Harmonizome 3.0

Charcot-Leyden crystal galectin

Lysophospholipases are enzymes that act on biological membranes to regulate the multifunctional lysophospholipids. The protein encoded by this gene is a lysophospholipase expressed in eosinophils and basophils. It hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to glycerophosphocholine and a free fatty acid. This protein may possess carbohydrate or IgE-binding activities. It is both structurally and functionally related to the galectin family of beta-galactoside binding proteins. It may be associated with inflammation and some myeloid leukemias. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

galectin-related inter-fiber protein

Predicted to enable carbohydrate binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

galectin-9C-like

carbohydrate (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-0) sulfotransferase 9

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the sulfotransferase 2 family. It is localized to the golgi membrane, and catalyzes the transfer of sulfate to position 4 of non-reducing N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues in both N-glycans and O-glycans. Sulfate groups on carbohydrates confer highly specific functions to glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans, and are critical for cell-cell interaction, signal transduction, and embryonic development. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

carbohydrate (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-0) sulfotransferase 8

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the sulfotransferase 2 family. It is predominantly expressed in the pituitary gland, and is localized to the golgi membrane. This protein catalyzes the transfer of sulfate to position 4 of non-reducing N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues in both N-glycans and O-glycans. It is responsible for sulfation of GalNAc on luteinizing hormone (LH), which is required for production of the sex hormones. Mice lacking this enzyme, exhibit increased levels of circulating LH, and precocious sexual maturation of both male and female mice. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

carbohydrate (keratan sulfate Gal-6) sulfotransferase 1

This locus encodes a member of the keratin sulfotransferase family of proteins. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the sulfation of the proteoglycan keratin. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

carbohydrate (chondroitin 6) sulfotransferase 3

This gene encodes an enzyme which catalyzes the sulfation of chondroitin, a proteoglycan found in the extracellular matrix and most cells which is involved in cell migration and differentiation. Mutations in this gene are associated with spondylepiphyseal dysplasia and humerospinal dysostosis. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine-6-O) sulfotransferase 2

This locus encodes a sulfotransferase protein. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the sulfation of a nonreducing N-acetylglucosamine residue, and may play a role in biosynthesis of 6-sulfosialyl Lewis X antigen. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine 6-O) sulfotransferase 5

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Gal/GalNAc/GlcNAc 6-O-sulfotransferase (GST) family, members of which catalyze the transfer of sulfate to position 6 of galactose (Gal), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues within proteoglycans, and sulfation of O-linked sugars of mucin-type acceptors. Carbohydrate sulfation plays a critical role in many biologic processes. This gene is predominantly expressed in colon and small intestine. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine 6-O) sulfotransferase 4

This gene encodes an N-acetylglucosamine 6-O sulfotransferase. The encoded enzyme transfers sulfate from 3'phosphoadenosine 5'phospho-sulfate to the 6-hydroxyl group of N-acetylglucosamine on glycoproteins. This protein is localized to the Golgi and is involved in the modification of glycan structures on ligands of the lymphocyte homing receptor L-selectin. Alternate splicing in the 5' UTR results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine 6-O) sulfotransferase 7

This gene is a member of the Gal/GalNAc/GlcNAc (galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine/N-acetylglucosamine) 6-O-sulfotransferase (GST) family. Members of this family encode enzymes that catalyze the specific addition of sulfate groups to distinct hydroxyl and amino groups of carbohydrates. The encoded protein catalyzes the sulfation of 6-hydroxyl group of GalNAc in chondroitin. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine 6-O) sulfotransferase 6

The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a sulfate group to the GlcNAc residues of keratan. Keratan sulfate helps maintain corneal transparency. Defects in this gene are a cause of macular corneal dystrophy (MCD). [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 11

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the sulfotransferase 2 family. It is localized to the golgi membrane, and catalyzes the transfer of sulfate to position 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residue of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate constitutes the predominant proteoglycan present in cartilage, and is distributed on the surfaces of many cells and extracellular matrices. A chromosomal translocation involving this gene and IgH, t(12;14)(q23;q32), has been reported in a patient with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

carbohydrate sulfotransferase 10

This protein encoded by this gene transfers sulfate to the C-3 hydroxyl of terminal glucuronic acid of protein- and lipid-linked oligosaccharides. This protein was first identified as a sulfotransferase that acts on the human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) glycan; HNK-1 is a carbohydrate involved in neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 13

