Harmonizome 3.0

adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific, B2 (non-functional)

This gene encodes a member of the double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase family of RNA-editing enzymes and may play a regulatory role in RNA editing. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific, B1

This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for pre-mRNA editing of the glutamate receptor subunit B by site-specific deamination of adenosines. Studies in rat found that this enzyme acted on its own pre-mRNA molecules to convert an AA dinucleotide to an AI dinucleotide which resulted in a new splice site. Alternative splicing of this gene results in several transcript variants, some of which have been characterized by the presence or absence of an ALU cassette insert and a short or long C-terminal region. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adenosine A1 receptor

The protein encoded by this gene is an adenosine receptor that belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. There are 3 types of adenosine receptors, each with a specific pattern of ligand binding and tissue distribution, and together they regulate a diverse set of physiologic functions. The type A1 receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase, and play a role in the fertilization process. Animal studies also suggest a role for A1 receptors in kidney function and ethanol intoxication. Transcript variants with alternative splicing in the 5' UTR have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adenosine A3 receptor

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the family of adenosine receptors, which are G-protein-coupled receptors that are involved in a variety of intracellular signaling pathways and physiological functions. The receptor encoded by this gene mediates a sustained cardioprotective function during cardiac ischemia, it is involved in the inhibition of neutrophil degranulation in neutrophil-mediated tissue injury, it has been implicated in both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects, and it may also mediate both cell proliferation and cell death. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. This gene shares its 5' terminal exon with some transcripts from overlapping GeneID:57413, which encodes an immunoglobulin domain-containing protein. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

adenosine deaminase complexing protein 1

adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3

This gene encodes a member of the AMP deaminase gene family. The encoded protein is a highly regulated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine monophosphate to inosine monophosphate, a branch point in the adenylate catabolic pathway. This gene encodes the erythrocyte (E) isoforms, whereas other family members encode isoforms that predominate in muscle (M) and liver (L) cells. Mutations in this gene lead to the clinically asymptomatic, autosomal recessive condition erythrocyte AMP deaminase deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms of this gene have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adenosine monophosphate deaminase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is important in purine metabolism by converting AMP to IMP. The encoded protein, which acts as a homotetramer, is one of three AMP deaminases found in mammals. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1

Adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 catalyzes the deamination of AMP to IMP in skeletal muscle and plays an important role in the purine nucleotide cycle. Two other genes have been identified, AMPD2 and AMPD3, for the liver- and erythocyte-specific isoforms, respectively. Deficiency of the muscle-specific enzyme is apparently a common cause of exercise-induced myopathy and probably the most common cause of metabolic myopathy in the human. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified in this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

solute carrier family 35 (adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate transporter), member B3

This gene is a member of the solute carrier family. The encoded protein is involved in the transport of 3-prime phosphoadenosine 5-prime phosphosulfate (PAPS) from the nucleus or the cytosol to the Golgi lumen. This gene has been reported to be expressed preferentially in the human colon tissues. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

solute carrier family 35 (adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate transporter), member B2

Sulfotransferases (e.g., SULT4A1; MIM 608359) use an activated form of sulfate, 3-prime-phosphoadenosine 5-prime-phosphosulfate (PAPS), as a common sulfate donor for sulfation of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. SLC35B2 is located in the microsomal membrane and transports PAPS from the cytosol, where it is synthesized, into the Golgi lumen (Kamiyama et al., 2003 [PubMed 12716889]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

adenosine deaminase, tRNA-specific 1

This gene is a member of the ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) family. Using site-specific adenosine modification, proteins encoded by these genes participate in the pre-mRNA editing of nuclear transcripts. The protein encoded by this gene, tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1, is responsible for the deamination of adenosine 37 to inosine in eukaryotic tRNA. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

adenosine deaminase, tRNA-specific 3

This gene encodes a subunit of a tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase. This heterodimeric enzyme converts adenosine to inosine in the tRNA anticodon. A mutation in this gene causes a syndrome characterized by intellectual disability and strabismus. This gene shares its 5' exon with the overlapping gene, secretory carrier membrane protein 4 (Gene ID: 113178). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

adenosine deaminase, tRNA-specific 2

Predicted to enable tRNA-specific adenosine-34 deaminase activity. Predicted to be involved in tRNA wobble adenosine to inosine editing. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adenosine deaminase domain containing 1 (testis-specific)

Predicted to enable double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity; double-stranded RNA binding activity; and tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase activity. Predicted to be involved in RNA processing and adenosine to inosine editing. Predicted to act upstream of or within spermatid development. Predicted to be located in male germ cell nucleus. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adenosine deaminase domain containing 2

Predicted to enable double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity; double-stranded RNA binding activity; and tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase activity. Predicted to be involved in RNA processing; adenosine to inosine editing; and spermatid development. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adenosine deaminase

This gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine in the purine catabolic pathway. Various mutations have been described for this gene and have been linked to human diseases related to impaired immune function such as severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) which is the result of a deficiency in the ADA enzyme. In ADA-deficient individuals there is a marked depletion of T, B, and NK lymphocytes, and consequently, a lack of both humoral and cellular immunity. Conversely, elevated levels of this enzyme are associated with congenital hemolytic anemia. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2019]

adenosine kinase

This gene an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP to adenosine, thereby serving as a regulator of concentrations of both extracellular adenosine and intracellular adenine nucleotides. Adenosine has widespread effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, and immune systems and inhibitors of the enzyme could play an important pharmacological role in increasing intravascular adenosine concentrations and acting as anti-inflammatory agents. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific

This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for RNA editing by site-specific deamination of adenosines. This enzyme destabilizes double-stranded RNA through conversion of adenosine to inosine. Mutations in this gene have been associated with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

adenosine deaminase-like

Predicted to enable adenosine deaminase activity. Predicted to be involved in adenosine catabolic process and inosine biosynthetic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within response to alcohol. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adenosine A2a receptor

This gene encodes a member of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, which is subdivided into classes and subtypes. The receptors are seven-pass transmembrane proteins that respond to extracellular cues and activate intracellular signal transduction pathways. This protein, an adenosine receptor of A2A subtype, uses adenosine as the preferred endogenous agonist and preferentially interacts with the G(s) and G(olf) family of G proteins to increase intracellular cAMP levels. It plays an important role in many biological functions, such as cardiac rhythm and circulation, cerebral and renal blood flow, immune function, pain regulation, and sleep. It has been implicated in pathophysiological conditions such as inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A read-through transcript composed of the upstream SPECC1L (sperm antigen with calponin homology and coiled-coil domains 1-like) and ADORA2A (adenosine A2a receptor) gene sequence has been identified, but it is thought to be non-coding. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

adenosine A2b receptor

This gene encodes an adenosine receptor that is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. This integral membrane protein stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in the presence of adenosine. This protein also interacts with netrin-1, which is involved in axon elongation. The gene is located near the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adenosine A2b receptor pseudogene 1

adenosine deaminase domain containing 1 (testis-specific) pseudogene 2

adenosine deaminase domain containing 1 (testis-specific) pseudogene 1

adenosine deaminase 2

This gene encodes a member of a subfamily of the adenosine deaminase protein family. The encoded protein is one of two adenosine deaminases found in humans, which regulate levels of the signaling molecule, adenosine. The encoded protein is secreted from monocytes undergoing differentiation and may regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. This gene may be responsible for some of the phenotypic features associated with cat eye syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

N-6 adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase 1 (putative)

This gene encodes an N(6)-adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase. The encoded enzyme may be involved in the methylation of release factor I during translation termination. This enzyme is also involved in converting the arsenic metabolite monomethylarsonous acid to the less toxic dimethylarsonic acid. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 11. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2023]

N-6 adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase 2 (putative)

Enables protein-lysine N-methyltransferase activity. Involved in peptidyl-lysine methylation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 31

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ADP/ATP carrier family of proteins that exchange cytosolic ADP for matrix ATP in the mitochondria. Cells over-expressing this gene have been shown to display an anti-apoptotic phenotype. This protein is also thought to play a role in spermatogenesis, where it is believed to associate with a part of the flagellar cytoskeleton and with glycolytic enzymes. Male mice with mutations in the mouse ortholog of this gene are sterile and spermatocytes display an early meiotic arrest phenotype. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 2

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 4

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 7

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 8

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 9

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 3

adenine phosphoribosyltransferase

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family. A conserved feature of this gene is the distribution of CpG dinucleotides. This enzyme catalyzes the formation of AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate from adenine and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP). It also produces adenine as a by-product of the polyamine biosynthesis pathway. A homozygous deficiency in this enzyme causes 2,8-dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene 3

ribosomal RNA adenine dimethylase domain containing 1

Predicted to enable rRNA (adenine-N6,N6-)-dimethyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in rRNA methylation. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 5

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 6

N-6 adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase 1 (putative) pseudogene

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene 2

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6, pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene 6

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene 5

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene 4

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6

This gene is a member of the mitochondrial carrier subfamily of solute carrier protein genes. The product of this gene functions as a gated pore that translocates ADP from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix and ATP from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytoplasm. The protein is implicated in the function of the permability transition pore complex (PTPC), which regulates the release of mitochondrial products that induce apoptosis. The human genome contains several non-transcribed pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5

This gene is a member of the mitochondrial carrier subfamily of solute carrier protein genes. The product of this gene functions as a gated pore that translocates ADP from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix and ATP from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytoplasm. The protein forms a homodimer embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane. Suppressed expression of this gene has been shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth. The human genome contains several non-transcribed pseudogenes of this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 4

This gene is a member of the mitochondrial carrier subfamily of solute carrier protein genes. The product of this gene functions as a gated pore that translocates ADP from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix and ATP from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytoplasm. The protein forms a homodimer embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane. Mutations in this gene have been shown to result in autosomal dominant progressive external opthalmoplegia and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

flavin adenine dinucleotide synthetase 1

This gene encodes the enzyme that catalyzes adenylation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to form flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) coenzyme. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adenine nucleotide translocase lysine methyltransferase

Enables protein-lysine N-methyltransferase activity. Involved in peptidyl-lysine trimethylation. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]