{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nZW10 is a multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the regulation of the mitotic checkpoint. At kinetochores, it is recruited by Zwint‐1 via interactions involving its N‐terminal region, where it helps assemble the RZZ (Rod–ZW10–Zwilch) complex essential for recruiting dynein–dynactin and Mad1–Mad2 complexes. This dynamic and tension‐sensitive localization is critical for ensuring accurate chromosome alignment and segregation during mitosis, as disruption of these interactions leads to aberrant chromosome segregation and premature anaphase onset. Recent structural reconstitution studies of the RZZ complex have furthered our molecular understanding of these checkpoint mechanisms."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its mitotic functions, ZW10 is a crucial regulator of membrane trafficking during interphase. It localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and participates in vesicle dynamics between the ER and Golgi by forming a stable subcomplex with RINT‐1 and p31 as part of a larger complex with syntaxin 18. Disruption of ZW10 expression—via overexpression, microinjection, or RNA interference—leads to defects in Golgi organization, impaired ER–Golgi transport, and abnormal protein glycosylation. Moreover, modulation of its interaction with additional factors such as NAG and Rab6 underscores its diverse roles in maintaining organelle architecture and retrograde traffic."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFurthermore, ZW10 serves as a key adaptor linking the dynein motor complex to its cargo. In interphase, its association with pericentriolar membranes, Golgi, endosomes, and lysosomes facilitates efficient minus end-directed vesicle transport and proper organelle positioning, a function that is also critical for cell migration. During mitosis, loss of ZW10 impairs dynein recruitment to kinetochores and disrupts poleward forces required for chromosome congression, highlighting its dual role in coordinating microtubule-based mechanics in both cell cycle phases."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hongmei Wang, Xiaoyu Hu, Xia Ding, et al. 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