TXN Gene

Name thioredoxin
Description The protein encoded by this gene acts as a homodimer and is involved in many redox reactions. The encoded protein is active in the reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteines in certain proteins, which is part of the response to intracellular nitric oxide. This protein is found in the cytoplasm. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]
Summary
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In particular, TXN functions as a denitrosylase, removing S-nitrosylation from proteins to restore their activity, and its activity can be modulated via non-active site disulfide formation that transiently inhibits reduction activity during redox signaling events."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTXN also plays multifaceted roles in pathophysiological contexts. In oncogenesis, overexpression of TXN is often associated with enhanced tumor cell growth, survival, invasion, and chemoresistance, while its transcription is tightly regulated by stress-responsive factors such as Nrf2 and DJ-1. In contrast, in conditions marked by excessive oxidative stress—such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and cardiac ischemia—TXN exerts cytoprotective, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its function can be inhibited by endogenous proteins like TXN-interacting protein (TXNIP) or altered by deleterious post-translational modifications (such as nitration), leading to impaired ROS scavenging and dysregulated signaling that contribute to disease progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "38"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its intracellular roles, TXN is also secreted and participates in extracellular redox signaling and intercellular communication. It can directly interact with specific cell-surface receptors—modulating ligand binding and downstream signaling cascades through transnitrosylation reactions—as well as serve as a backup antioxidant system when classical reducing enzymes (such as thioredoxin reductases) are compromised. Targeting the TXN system has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy in multiple settings, including overcoming chemoresistance in lung and breast cancers and ameliorating metabolic dysregulation in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "39", "end_ref": "45"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tsugunobu Andoh, P Boon Chock, Chuang Chin Chiueh "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The roles of thioredoxin in protection against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M110701200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110701200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11751890"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751890"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Simona Casagrande, Valentina Bonetto, Maddalena Fratelli, et al. 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Synonyms TRX, TRDX
Proteins THIO_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID 7295
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions View TXN's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.
Co-expressed Genes View TXN's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines View TXN's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.

Functional Associations

TXN has 11,697 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 103 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for TXN from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Dataset Summary
Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles cell lines with fitness changed by TXN gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq tissue samples with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of TXN gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Proteomics Cell lines associated with TXN protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations cell types associated with TXN gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TXN gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors binding the promoter of TXN gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 transcription factors binding the promoter of TXN gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules small molecule perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores cellular components containing TXN protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores cellular components containing TXN protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores cellular components co-occuring with TXN protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of TXN gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles cell lines with TXN gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions chemicals interacting with TXN gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
CTD Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with TXN gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of TXN protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 diseases associated with TXN gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores diseases co-occuring with TXN gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 diseases co-occuring with TXN gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with TXN gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations phenotypes associated with TXN gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at TXN gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TXN gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors binding the promoter of TXN gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing TXN from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
GAD Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with TXN gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with TXN gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations biological terms co-occuring with TXN gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing TXN from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases disease perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations kinase perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules small molecule perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations transcription factor perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections virus perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset.
GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 biological processes involving TXN gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 biological processes involving TXN gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset.
GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 cellular components containing TXN protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Cellular Component Annotations 2023 cellular components containing TXN protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2023 dataset.
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 molecular functions performed by TXN gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 molecular functions performed by TXN gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset.
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 tissues with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset.
GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GWASdb SNP-Disease Associations diseases associated with TXN gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GWASdb SNP-Disease Associations dataset.
GWASdb SNP-Phenotype Associations phenotypes associated with TXN gene in GWAS datasets from the GWASdb SNP-Phenotype Associations dataset.
Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other cell lines from the Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other cell lines from the HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of TXN protein relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other tissue samples from the HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Hub Proteins Protein-Protein Interactions interacting hub proteins for TXN from the curated Hub Proteins Protein-Protein Interactions dataset.
HuBMAP Azimuth Cell Type Annotations cell types associated with TXN gene from the HuBMAP Azimuth Cell Type Annotations dataset.
HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations phenotypes associated with TXN gene by text-mining GWAS publications from the HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations protein domains predicted for TXN protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset.
JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors regulating expression of TXN gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
KEA Substrates of Kinases kinases that phosphorylate TXN protein from the curated KEA Substrates of Kinases dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of TXN gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles cell lines with TXN gene mutations from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations transcription factor perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset.
LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbation Consensus Signatures small molecule perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbations Consensus Signatures dataset.
LINCS L1000 CMAP CRISPR Knockout Consensus Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP CRISPR Knockout Consensus Signatures dataset.
LINCS L1000 CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules small molecule perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations cellular components containing TXN protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations dataset.
LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations cellular components predicted to contain TXN protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset.
MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by TXN gene mutations from the MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 dataset.
MiRTarBase microRNA Targets microRNAs targeting TXN gene in low- or high-throughput microRNA targeting studies from the MiRTarBase microRNA Targets dataset.
MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by TXN gene mutations from the MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
NURSA Protein Complexes protein complexs containing TXN protein recovered by IP-MS from the NURSA Protein Complexes dataset.
PANTHER Pathways pathways involving TXN protein from the PANTHER Pathways dataset.
Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions interacting proteins for TXN from the Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions dataset.
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Mouse Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 pathways involving TXN protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset.
PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024 pathways involving TXN protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset.
Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations biological terms co-occuring with TXN protein in abstracts of publications describing phosphosites from the Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations dataset.
PhosphoSitePlus Substrates of Kinases kinases that phosphorylate TXN protein from the curated PhosphoSitePlus Substrates of Kinases dataset.
PID Pathways pathways involving TXN protein from the PID Pathways dataset.
ProteomicsDB Cell Type and Tissue Protein Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TXN protein relative to other cell types and tissues from the ProteomicsDB Cell Type and Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset.
Reactome Pathways 2014 pathways involving TXN protein from the Reactome Pathways dataset.
Reactome Pathways 2024 pathways involving TXN protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at TXN gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures drug perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset.
RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of TXN gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
Sanger Dependency Map Cancer Cell Line Proteomics cell lines associated with TXN protein from the Sanger Dependency Map Cancer Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets microRNAs regulating expression of TXN gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset.
TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors tissue samples with high or low expression of TXN gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset.
TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues with high expression of TXN protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues with high expression of TXN protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues co-occuring with TXN protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
WikiPathways Pathways 2014 pathways involving TXN protein from the Wikipathways Pathways 2014 dataset.
WikiPathways Pathways 2024 pathways involving TXN protein from the WikiPathways Pathways 2024 dataset.