β4, encoded by TMSB4X, is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed actin‐sequestering peptide that orchestrates the dynamic regulation of the cytoskeleton. By binding G‐actin, it controls actin polymerization and thereby modulates cell shape, migration, and wound repair. In addition to its well‐established cytoplasmic functions, thymosin β4 has been detected in the nucleus—suggesting additional roles in gene regulation and other essential cellular processes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn the cancer context, aberrant over‐expression of TMSB4X has been closely linked to tumor progression. Elevated thymosin β4 levels disrupt cell–cell adhesion and extracellular matrix integrity, thereby facilitating the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), increased motility, invasion, and ultimately metastasis. Moreover, its upregulation has been associated with chemoresistance via modulation of key signaling cascades such as ERK, Akt, and β‐catenin pathways. These findings underscore its potential as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in diverse malignancies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its oncogenic roles, thymosin β4 functions as a pivotal regulator of angiogenesis and the cellular response to hypoxia. It promotes the stabilization and activity of hypoxia‐inducible factors, leading to enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and the formation of new blood vessels. These angiogenic properties not only contribute to tumor vascularization but also support normal regenerative processes, as reflected by its detectable levels in various bodily fluids and regenerative tissues."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "18", "end_ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMoreover, thymosin β4 displays multifaceted roles in non‐malignant settings. It is implicated in regulating differentiation processes—including odontoblastic maturation and neural stem cell fate—as well as in modulating fibrogenic responses in conditions such as liver cirrhosis. Additional studies have highlighted its involvement in the assembly and function of primary cilia and its secretion as an “exerkine” during muscle contraction, indicating a broader significance in tissue remodeling, regeneration, and interorgan communication. These diverse functions further solidify TMSB4X as a critical modulatory molecule in both pathological and physiological contexts."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "29", "end_ref": "44"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "In Suk Oh, Sang Sup So, Kwang Yeop Jahng, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hepatocyte growth factor upregulates thymosin beta4 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00888-4"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(02"}, {"type": "t", "text": "00888-4) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12163032"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12163032"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Khalid N I Al-Nedawi, Malgorzata Czyz, Radoslaw Bednarek, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin beta 4 induces the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in cultured endothelial cells and increases its extracellular expression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2003-04-1015"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-04-1015"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14592829"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14592829"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wei-Shu Wang, Po-Min Chen, Hung-Liang Hsiao, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Overexpression of the thymosin beta-4 gene is associated with increased invasion of SW480 colon carcinoma cells and the distant metastasis of human colorectal carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.onc.1207888"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207888"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15235586"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15235586"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thomas Huff, Olaf Rosorius, Angela M Otto, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nuclear localisation of the G-actin sequestering peptide thymosin beta4."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Sci (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/jcs.01404"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.01404"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15466884"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15466884"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shu-Ping Yang, Hui-Ju Lee, Yeu Su "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular cloning and structural characterization of the functional human thymosin beta4 gene."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biochem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s11010-005-7642-4"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-005-7642-4"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16010977"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16010977"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hung-Liang Hsiao, Wei-Shu Wang, Po-Min Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Overexpression of thymosin beta-4 renders SW480 colon carcinoma cells more resistant to apoptosis triggered by FasL and two topoisomerase II inhibitors via downregulating Fas and upregulating Survivin expression, respectively."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Carcinogenesis (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/carcin/bgi316"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgi316"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16364925"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364925"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pirjo Nummela, Miao Yin, Mari Kielosto, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin beta4 is a determinant of the transformed phenotype and invasiveness of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase-transfected fibroblasts."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2421"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2421"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16423999"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423999"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Su-Young Oh, Ji-Hee Song, Jung-Eun Gil, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ERK activation by thymosin-beta-4 (TB4) overexpression induces paclitaxel-resistance."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Cell Res (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.01.030"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.01.030"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16515784"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16515784"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lars-Inge Larsson, Susanne Holck "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Occurrence of thymosin beta4 in human breast cancer cells and in other cell types of the tumor microenvironment."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Pathol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.humpath.2006.06.025"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2006.06.025"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16949646"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16949646"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hye-Sung Moon, Sharona Even-Ram, Hynda K Kleinman, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zyxin is upregulated in the nucleus by thymosin beta4 in SiHa cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Cell Res (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.07.021"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.07.021"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16956606"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16956606"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Robert E Zoubek, Ewald Hannappel "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Subcellular distribution of thymosin beta4."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ann N Y Acad Sci (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1196/annals.1415.031"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1415.031"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17567947"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17567947"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mahnaz Badamchian, Ali A Damavandy, Hadi Damavandy, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification and quantification of thymosin beta4 in human saliva and tears."