Harmonizome 3.0

acireductone dioxygenase 1 pseudogene

acireductone dioxygenase 1 pseudogene

acireductone dioxygenase 1 pseudogene

acireductone dioxygenase 1

This gene encodes an enzyme that belongs to the aci-reductone dioxygenase family of metal-binding enzymes, which are involved in methionine salvage. This enzyme may regulate mRNA processing in the nucleus, and may carry out different functions depending on its localization. Related pseudogenes have been defined on chromosomes 8 and 20. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a membrane-bound homodimeric enzyme that is localized to the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme (cofactors iron and ascorbate) catalyzes the hydroxylation of lysyl residues in collagen-like peptides. The resultant hydroxylysyl groups are attachment sites for carbohydrates in collagen and thus are critical for the stability of intermolecular crosslinks. Some patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIB have deficiencies in lysyl hydroxylase activity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

butyrobetaine (gamma), 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase (gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase) 1

This gene encodes gamma butyrobetaine hydroxylase which catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine, the last step in the L-carnitine biosynthetic pathway. Carnitine is essential for the transport of activated fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane during mitochondrial beta-oxidation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase

The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme in the catabolic pathway of tyrosine. The encoded protein catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to homogentisate. Defects in this gene are a cause of tyrosinemia type 3 (TYRO3) and hawkinsinuria (HAWK). Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

cysteine dioxygenase type 1

Enables cysteine dioxygenase activity; ferrous iron binding activity; and zinc ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in L-cysteine catabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase domain containing 1

Enables 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a membrane-bound homodimeric enzyme that is localized to the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme (cofactors iron and ascorbate) catalyzes the hydroxylation of lysyl residues in collagen-like peptides. The resultant hydroxylysyl groups are attachment sites for carbohydrates in collagen and thus are critical for the stability of intermolecular crosslinks. Some patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIB have deficiencies in lysyl hydroxylase activity. Mutations in the coding region of this gene are associated with Bruck syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1

Lysyl hydroxylase is a membrane-bound homodimeric protein localized to the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme (cofactors iron and ascorbate) catalyzes the hydroxylation of lysyl residues in collagen-like peptides. The resultant hydroxylysyl groups are attachment sites for carbohydrates in collagen and thus are critical for the stability of intermolecular crosslinks. Some patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI have deficiencies in lysyl hydroxylase activity. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that is important for controlling gene expression. The protein encoded by this gene is a demethylase that belongs to the TET (ten-eleven translocation) family. Members of the TET protein family play a role in the DNA methylation process and gene activation. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 3

Enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity; methyl-CpG binding activity; and zinc ion binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and protein O-linked glycosylation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and male pronucleus. Predicted to be active in nucleus. Biomarker of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a methylcytosine dioxygenase that catalyzes the conversion of methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The encoded protein is involved in myelopoiesis, and defects in this gene have been associated with several myeloproliferative disorders. Two variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 pseudogene 1

tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase

This gene encodes a heme enzyme that plays a critical role in tryptophan metabolism by catalyzing the first and rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway. Increased activity of the encoded protein and subsequent kynurenine production may also play a role in cancer through the suppression of antitumor immune responses, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with autism. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase

This gene encodes the enzyme homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase. This enzyme is involved in the catabolism of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. Mutations in this gene are the cause of the autosomal recessive metabolism disorder alkaptonuria.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-like

The protein encoded by this intronless gene localizes to mitochondria, where it may function as 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. Clinical studies have identified several bi-allelic variants in this gene that lower the level of the encoded protein and lead to a clinically variable form of pediatric-onset spastic movement disorder. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

2-aminoethanethiol (cysteamine) dioxygenase

Human thiol dioxygenases include cysteine dioxygenase (CDO; MIM 603943) and cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol) dioxygenase (ADO; EC 1.13.11.19). CDO adds 2 oxygen atoms to free cysteine, whereas ADO adds 2 oxygen atoms to free cysteamine to form hypotaurine (Dominy et al., 2007 [PubMed 17581819]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase

