{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTrophinin‐associated protein (TROAP), also known as tastin, was initially characterized in the context of embryo implantation where it was shown to associate with the microtubular cytoskeleton. Early studies demonstrated that ectopically expressed tastin localized along microtubule fibers and bound directly to microtubules via its N-terminal basic region, while interacting with components of the dynein motor complex to facilitate proper spindle formation and centrosome cohesion during mitosis. These findings suggest that TROAP plays a fundamental role in both cell adhesion during early embryonic implantation and in ensuring the fidelity of mitotic spindle assembly."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond these developmental and cytoskeletal functions, TROAP has emerged as a key modulator of tumor cell behavior in a variety of cancers. In gastric, prostate, breast, clear cell renal cell, non‐small cell lung, and kidney renal clear cell carcinomas, TROAP is frequently overexpressed and has been shown to drive cell proliferation, sustain cell cycle progression, and promote migratory and invasive phenotypes. Mechanistically, TROAP interacts with oncogenic factors—including DYRK1A/B, STAT3, ErbB4, and effectors of PI3K/AKT and EMT pathways—to facilitate aberrant cell signaling and tumor progression, thereby correlating with poor overall patient survival."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "4", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nInterestingly, the role of TROAP in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) appears to be context‐dependent. While one study reported that ectopic expression of TROAP in HCC promotes tumor cell growth via cytoplasmic retention of DYRK1A/B and activation of Akt/GSK‑3β signaling, another investigation found TROAP to be downregulated in HCC tissues with lower levels associated with increased cell proliferation, migration, and adverse cell cycle deregulation. These contrasting observations suggest that TROAP may have dual roles in HCC progression that warrant further mechanistic elucidation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Daita Nadano, Jun Nakayama, Shu-Ichi Matsuzawa, et al. 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