{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent studies have collectively revealed that certain zinc‐finger transcription factors play versatile roles in modulating gene expression and maintaining genomic integrity. For example, one report identified a zinc finger protein (ZFP161) that directly binds a specific promoter element (HY1) to activate transcription of the human dopamine transporter gene in neuronal cells, and another study demonstrated that this same factor functions as a scaffolding protein bridging RPA with ATR/ATRIP at stalled replication forks to promote ATR‐mediated DNA damage responses and genome stability."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional work has characterized components of a different subgroup of zinc finger regulators that bind GC‐rich motifs. A Krüppel‐like transcription factor (commonly referred to as ZF5) specifically associates with (GCC)n repeats present in the regulatory regions of genes such as the FMR1 gene as well as in a ribosomal protein L32 promoter, where it predominantly represses transcription. In related studies, interference with ZF5 expression leads to de‐repression of FMR1, implying that under physiological conditions this family member contributes to fine‐tuning gene expression responses in a number of tissues."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "3", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nA further layer of regulation is contributed by a BTB/POZ domain‐containing protein (ZNF295) that, through alternative splicing, produces multiple isoforms with distinct zinc finger arrays. This factor acts as a transcriptional repressor and, notably, it cooperates with ZFP161, suggesting that these proteins may form part of a bimodal regulatory complex responsible for bidirectional control of gene expression. In contrast, analysis of ZFP161 gene variants in a high myopia cohort did not reveal convincing evidence for a role in ocular pathology, emphasizing the context‐specific actions of these zinc finger proteins."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nCollectively, these findings illustrate that zinc finger transcription factors—including BTB/POZ proteins like ZNF295 (which may share functional similarities with or inform on proteins such as ZBTB14), ZFP161, and ZF5—serve as both activators and repressors of transcription. They integrate signals from promoter‐bound elements and stress response pathways to dynamically regulate targets involved in neuronal signaling, genome maintenance, and developmental gene expression.\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ki-Hwan Lee, Young-Don Kwak, Dong-Hwan Kim, et al. 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