3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase is a monomeric cytosolic protein belonging to the family of intramolecular dioxygenases containing nonheme ferrous iron. It is widely distributed in peripheral organs, such as liver and kidney, and is also present in low amounts in the central nervous system. HAAO catalyzes the synthesis of quinolinic acid (QUIN) from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. QUIN is an excitotoxin whose toxicity is mediated by its ability to activate glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Increased cerebral levels of QUIN may participate in the pathogenesis of neurologic and inflammatory disorders. HAAO has been suggested to play a role in disorders associated with altered tissue levels of QUIN. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2

Along with the enzymes encoded by the INDO (MIM 147435) and TDO2 (MIM 191070) genes, the enzyme encoded by the INDOL1 gene metabolizes tryptophan in the kynurenine pathway (Ball et al., 2007 [PubMed 17499941]).[supplied by OMIM, Feb 2011]

indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1

This gene encodes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) - a heme enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in tryptophan catabolism to N-formyl-kynurenine. This enzyme acts on multiple tryptophan substrates including D-tryptophan, L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxy-tryptophan, tryptamine, and serotonin. This enzyme is thought to play a role in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as antimicrobial and antitumor defense, neuropathology, immunoregulation, and antioxidant activity. Through its expression in dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages this enzyme modulates T-cell behavior by its peri-cellular catabolization of the essential amino acid tryptophan.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial iron transporter), member 37

SLC25A37 is a solute carrier localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. It functions as an essential iron importer for the synthesis of mitochondrial heme and iron-sulfur clusters (summary by Chen et al., 2009 [PubMed 19805291]).[supplied by OMIM, Jan 2011]

pirin (iron-binding nuclear protein)

This gene encodes a member of the cupin superfamily. The encoded protein is an Fe(II)-containing nuclear protein expressed in all tissues of the body and concentrated within dot-like subnuclear structures. Interactions with nuclear factor I/CCAAT box transcription factor as well as B cell lymphoma 3-encoded oncoprotein suggest the encoded protein may act as a transcriptional cofactor and be involved in the regulation of DNA transcription and replication. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

HscB mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster co-chaperone

This gene encodes a DnaJ-type co-chaperone and member of the heat shock cognate B (HscB) family of proteins. The encoded protein plays a role in the synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters, protein cofactors that are involved in the redox reactions of mitochondrial electron transport and other processes. Cells in which this gene is knocked down exhibit reduced activity of iron-sulfur cluster-dependent enzymes including succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase. The encoded protein may stimulate the ATPase activity of the mitochondrial stress-70 protein. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 pseudogene 6

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 pseudogene 5

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 pseudogene 3

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 pseudogene 1

iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme pseudogene 1

IBA57, iron-sulfur cluster assembly homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the mitochondrion and is part of the iron-sulfur cluster assembly pathway. The encoded protein functions late in the biosynthesis of mitochondrial 4Fe-4S proteins. Defects in this gene have been associated with autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia-74 and with multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome-3. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. The smaller isoform is not likely to be localized to the mitochondrion since it lacks the amino-terminal transit peptide. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

solute carrier family 40 (iron-regulated transporter), member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a cell membrane protein that may be involved in iron export from duodenal epithelial cells. Defects in this gene are a cause of hemochromatosis type 4 (HFE4). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

iron-responsive element binding protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an RNA-binding protein that acts to regulate iron levels in the cells by regulating the translation and stability of mRNAs that affect iron homeostasis under conditions when iron is depleted. When iron levels are low, this protein binds to iron-responsive elements (IRES), stem-loop structures located either in the 5' or 3' UTRs. Binding to the 5' UTR represses translation, while binding to the 3' UTR inhibits mRNA degradation. When iron is found in the cell, this protein is degraded in a F-box and leucine rich repeat protein 5-dependent manner. Variants in this gene have been associated with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1 pseudogene

cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 1

Involved in iron-sulfur cluster assembly and protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer. Located in cytoplasm. Part of MMXD complex and cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1 pseudogene 1

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B, iron sulfur (Ip)

This tumor suppressor gene encodes the iron-sulfur protein subunit of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex which plays a critical role in mitochondria. The SDH enzyme complex is composed of four nuclear-encoded subunits. This enzyme complex converts succinate to fumarate which releases electrons as part of the citric acid cycle, and the enzyme complex additionally provides an attachment site for released electrons to be transferred to the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. The SDH enzyme complex plays a role in oxygen-related gene regulation through its conversion of succinate, which is an oxygen sensor that stabilizes the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) transcription factor. Sporadic and familial mutations in this gene result in paragangliomas, pheochromocytoma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, supporting a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and tumorigenesis. Mutations in this gene are also implicated in nuclear type 4 mitochondrial complex II deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2022]

