Harmonizome 3.0

joining chain of multimeric IgA and IgM

Enables IgA binding activity and protein homodimerization activity. Contributes to several functions, including immunoglobulin receptor binding activity; peptidoglycan binding activity; and phosphatidylcholine binding activity. Involved in several processes, including glomerular filtration; innate immune response; and positive regulation of respiratory burst. Located in extracellular space. Part of monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complex; pentameric IgM immunoglobulin complex; and secretory dimeric IgA immunoglobulin complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribonuclease T2 pseudogene

elaC ribonuclease Z 2

The protein encoded by this gene has a C-terminal domain with tRNA 3′ processing endoribonuclease activity, which catalyzes the removal of the 3' trailer from precursor tRNAs. The protein also interacts with activated Smad family member 2 (Smad2) and its nuclear partner forkhead box H1 (also known as FAST-1), and reduced expression can suppress transforming growth factor-beta induced growth arrest. Mutations in this gene result in an increased risk of prostate cancer. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

ribonuclease H2, subunit A

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the heterotrimeric type II ribonuclease H enzyme (RNAseH2). RNAseH2 is the major source of ribonuclease H activity in mammalian cells and endonucleolytically cleaves ribonucleotides. It is predicted to remove Okazaki fragment RNA primers during lagging strand DNA synthesis and to excise single ribonucleotides from DNA-DNA duplexes. Mutations in this gene cause Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome (AGS), a an autosomal recessive neurological disorder characterized by progressive microcephaly and psychomotor retardation, intracranial calcifications, elevated levels of interferon-alpha and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

ribonuclease H2, subunit C

This gene encodes a ribonuclease H subunit that can cleave ribonucleotides from RNA:DNA duplexes. Mutations in this gene cause Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome-3, a disease that causes severe neurologic dysfunction. A pseudogene for this gene has been identified on chromosome Y, near the sex determining region Y (SRY) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribonuclease H2, subunit B

RNase H2 is composed of a single catalytic subunit (A) and two non-catalytic subunits (B and C) and specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. The protein encoded by this gene is the non-catalytic B subunit of RNase H2, which is thought to play a role in DNA replication. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Defects in this gene are a cause of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome type 2 (AGS2). [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

drosha, ribonuclease type III

This gene encodes a ribonuclease (RNase) III double-stranded RNA-specific ribonuclease and subunit of the microprocessor protein complex, which catalyzes the initial processing step of microRNA (miRNA) synthesis. The encoded protein cleaves the stem loop structure from the primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) in the nucleus, yielding the precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is then exported to the cytoplasm for further processing. In a human cell line lacking a functional copy of this gene, canonical miRNA synthesis is reduced. Somatic mutations in this gene have been observed in human patients with kidney cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

ribonuclease T2

This ribonuclease gene is a novel member of the Rh/T2/S-glycoprotein class of extracellular ribonucleases. It is a single copy gene that maps to 6q27, a region associated with human malignancies and chromosomal rearrangement. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribonuclease P/MRP 25kDa subunit-like

This gene encodes a protein that appears to belong to a family of evolutionarily related proteins (DUF78), that may share one or more domains in common. Members of this family are small archaebacterial proteins with no known function. Alternative splicing has been observed at this locus and two variants, both encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 11 (non-active)

Predicted to enable endonuclease activity and nucleic acid binding activity. Predicted to be involved in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 10 (non-active)

Predicted to enable nucleic acid binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including defense response to Gram-positive bacterium; positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility; and regulation of fertilization. Predicted to act upstream of or within epithelial cell morphogenesis; seminiferous tubule development; and single fertilization. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 13 (non-active)

Predicted to enable nucleic acid binding activity. Predicted to be involved in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 12 (non-active)

Predicted to enable RNA nuclease activity. Predicted to be involved in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribonuclease P/MRP 40kDa subunit

Enables ribonuclease P RNA binding activity. Contributes to ribonuclease P activity. Involved in tRNA 5'-leader removal. Part of multimeric ribonuclease P complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

poly(A)-specific ribonuclease

The protein encoded by this gene is a 3'-exoribonuclease, with similarity to the RNase D family of 3'-exonucleases. It prefers poly(A) as the substrate, hence, efficiently degrades poly(A) tails of mRNAs. Exonucleolytic degradation of the poly(A) tail is often the first step in the decay of eukaryotic mRNAs. This protein is also involved in silencing of certain maternal mRNAs during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development, as well as in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs that contain premature stop codons. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

ribonuclease H1 pseudogene 1

ribonuclease H1 pseudogene 3

ribonuclease H1 pseudogene 2

ribonuclease P/MRP 14kDa subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of ribonuclease P and has 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity. Transcripts for this gene are bicistronic and include a conserved downstream open reading frame for the hydroxyacyl-thioester dehydratase type 2 (HTD2) gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

ribonuclease, RNase K

Enables RNA endonuclease activity. Involved in endosomal lumen acidification; proton transmembrane transport; and receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell. Part of membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribonuclease L (2',5'-oligoisoadenylate synthetase-dependent)