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ann N Y Acad Sci (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1196/annals.1415.046"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1415.046"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17600285"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17600285"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Angela Brieger, Guido Plotz, Stefan Zeuzem, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin beta 4 expression and nuclear transport are regulated by hMLH1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.010"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.010"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17967441"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17967441"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Radoslaw Bednarek, Joanna Boncela, Katarzyna Smolarczyk, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ku80 as a novel receptor for thymosin beta4 that mediates its intracellular activity different from G-actin sequestering."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M707539200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M707539200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17984099"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17984099"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yuqing Zhang, Louis W Feurino, Qihui Zhai, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin Beta 4 is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer cells and stimulates proinflammatory cytokine secretion and JNK activation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Biol Ther (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4161/cbt.7.3.5415"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.7.3.5415"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18094619"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18094619"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sung-Jin Lee, In-Seop So, Seung-Yoon Park, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin beta4 is involved in stabilin-2-mediated apoptotic cell engulfment."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FEBS Lett (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.febslet.2008.03.058"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2008.03.058"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18519035"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18519035"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sonia Nemolato, Irene Messana, Tiziana Cabras, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin beta(4) and beta(10) levels in pre-term newborn oral cavity and foetal salivary glands evidence a switch of secretion during foetal development."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0005109"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005109"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19337364"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19337364"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tao Han, Ying Liu, Huan Liu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Serum thymosin beta4 levels in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver failure."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "World J Gastroenterol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3748/wjg.v16.i5.625"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i5.625"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20128033"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20128033"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sonia Nemolato, Tiziana Cabras, Flaviana Cau, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Different thymosin Beta 4 immunoreactivity in foetal and adult gastrointestinal tract."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0009111"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009111"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20161756"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20161756"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lucia Ricci-Vitiani, Cristiana Mollinari, Simona di Martino, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin beta4 targeting impairs tumorigenic activity of colon cancer stem cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FASEB J (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1096/fj.10-159970"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.10-159970"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20566622"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20566622"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jin-Ok Jo, Su-Ryun Kim, Moon-Kyung Bae, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin β4 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-dependent manner."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochim Biophys Acta (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.07.005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.07.005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20691219"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20691219"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eun-Yi Moon, Yun-Sun Im, Yun-Kyoung Ryu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, is a novel hypoxia responsive regulator."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Exp Metastasis (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s10585-010-9350-z"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-010-9350-z"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20821256"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20821256"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jin-Ok Jo, Yun-Jeong Kang, Mee Sun Ock, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin β4 expression in human tissues and in tumors using tissue microarrays."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/PAI.0b013e3181f12237"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0b013e3181f12237"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20975530"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20975530"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sun Young Yoon, Ha Reum Lee, Yoorim Park, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin β4 expression correlates with lymph node metastasis through hypoxia inducible factor-α induction in breast cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncol Rep (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21109953"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21109953"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nam Soo Kim, Yun-Jeong Kang, Jin-Ok Jo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elevated expression of thymosin β4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α in early-stage cervical cancers."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pathol Oncol Res (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s12253-010-9327-x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-010-9327-x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21213129"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21213129"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Corinna Henkel, Kristina Schwamborn, Henning W Zimmermann, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "From proteomic multimarker profiling to interesting proteins: thymosin-β(4) and kininogen-1 as new potential biomarkers for inflammatory hepatic lesions."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Mol Med (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01204.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01204.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21496200"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21496200"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hyun M Choi, Yeon-Ah Lee, Hyung-In Yang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Increased levels of thymosin β4 in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: association of thymosin β4 with other factors that are involved in inflammation and bone erosion in joints."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Rheum Dis (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1756-185X.2011.01652.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-185X.2011.01652.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22004227"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22004227"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yun-Kyoung Ryu, Yu-Sun Lee, Geun-Hee Lee, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by thymosin beta-4 is associated with gastric cancer cell migration."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Cancer (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/ijc.27490"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27490"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22328534"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22328534"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Harmanpreet Kaur, Bulent Mutus "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet function and thymosin β4."