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide 1 pseudogene 1

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity. Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide 1 pseudogene 2

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide 1 pseudogene 3

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial iron transporter), member 28

Predicted to enable ferrous iron transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in iron import into the mitochondrion. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase domain containing 1

Enables peptidyl-proline 3-dioxygenase activity. Involved in several processes, including peptidyl-proline hydroxylation; regulation of translational termination; and stress granule assembly. Located in cytoplasmic stress granule; cytosol; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase domain containing 3

Predicted to enable several functions, including L-ascorbic acid binding activity; dioxygenase activity; and iron ion binding activity. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase domain containing 2

Predicted to enable several functions, including L-ascorbic acid binding activity; dioxygenase activity; and iron ion binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NFU1 iron-sulfur cluster scaffold

This gene encodes a protein that is localized to mitochondria and plays a critical role in iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. The encoded protein assembles and transfers 4Fe-4S clusters to target apoproteins including succinate dehydrogenase and lipoic acid synthase. Mutations in this gene are a cause of multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome-1, and pseudogenes of this gene are located on the short arms of chromosomes 1 and 3. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 pseudogene 4

iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme

This gene encodes a component of the iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster scaffold. Fe-S clusters are cofactors that play a role in the function of a diverse set of enzymes, including those that regulate metabolism, iron homeostasis, and oxidative stress response. Alternative splicing results in transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms that localize either to the cytosol or to the mitochondrion. Mutations in this gene have been found in patients with hereditary myopathy with lactic acidosis. A disease-associated mutation in an intron may activate a cryptic splice site, resulting in the production of a splice variant encoding a putatively non-functional protein. A pseudogene of this gene is present on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase domain containing 1 pseudogene 1

CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1 pseudogene

iron/zinc purple acid phosphatase-like protein

Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), including PAPL, are a family of binuclear metallohydrolases that have been identified in plants, animals, and fungi (Flanagan et al., 2006 [PubMed 16793224]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide 1

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity. Involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III assembly and respiratory electron transport chain. Located in mitochondrion. Part of respiratory chain complex III. Implicated in mitochondrial complex III deficiency. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

alcohol dehydrogenase, iron containing, 1

The ADHFE1 gene encodes hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.24), which is responsible for the oxidation of 4-hydroxybutyrate in mammalian tissues (Kardon et al., 2006 [PubMed 16616524]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger protein that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. The encoded protein binds an iron/sulfur cluster and may be involved in calcium homeostasis. Defects in this gene are a cause of Wolfram syndrome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

CDGSH iron sulfur domain 3

CISD3 is a member of the CDGSH domain-containing family, which may play a role in regulating electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation (Wiley et al., 2007 [PubMed 17376863]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2008]

CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1

This gene encodes a protein with a CDGSH iron-sulfur domain and has been shown to bind a redox-active [2Fe-2S] cluster. The encoded protein has been localized to the outer membrane of mitochondria and is thought to play a role in regulation of oxidation. Genes encoding similar proteins are located on chromosomes 4 and 17, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 pseudogene 2

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1

ISCA1 is a mitochondrial protein involved in the biogenesis and assembly of iron-sulfur clusters, which play a role in electron-transfer reactions (Cozar-Castellano et al., 2004 [PubMed 15262227]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an A-type iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) protein found in mitochondria. The encoded protein appears to be involved in the maturation of mitochondrial iron-sulfur proteins. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 2 pseudogene 1

NFU1 iron-sulfur cluster scaffold pseudogene 1

NFU1 iron-sulfur cluster scaffold pseudogene 2

cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 2B

Involved in chromosome segregation; iron-sulfur cluster assembly; and protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer. Located in cytosol; nucleoplasm; and spindle. Part of MMXD complex and cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 2A

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. Involved in iron-sulfur cluster assembly and protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 3

Predicted to enable 4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding activity and metal ion binding activity. Involved in several processes, including intracellular oxygen homeostasis; iron-sulfur cluster assembly; and response to hypoxia. Part of cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]