This gene encodes a component of the interferon-regulated 2-5A system that functions in the antiviral and antiproliferative roles of interferons. The protein is involved in innate immunity and is active against multiple RNA viruses, including the influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Mutations in this gene have been associated with predisposition to prostate cancer and this gene is a candidate for the hereditary prostate cancer 1 (HPC1) allele. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2021]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 1 (pancreatic)

This gene encodes a member of the pancreatic-type of secretory ribonucleases, a subset of the ribonuclease A superfamily. The encoded endonuclease cleaves internal phosphodiester RNA bonds on the 3'-side of pyrimidine bases. It prefers poly(C) as a substrate and hydrolyzes 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides, with a pH optimum near 8.0. The encoded protein is monomeric and more commonly acts to degrade ds-RNA over ss-RNA. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and four transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 3

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family, a subset of the ribonuclease A superfamily. The protein exhibits antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 2 (liver, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin)

The protein encoded by this gene is a non-secretory ribonuclease that belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family, a subset of the ribonuclease A superfamily. The protein antimicrobial activity against viruses. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 7

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family, a subset of the ribonuclease A superfamily. The protein has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, k6

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ribonuclease A superfamily and functions in the urinary tract. The protein has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 9 (non-active)

Predicted to enable nucleic acid binding activity. Predicted to be involved in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility involved in capacitation. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 8

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family, a subset of the ribonuclease A superfamily. The protein is expressed prominently in the placenta and exhibits antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

ribonuclease P/MRP 21kDa subunit

RPP21 is a protein subunit of nuclear ribonuclease P, which processes the 5-prime leader sequence of precursor tRNAs (Jarrous et al., 2001 [PubMed 11497433]).[supplied by OMIM, Jan 2009]

ribonuclease P/MRP 25kDa subunit

Enables ribonuclease P RNA binding activity. Contributes to ribonuclease P activity. Involved in tRNA 5'-leader removal. Located in centriolar satellite and nucleoplasm. Part of multimeric ribonuclease P complex and ribonuclease MRP complex. Biomarker of autistic disorder. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

angiogenin, ribonuclease, RNase A family, 5

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RNase A superfamily though it has relatively weak ribonucleolytic activity. This protein is a potent mediator of new blood vessel formation and thus, in addition to the name RNase5, is commonly called angiogenin. This protein induces angiogenesis after binding to actin on the surface of endothelial cells. This protein also accumulates at the nucleolus where it stimulates ribosomal transcription. Under stress conditions this protein translocates to the cytosol where it hydrolyzes cellular tRNAs and influences protein synthesis. A signal peptide is cleaved from the precursor protein to produce a mature protein which contains a nuclear localization signal, a cell binding motif, and a catalytic domain. This protein has been shown to be both neurotrophic and neuroprotective and the mature protein has antimicrobial activity against some bacteria and fungi, including S. pneumoniae and C. albicans. Due to its effect on rRNA production and angiogenesis this gene plays important roles in cell growth and tumor progression. Mutations in this gene are associated with progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This gene and the neighboring RNase4 gene share promoters and 5' exons though each gene then splices to a distinct 3' exon containing the complete coding region of each gene. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN)-like domain containing 1

Enables poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity. Involved in nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening; piRNA processing; and spermatogenesis. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. Implicated in spermatogenic failure 57. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 2 (liver, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin) pseudogene

ribonuclease H2, subunit C pseudogene 1

ribonuclease P RNA component H1

H1RNA is the RNA component of the RNase P ribonucleoprotein, an endoribonuclease that cleaves tRNA precursor molecules to form the mature 5-prime termini of their tRNA sequences (Baer et al., 1989 [PubMed 2308839]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ribonuclease P/MRP 40kDa subunit pseudogene 1

ribonuclease P/MRP 40kDa subunit pseudogene 2

ribonuclease P/MRP 38kDa subunit

Enables ribonuclease P RNA binding activity. Contributes to ribonuclease P activity. Involved in tRNA 5'-leader removal. Located in fibrillar center. Part of multimeric ribonuclease P complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribonuclease P/MRP 30kDa subunit

