Harmonizome 3.0

eosinophil peroxidase

This gene is a member of the peroxidase gene family and is expressed in eosinophils. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed into covalently attached heavy and light chains to form the mature enzyme, which functions as an oxidant. The enzyme is released at sites of parasitic infection or allergen stimulation to mediate lysis of protozoa or parasitic worms. The gene is found in a gene cluster with other peroxidase genes on chromosome 17. Mutations in this gene result in eosinophil peroxidase deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

thyroid peroxidase

This gene encodes a membrane-bound glycoprotein. The encoded protein acts as an enzyme and plays a central role in thyroid gland function. The protein functions in the iodination of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin and phenoxy-ester formation between pairs of iodinated tyrosines to generate the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Mutations in this gene are associated with several disorders of thyroid hormonogenesis, including congenital hypothyroidism, congenital goiter, and thyroid hormone organification defect IIA. Multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

glutathione peroxidase pseudogene 2

glutathione peroxidase pseudogene 1

glutathione peroxidase 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family, members of which catalyze the reduction of organic hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by glutathione, and thereby protect cells against oxidative damage. Other studies indicate that H2O2 is also essential for growth-factor mediated signal transduction, mitochondrial function, and maintenance of thiol redox-balance; therefore, by limiting H2O2 accumulation, glutathione peroxidases are also involved in modulating these processes. Several isozymes of this gene family exist in vertebrates, which vary in cellular location and substrate specificity. This isozyme is the most abundant, is ubiquitously expressed and localized in the cytoplasm, and whose preferred substrate is hydrogen peroxide. It is also a selenoprotein, containing the rare amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) at its active site. Sec is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, designated the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, that is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon, rather than as a stop signal. This gene contains an in-frame GCG trinucleotide repeat in the coding region, and three alleles with 4, 5 or 6 repeats have been found in the human population. The allele with 4 GCG repeats has been significantly associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes of this locus have been identified on chromosomes X and 21. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

glutathione peroxidase 3

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family, members of which catalyze the reduction of organic hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by glutathione, and thereby protect cells against oxidative damage. Several isozymes of this gene family exist in vertebrates, which vary in cellular location and substrate specificity. This isozyme is secreted, and is abundantly found in plasma. Downregulation of expression of this gene by promoter hypermethylation has been observed in a wide spectrum of human malignancies, including thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic myeloid leukemia. This isozyme is also a selenoprotein, containing the rare amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) at its active site. Sec is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, designated the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, that is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon, rather than as a stop signal. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

glutathione peroxidase 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family, members of which catalyze the reduction of organic hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by glutathione, and thereby protect cells against oxidative damage. Several isozymes of this gene family exist in vertebrates, which vary in cellular location and substrate specificity. This isozyme is predominantly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract (also in liver in human), is localized in the cytoplasm, and whose preferred substrate is hydrogen peroxide. Overexpression of this gene is associated with increased differentiation and proliferation in colorectal cancer. This isozyme is also a selenoprotein, containing the rare amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) at its active site. Sec is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, designated the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, that is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon, rather than as a stop signal. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

glutathione peroxidase 5

This gene belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family. It is specifically expressed in the epididymis in the mammalian male reproductive tract, and is androgen-regulated. Unlike several other characterized glutathione peroxidases, this enzyme is not a selenoprotein, lacking the selenocysteine residue. Thus, it is selenium-independent, and has been proposed to play a role in protecting the membranes of spermatozoa from the damaging effects of lipid peroxidation and/or preventing premature acrosome reaction. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

glutathione peroxidase 4

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family, members of which catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides and lipid hydroperoxides, and thereby protect cells against oxidative damage. Several isozymes of this gene family exist in vertebrates, which vary in cellular location and substrate specificity. This isozyme has a high preference for lipid hydroperoxides and protects cells against membrane lipid peroxidation and cell death. It is also required for normal sperm development; thus, it has been identified as a 'moonlighting' protein because of its ability to serve dual functions as a peroxidase, as well as a structural protein in mature spermatozoa. Mutations in this gene are associated with Sedaghatian type of spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (SMDS). This isozyme is also a selenoprotein, containing the rare amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) at its active site. Sec is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, designated the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, that is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon, rather than as a stop signal. Transcript variants resulting from alternative splicing or use of alternate promoters have been described to encode isoforms with different subcellular localization. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2018]

glutathione peroxidase 7

Enables catalase activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to oxidative stress. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. Implicated in Barrett's adenocarcinoma and Barrett's esophagus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutathione peroxidase 6

