{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nUSP26 is an X‐linked deubiquitinating enzyme with predominant testis‐restricted expression that has been extensively investigated for its role in male reproduction. Early meta‐analyses and case–control studies produced mixed results regarding its association with male infertility, with some reports finding that certain USP26 sequence variants are enriched in patients with Sertoli cell–only syndrome, nonobstructive azoospermia, or abnormal sperm morphogenesis, while other studies have failed to demonstrate a clear pathogenic link. In several investigations, the cluster of mutations (e.g. 370–371insACA, 494T>C, 1423C>T) and other nucleotide polymorphisms in USP26 were detected in infertile patient cohorts, although controversy remains as to whether these changes are causative, incidental, or even represent the ancestral allele. Moreover, analysis in different populations and in vivo functional studies in mice have sometimes suggested a marginal or nonessential role of USP26 in spermatogenesis, yet other findings—such as those showing that loss of USP26 can perturb sex chromosome pairing and promote XY aneuploid sperm (a potential contributor to Klinefelter syndrome)—support a modulatory role in gonadal development and fertility."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "21"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its potential contributions to fertility, USP26 plays important roles in the regulation of key cellular signaling pathways. It functions as a regulator of androgen receptor (AR) signaling by binding the receptor through nuclear receptor interaction motifs and modulating AR ubiquitination, thereby influencing AR stability and transcriptional activity. In addition, USP26 participates in the negative feedback regulation of the transforming growth factor–β (TGF‑β) pathway by stabilizing SMAD7, and it has been implicated in the control of somatic cell reprogramming via deubiquitination of polycomb repressive complex components. Moreover, interaction with the E3 ligase Mdm2 further exemplifies its capacity to fine‐tune protein stability within critical signaling circuits."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "22", "end_ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMore recently, USP26 has emerged as a contributor to oncogenic processes through its deubiquitination activities. In different cancer types, USP26 stabilizes key substrates that drive tumor progression: it deubiquitinates TAZ in anaplastic thyroid cancer, regulates Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) in cervical cancer, stabilizes BAG3 in breast cancer, and, in the context of hepatitis‑B virus–related hepatocellular carcinoma, it synergizes with viral proteins to enhance SIRT1 stability. These findings indicate that USP26, by modulating the ubiquitin–proteasome system, has far‐reaching implications not only in reproductive biology and developmental regulation but also in cancer pathogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "26", "end_ref": "29"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Frank Tüttelmann, Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts, Eberhard Nieschlag, et al. 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