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biol Chem (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1515/hsz-2012-0131"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2012-0131"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22944663"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22944663"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 30, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yong-Il Ji, Bo-Young Lee, Yun-Jeong Kang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression patterns of Thymosin β4 and cancer stem cell marker CD133 in ovarian cancers."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pathol Oncol Res (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s12253-012-9574-0"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-012-9574-0"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23055022"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23055022"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 31, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sang-Im Lee, Duck-Su Kim, Hwa-Jeong Lee, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The role of thymosin beta 4 on odontogenic differentiation in human dental pulp cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0061960"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061960"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23613983"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23613983"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 32, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hans-Georg Wirsching, Shanmugarajan Krishnan, Ana-Maria Florea, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin β 4 gene silencing decreases stemness and invasiveness in glioblastoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brain (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/brain/awt333"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt333"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24355709"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24355709"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 33, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "W Theunissen, D Fanni, S Nemolato, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin beta 4 and thymosin beta 10 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eur J Histochem (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4081/ejh.2014.2242"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2014.2242"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24704991"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24704991"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 34, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhengri Piao, Chang-Soo Hong, Mi-Ran Jung, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin β4 induces invasion and migration of human colorectal cancer cells through the ILK/AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.012"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.012"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25218472"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25218472"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 35, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiaojun Fu, Peiyuan Cui, Fangfang Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin β4 promotes hepatoblastoma metastasis via the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Med Rep (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/mmr.2015.3359"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3359"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25695679"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25695679"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 36, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kyoung-Ok Hong, Jae-Il Lee, Sam-Pyo Hong, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin β4 induces proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of oral squamous cell carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Amino Acids (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00726-015-2070-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2070-6"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26276576"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26276576"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 37, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Timo Gemoll, Sarah Strohkamp, Katharina Schillo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MALDI-imaging reveals thymosin beta-4 as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.6103"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6103"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26556858"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26556858"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 38, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sang-Im Lee, Jin-Kyu Yi, Won-Jung Bae, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin Beta-4 Suppresses Osteoclastic Differentiation and Inflammatory Responses in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0146708"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146708"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26789270"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789270"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 39, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qiang Liu, Xiaoqing Hu, Xin Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The TMSB4 Pseudogene LncRNA Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA to Promote Cartilage Degradation in Human Osteoarthritis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Ther (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/mt.2016.151"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2016.151"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27469625"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27469625"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 40, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dayu Huang, Shaohua Wang, An Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin beta 4 silencing suppresses proliferation and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells by repressing Notch1 activation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/abbs/gmw070"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmw070"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27521796"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27521796"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 41, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiao-Yan Zheng, Yi-Fei Lv, Shuang Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying thymosin β"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "sub"}], "href": "sub"}, {"type": "t", "text": "4"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/sub"}], "href": "/sub"}, {"type": "t", "text": " suppresses experimental colitis in mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "World J Gastroenterol (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3748/wjg.v23.i2.242"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i2.242"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28127198"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28127198"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 42, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Li-Hsing Chi, Wei-Min Chang, Yu-Chan Chang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Global Proteomics-based Identification and Validation of Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked as a Prognostic Marker for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Rep (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41598-017-09539-w"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09539-w"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28831179"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28831179"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 43, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jae-Wook Lee, Hong Sug Kim, Eun-Yi Moon "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thymosin β-4 is a novel regulator for primary cilium formation by nephronophthisis 3 in HeLa human cervical cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Rep (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41598-019-43235-1"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43235-1"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31048733"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31048733"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 44, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alba Gonzalez-Franquesa, Ben Stocks, Melissa L Borg, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Discovery of thymosin β4 as a human exerkine and growth factor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Physiol Cell Physiol (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1152/ajpcell.00263.2021"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00263.2021"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34495765"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34495765"}]}]}]}