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family, members of which catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides and lipid hydroperoxides, and thereby protect cells against oxidative damage. Several isozymes of this gene family exist in vertebrates, which vary in cellular location and substrate specificity. Expression of this gene has been observed in embryos and olfactory epithelium; however, the exact function of this gene is not known. This isozyme is a selenoprotein in humans, containing the rare amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) at its active site. Sec is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, designated the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, that is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon, rather than as a stop signal. The orthologs of this gene in mouse and rat (and some other species) contain a cysteine (Cys) residue in place of the Sec residue, and their corresponding mRNAs lack SECIS element. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

glutathione peroxidase 8 (putative)

Enables peroxidase activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to oxidative stress. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum lumen. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thioredoxin 2 pseudogene

thioredoxin 2

This nuclear gene encodes a mitochondrial member of the thioredoxin family, a group of small multifunctional redox-active proteins. The encoded protein may play important roles in the regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and in protection against oxidant-induced apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

thioredoxin-like 1

Enables disulfide oxidoreductase activity. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thioredoxin interacting protein

This gene encodes a thioredoxin-binding protein that is a member of the alpha arrestin protein family. Thioredoxin is a thiol-oxidoreductase that is a major regulator of cellular redox signaling which protects cells from oxidative stress. This protein inhibits the antioxidative function of thioredoxin resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and cellular stress. This protein also functions as a regulator of cellular metabolism and of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This protein may also function as a tumor suppressor. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

thioredoxin-like 1 pseudogene 1

thioredoxin 1 pseudogene 7

thioredoxin-like 4A

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the U5 small ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP), and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing. This protein contains a thioredoxin-like fold and it is expected to interact with multiple proteins. Protein-protein interactions have been observed with the polyglutamine tract-binding protein 1 (PQBP1). Mutations in both the coding region and promoter region of this gene have been associated with Burn-McKeown syndrome, which is a rare disorder characterized by craniofacial dysmorphisms, cardiac defects, hearing loss, and bilateral choanal atresia. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 2. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

thioredoxin-like 4B

Predicted to be involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 4

This gene encodes a member of the disulfide isomerase (PDI) family of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins that catalyze protein folding and thiol-disulfide interchange reactions. The encoded protein has an N-terminal ER-signal sequence, a catalytically active thioredoxin domain, one transmembrane domain and C-terminal ASP/GLU-rich calcium binding domain. Unlike most members of this gene family, it lacks a C-terminal ER-retention sequence. The encoded protein has been shown to have reductase activity in vitro. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the disulfide isomerase (PDI) family of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins that catalyze protein folding and thiol-disulfide interchange reactions. The encoded protein has an N-terminal ER-signal sequence, a catalytically active thioredoxin domain, and one transmembrane domain. Unlike most members of this gene family, it lacks a C-terminal ER-retention sequence. The mature membrane-bound protein can both oxidize and reduce disulfide bonds and acts selectively on membrane-associated polypeptides. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 3

This gene encodes a member of the disulfide isomerase (PDI) family of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins that catalyze protein folding and thiol-disulfide interchange reactions. The canonical protein encoded by this gene has an N-terminal ER-signal sequence, a catalytically active thioredoxin domain, one transmembrane domain and a C-terminal ER-retention sequence. This gene is expressed in many tissues but has its highest expression in heart and skeletal muscle. It is expressed in the retinal neuroepithelium and lens epithelium in the developing murine eye and haploinsufficiency of this gene in humans and zebrafish is associated with microphthalmia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 2

This gene encodes a member of the disulfide isomerase (PDI) family of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins that catalyze protein folding and thiol-disulfide interchange reactions. The encoded protein has an N-terminal ER-signal sequence, a catalytically active thioredoxin domain, one transmembrane domain and a C-terminal ER-retention sequence. This protein is enriched on the mitochondria-associated-membrane of the ER via palmitoylation of two of its cytosolically exposed cysteines. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

thioredoxin

The protein encoded by this gene acts as a homodimer and is involved in many redox reactions. The encoded protein is active in the reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteines in certain proteins, which is part of the response to intracellular nitric oxide. This protein is found in the cytoplasm. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

thioredoxin pseudogene 6

thioredoxin domain containing 15

This gene encodes a member of the thioredoxin superfamily. Members of this family are characterized by a conserved active motif called the thioredoxin fold that catalyzes disulfide bond formation and isomerization. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

thioredoxin domain containing 17

Enables peroxidase activity and protein-disulfide reductase (NAD(P)H) activity. Involved in tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thioredoxin domain containing 16

