{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTRPM1 is a critical non‐selective cation channel that mediates the light‐induced depolarization of retinal ON bipolar cells. In the dark, glutamate released by photoreceptors activates mGluR6 on bipolar cell dendrites, triggering a G protein cascade that ultimately closes TRPM1 channels; conversely, in the light, reduced glutamate release permits channel opening and the generation of a depolarizing current essential for image formation. Genetic studies have demonstrated that loss‐of‐function mutations in TRPM1 result in congenital stationary night blindness, as evidenced by absent or diminished b‐waves in electroretinograms and disrupted synaptic signaling in the outer retina. This fundamental role in retinal transduction is supported by multiple lines of evidence including gene expression profiling, electrophysiological recordings, and immunolocalization studies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its established role in image‐forming vision, TRPM1 contributes to other light‐mediated processes and cell functions. In non‐image–forming pathways, TRPM1 is expressed in select retinal ganglion cells and appears to be involved in controlling pupillary light responses. In pigment cells such as melanocytes, TRPM1 expression correlates with melanin content, with studies indicating that TRPM1 modulates calcium influx required for dendrite extension and melanogenesis. Importantly, investigations in the inner ear have shown that TRPM1 is not essential for the mechanotransduction process underlying hearing, suggesting that its function is largely restricted to retinal and pigment cell systems."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nEmerging evidence further indicates that TRPM1 influences retinal circuit development and may have broader neurobehavioral implications. Disruption of TRPM1 function not only perturbs the normal maturation of rod bipolar cell terminals but also leads to spontaneous oscillatory activity in retinal ganglion cells and altered synaptic connectivity. In mouse models, TRPM1 deficiency has been linked to behavioral abnormalities—such as hyperactivity and altered cognitive function—that mimic certain features observed in genomic disorders (for example, the 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome). These findings suggest that, although TRPM1’s primary role is in retinal phototransduction, its proper function may also be important for the coordinated development and maintenance of neural circuits."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Catherine W Morgans, Jianmei Zhang, Brett G Jeffrey, et al. 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