Enables ribonuclease P RNA binding activity. Contributes to ribonuclease P activity. Involved in tRNA 5'-leader removal. Part of multimeric ribonuclease P complex and ribonuclease MRP complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dicer 1, ribonuclease type III

This gene encodes a protein possessing an RNA helicase motif containing a DEXH box in its amino terminus and an RNA motif in the carboxy terminus. The encoded protein functions as a ribonuclease and is required by the RNA interference and small temporal RNA (stRNA) pathways to produce the active small RNA component that represses gene expression. This protein also acts as a strong antiviral agent with activity against RNA viruses, including the Zika and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2021]

ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor 1

Placental ribonuclease inhibitor (PRI) is a member of a family of proteinaceous cytoplasmic RNase inhibitors that occur in many tissues and bind to both intracellular and extracellular RNases (summarized by Lee et al., 1988 [PubMed 3219362]). In addition to control of intracellular RNases, the inhibitor may have a role in the regulation of angiogenin (MIM 105850). Ribonuclease inhibitor, of 50,000 Da, binds to ribonucleases and holds them in a latent form. Since neutral and alkaline ribonucleases probably play a critical role in the turnover of RNA in eukaryotic cells, RNH may be essential for control of mRNA turnover; the interaction of eukaryotic cells with ribonuclease may be reversible in vivo.[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2010]

elaC ribonuclease Z 1

Enables tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity. Involved in rescue of stalled ribosome and tRNA 3'-end processing. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 4

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family. It plays an important role in mRNA cleavage and has marked specificity towards the 3' side of uridine nucleotides. Alternative splicing results in four transcript variants encoding the same protein. This gene and the gene that encodes angiogenin share promoters and 5' exons. Each gene splices to a unique downstream exon that contains its complete coding region. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

ribonuclease H1

This gene encodes an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA-DNA hybrids and plays a key role in DNA replication and repair. Alternate in-frame start codon initiation results in the production of alternate isoforms that are directed to the mitochondria or to the nucleus. The production of the mitochondrial isoform is modulated by an upstream open reading frame (uORF). Mutations in this gene have been found in individuals with progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions, autosomal recessive 2. Alternative splicing results in additional coding and non-coding transcript variants. Pseudogenes of this gene have been defined on chromosomes 2 and 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

processing of precursor 1, ribonuclease P/MRP subunit (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes the protein subunit of two different small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complexes: the endoribonuclease for mitochondrial RNA processing complex and the ribonuclease P complex. The encoded protein is a ribonuclease that localizes to the nucleus and functions in pre-RNA processing. This protein is also an autoantigen in patients suffering from connective tissue diseases. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

processing of precursor 7, ribonuclease P/MRP subunit (S. cerevisiae)

Enables ribonuclease P RNA binding activity. Contributes to ribonuclease P activity. Involved in tRNA 5'-leader removal. Located in nucleolus. Part of multimeric ribonuclease P complex and ribonuclease MRP complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

processing of precursor 5, ribonuclease P/MRP subunit (S. cerevisiae)

Enables ribonuclease P RNA binding activity. Contributes to ribonuclease P activity. Involved in tRNA 5'-leader removal. Located in nucleolus. Part of multimeric ribonuclease P complex and ribonuclease MRP complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

processing of precursor 4, ribonuclease P/MRP subunit (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes one of the protein subunits of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complexes: the endoribonuclease for mitochondrial RNA processing complex and the ribonuclease P complex. The encoded protein is localized to the nucleus and associates directly with the RNA component of these complexes. This protein is involved in processing of precursor RNAs. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

PAN3 poly(A) specific ribonuclease subunit

Contributes to poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity. Predicted to be involved in nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening. Predicted to act upstream of or within deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA; positive regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly; and protein targeting. Part of PAN complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

PAN2 poly(A) specific ribonuclease subunit

This gene encodes a deadenylase that functions as the catalytic subunit of the polyadenylate binding protein dependent poly(A) nuclease complex. The encoded protein is a magnesium dependent 3' to 5' exoribonuclease that is involved in the degradation of cytoplasmic mRNAs. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

ribonuclease MRP subunit p64

Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of neuron differentiation and positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in nucleolus. Predicted to be active in nucleus. Implicated in anauxetic dysplasia 3. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribonuclease MRP subunit p24