Harmonizome 3.0

serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade D (heparin cofactor), member 1

This gene belongs to the serpin gene superfamily. Serpins play roles in many processes including inflammation, blood clotting, and cancer metastasis. Members of this family have highly conserved secondary structures with a reactive center loop that interacts with the protease active site to inhibit protease activity. This gene encodes a plasma serine protease that functions as a thrombin and chymotrypsin inhibitor. The protein is activated by heparin, dermatan sulfate, and glycosaminoglycans. Allelic variations in this gene are associated with heparin cofactor II deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor

Enables growth factor activity; heparin binding activity; and transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity. Involved in several processes, including epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction; and positive regulation of wound healing. Located in cell surface. Is active in extracellular space. Implicated in glomerulosclerosis and perinatal necrotizing enterocolitis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transition protein 2 (during histone to protamine replacement)

Predicted to enable zinc ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including penetration of zona pellucida; positive regulation of protein processing; and sperm DNA condensation. Predicted to act upstream of or within binding activity of sperm to zona pellucida and flagellated sperm motility. Predicted to be located in male germ cell nucleus. Predicted to be part of nucleosome. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transition protein 1 (during histone to protamine replacement)

Transition protein-1 is a spermatid-specific product of the haploid genome which replaces histone and is itself replaced in the mature sperm by the protamines (see PRM1, MIM 182880; PRM2, MIM 182890) (Luerssen et al., 1990 [PubMed 2249851]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

protamine 1

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in chromosome organization and spermatogenesis. Predicted to act upstream of or within nucleus organization and spermatid development. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protamine 3

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in flagellated sperm motility. Predicted to be located in chromosome and nucleus. Predicted to be part of nucleosome. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protamine 2

Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis, and are the major DNA-binding proteins in the nucleus of sperm in many vertebrates. They package the sperm DNA into a highly condensed complex in a volume less than 5% of a somatic cell nucleus. Many mammalian species have only one protamine (protamine 1); however, a few species, including human and mouse, have two. This gene encodes protamine 2, which is cleaved to give rise to a family of protamine 2 peptides. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have also been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]