Harmonizome 3.0

macular dystrophy, retinal 3

macular dystrophy, retinal, 1 (North Carolina type)

macular dystrophy, retinal, 4 (North Carolina type with progressive sensorineural hearing loss)

cystoid macular dystrophy

vitelliform macular dystrophy, atypical

butterfly-shaped pigmentary macular dystrophy 2

retinal cone dystrophy 1

epidermolysis bullosa, macular type

clusterin-like 1 (retinal)

Predicted to enable misfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

retinal degeneration 3-like

peripherin 2 (retinal degeneration, slow)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains. The proteins mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and motility. This encoded protein is a cell surface glycoprotein found in the outer segment of both rod and cone photoreceptor cells. It may function as an adhesion molecule involved in stabilization and compaction of outer segment disks or in the maintenance of the curvature of the rim. This protein is essential for disk morphogenesis. Defects in this gene are associated with both central and peripheral retinal degenerations. Some of the various phenotypically different disorders are autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, progressive macular degeneration, macular dystrophy and retinitis pigmentosa digenic. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

retinal pigment epithelium-derived rhodopsin homolog

Opsins are members of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor superfamily. This gene belongs to the seven-exon subfamily of mammalian opsin genes that includes opsin 5 and retinal G protein coupled receptor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

arrestin 3, retinal (X-arrestin)

The protein encoded by this gene is a non-visual arrestin which binds to agonist-activated, phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors. This binding uncouples the receptor from the heterotrimeric G protein, resulting in termination of the G protein-coupled receptor signaling. The encoded protein also is a part of the centrosome, interacting with gamma-tubulin to help regulate proper centrosome function. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

Retinal nonattachment, nonsyndromic congenital

retinal G protein coupled receptor

This gene encodes a putative retinal G-protein coupled receptor. The gene is a member of the opsin subfamily of the 7 transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Like other opsins which bind retinaldehyde, it contains a conserved lysine residue in the seventh transmembrane domain. The protein acts as a photoisomerase to catalyze the conversion of all-trans-retinal to 11-cis-retinal. The reverse isomerization occurs with rhodopsin in retinal photoreceptor cells. The protein is exclusively expressed in tissue adjacent to retinal photoreceptor cells, the retinal pigment epithelium and Mueller cells. This gene may be associated with autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (arRP and adRP, respectively). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

retinal outer segment membrane protein 1

This gene is a member of a photoreceptor-specific gene family and encodes an integral membrane protein found in the photoreceptor disk rim of the eye. This protein can form homodimers or can heterodimerize with another photoreceptor, retinal degeneration slow (RDS). It is essential for disk morphogenesis, and may also function as an adhesion molecule involved in the stabilization and compaction of outer segment disks or in the maintenance of the curvature of the rim. Certain defects in this gene have been associated with the degenerative eye disease retinitis pigmentosa. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

fascin actin-bundling protein 2, retinal

This gene encodes a member of the fascin protein family. Fascins crosslink actin into filamentous bundles within dynamic cell extensions. This family member is proposed to play a role in photoreceptor disk morphogenesis. A mutation in this gene results in one form of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

guanylate cyclase 2F, retinal

The protein encoded by this gene is a guanylyl cyclase found predominantly in photoreceptors in the retina. The encoded protein is thought to be involved in resynthesis of cGMP after light activation of the visual signal transduction cascade, allowing a return to the dark state. This protein is a single-pass type I membrane protein. Defects in this gene may be a cause of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein 65kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the vitamin A visual cycle of the retina which supplies the 11-cis retinal chromophore of the photoreceptors opsin visual pigments. It is a member of the carotenoid cleavage oxygenase superfamily. All members of this superfamily are non-heme iron oxygenases with a seven-bladed propeller fold and oxidatively cleave carotenoid carbon:carbon double bonds. However, the protein encoded by this gene has acquired a divergent function that involves the concerted O-alkyl ester cleavage of its all-trans retinyl ester substrate and all-trans to 11-cis double bond isomerization of the retinyl moiety. As such, it performs the essential enzymatic isomerization step in the synthesis of 11-cis retinal. Mutations in this gene are associated with early-onset severe blinding disorders such as Leber congenital. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2017]

primary retinal dysplasia

cadherin 4, type 1, R-cadherin (retinal)

This gene is a classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily. The encoded protein is a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein comprised of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Based on studies in chicken and mouse, this cadherin is thought to play an important role during brain segmentation and neuronal outgrowth. In addition, a role in kidney and muscle development is indicated. Of particular interest are studies showing stable cis-heterodimers of cadherins 2 and 4 in cotransfected cell lines. Previously thought to interact in an exclusively homophilic manner, this is the first evidence of cadherin heterodimerization. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

retinal degeneration 3

This gene encodes a retinal protein that is associated with promyelocytic leukemia-gene product (PML) bodies in the nucleus. Mutations in this gene cause Leber congenital amaurosis type 12, a disease that results in retinal degeneration. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

muscular dystrophy, with rimmed vacuoles

limb girdle muscular dystrophy 1H (autosomal dominant)

limb girdle muscular dystrophy 1G (autosomal dominant)

Corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 7

Corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 5

Corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 3

corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial 2

Muscular dystrophy, congenital, 1B

corneal dystrophy of Bowman layer type II (Thiel-Behnke)

central areolar choroidal dystrophy

cone dystrophy 2 (X-linked)

facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 1A

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a common hereditary disease of muscle. Patients with FSHD have a chromosomal rearrangement within the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4 (4q35). This region is composed mainly of a polymorphic repeat structure consisting of 3.3 kb repeat units, designated D4Z4. The number of repeat units varies from 10 to more than 100 in the population, however, in FSHD patients only 1-10 repeat units is observed because of a deletion of an integral number of these units. FSHD is caused by an epigenetic mechanism involving the contraction of a subtelomeric macrosatellite repeat, which results in marked hypomethylation of the contracted D4Z4 allele. It is likely not the structure, but the deregulation of transcription of one or more genes as a result of repeat-contraction-mediated chromatin alterations, that causes FSHD. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 1B

cone rod dystrophy 8

cone rod dystrophy 1 (autosomal dominant)

cone rod dystrophy 4

Choroidal dystrophy, central areolar 3

Corneal dystrophy, Lisch epithelial

cone rod dystrophy 17 (autosomal dominant)

asphixiating thoracic dystrophy (chondroectodermal dysplasia-like syndrome)

muscular dystrophy, congenital, merosin-positive

Corneal dystrophy, endothelial, X-linked

corneal endothelial dystrophy 1 (autosomal dominant)