Located in endoplasmic reticulum lumen. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thioredoxin domain containing 11

Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thioredoxin domain containing 12 (endoplasmic reticulum)

This gene encodes a member of the thioredoxin superfamily. Members of this family are characterized by a conserved active motif called the thioredoxin fold that catalyzes disulfide bond formation and isomerization. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and has a single atypical active motif. The encoded protein is mainly involved in catalyzing native disulfide bond formation and displays activity similar to protein-disulfide isomerases. This protein may play a role in defense against endoplasmic reticulum stress. Alternate splicing results in both coding and non-coding variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 2 pseudogene 1

thioredoxin pseudogene 5

thioredoxin pseudogene 4

thioredoxin pseudogene 2

thioredoxin domain containing 9

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the thioredoxin family. The exact function of this protein is not known but it is associated with cell differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

thioredoxin domain containing 8 (spermatozoa)

Involved in spermatogenesis. Located in Golgi apparatus. Biomarker of male infertility. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thioredoxin domain containing 2 (spermatozoa)

Enables thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) activity. Predicted to be involved in cell redox homeostasis and spermatogenesis. Predicted to act upstream of or within cellular response to reactive oxygen species and flagellated sperm motility. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thioredoxin domain containing 5 (endoplasmic reticulum)

This gene encodes a member of the disulfide isomerase (PDI) family of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins that catalyze protein folding and thiol-disulfide interchange reactions. The encoded protein has an N-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-signal sequence, three catalytically active thioredoxin domains and a C-terminal ER-retention sequence. Its expression is induced by hypoxia and its role may be to protect hypoxic cells from apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the neighboring upstream BLOC1S5 gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

thioredoxin-like 4A pseudogene

thioredoxin reductase 3 neighbor

thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1 pseudogene

thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1 pseudogene

thioredoxin reductase 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family, and is a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) system. Three thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) isozymes are found in mammals. TrxRs are selenocysteine-containing flavoenzymes, which reduce thioredoxins, as well as other substrates, and play a key role in redox homoeostasis. This gene encodes a mitochondrial form important for scavenging reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. It functions as a homodimer containing FAD, and selenocysteine (Sec) at the active site. Sec is encoded by UGA codon that normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms, including a few localized in the cytosol and some lacking the C-terminal Sec residue, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2017]

thioredoxin reductase 3

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family, and is a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) system. Three thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) isozymes are found in mammals. TrxRs are selenocysteine-containing flavoenzymes, which reduce thioredoxins, as well as other substrates, and play a key role in redox homoeostasis. This gene encodes the third TrxR, which unlike the other two isozymes, contains an additional N-terminal glutaredoxin (Grx) domain, and shows highest expression in testis. The Grx domain allows this isozyme to participate in both Trx and glutathione systems. It functions as a homodimer containing FAD, and selenocysteine (Sec) at the active site. Sec is encoded by UGA codon that normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. Experimental evidence suggests the use of a non-AUG (CUG) codon as a translation initiation codon (PMID:20018845). [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

thioredoxin reductase 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family, and is a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) system. Three thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) isozymes are found in mammals. TrxRs are selenocysteine-containing flavoenzymes, which reduce thioredoxins, as well as other substrates, and play a key role in redox homoeostasis. This gene encodes an ubiquitously expressed, cytosolic form of TrxR, which functions as a homodimer containing FAD, and selenocysteine (Sec) at the active site. Sec is encoded by UGA codon that normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. Alternative splicing, primarily at the 5' end, results in transcript variants encoding same or different isoforms, including a glutaredoxin-containing isoform that is predominantly expressed in testis. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

thioredoxin pseudogene 3

thioredoxin pseudogene 1

PITH (C-terminal proteasome-interacting domain of thioredoxin-like) domain containing 1

Involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription and positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]