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the sulfotransferase 2 family. It is localized to the golgi membrane, and catalyzes the transfer of sulfate to the C4 hydroxyl of beta-1,4-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) flanked by glucuronic acid residue in chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate constitutes the predominant proteoglycan present in cartilage and is distributed on the surfaces of many cells and extracellular matrices. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 12

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the sulfotransferase 2 family. It is localized to the golgi membrane, and catalyzes the transfer of sulfate to position 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residue of chondroitin and desulfated dermatan sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate constitutes the predominant proteoglycan present in cartilage, and is distributed on the surfaces of many cells and extracellular matrices. Alternatively spliced transcript variants differing only in their 5' UTRs have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

carbohydrate (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O) sulfotransferase 15

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan which is an important structural component of the extracellular matrix and which links to proteins to form proteoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate E (CS-E) is an isomer of chondroitin sulfate in which the C-4 and C-6 hydroxyl groups are sulfated. This gene encodes a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that acts as a sulfotransferase to transfer sulfate to the C-6 hydroxal group of chondroitin sulfate. This gene has also been identified as being co-expressed with RAG1 in B-cells and as potentially acting as a B-cell surface signaling receptor. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

carbohydrate (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-0) sulfotransferase 14

This gene encodes a member of the HNK-1 family of sulfotransferases. The encoded protein transfers sulfate to the C-4 hydroxyl of N-acetylgalactosamine residues in dermatan sulfate. Mutations in this gene have been associated with adducted thumb-clubfoot syndrome.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

carbohydrate kinase domain containing

Enables ATP-dependent NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase activity. Predicted to be involved in metabolite repair. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

FGGY carbohydrate kinase domain containing

This gene encodes a protein that phosphorylates carbohydrates such as ribulose, ribitol, and L-arabinitol. Genome-wide association studies in some populations have found an association between polymorphisms in this gene and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but studies of other populations have not been able to replicate this association. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

structure specific recognition protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of a heterodimer that, along with SUPT16H, forms chromatin transcriptional elongation factor FACT. FACT interacts specifically with histones H2A/H2B to effect nucleosome disassembly and transcription elongation. FACT and cisplatin-damaged DNA may be crucial to the anticancer mechanism of cisplatin. This encoded protein contains a high mobility group box which most likely constitutes the structure recognition element for cisplatin-modified DNA. This protein also functions as a co-activator of the transcriptional activator p63. An alternatively spliced transcript variant of this gene has been described, but its full-length nature is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear prelamin A recognition factor-like

Predicted to enable 4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding activity and metal ion binding activity. Involved in several processes, including intracellular oxygen homeostasis; iron-sulfur cluster assembly; and response to hypoxia. Part of cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

signal recognition particle 54kDa

Enables several functions, including 7S RNA binding activity; endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide binding activity; and guanyl ribonucleotide binding activity. Contributes to GTPase activity. Involved in granulocyte differentiation and protein targeting to ER. Located in cytosol and nucleus. Part of signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting. Implicated in severe congenital neutropenia 8. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

origin recognition complex, subunit 3-like (yeast) pseudogene

signal recognition particle 19kDa pseudogene

signal recognition particle 72kDa pseudogene 1

signal recognition particle 19kDa pseudogene

origin recognition complex, subunit 1 pseudogene

signal recognition particle receptor, B subunit

The protein encoded by this gene has similarity to mouse protein which is a subunit of the signal recognition particle receptor (SR). This subunit is a transmembrane GTPase belonging to the GTPase superfamily. It anchors alpha subunit, a peripheral membrane GTPase, to the ER membrane. SR is required for the cotranslational targeting of both secretory and membrane proteins to the ER membrane. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

signal recognition particle 14kDa (homologous Alu RNA binding protein) pseudogene 1

signal recognition particle 68kDa

This gene encodes a subunit of the signal recognition particle (SRP). The SRP is a ribonucleoprotein complex that transports secreted and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum for processing. The complex includes a 7S RNA and six protein subunits. The encoded protein is the 68kDa component of the SRP, and forms a heterodimer with the 72kDa subunit that is required for SRP function. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and three pseudogenes of this gene are located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

signal recognition particle 14kDa (homologous Alu RNA binding protein)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in protein targeting to ER. Located in nucleus. Part of signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

signal recognition particle 19kDa

Enables 7S RNA binding activity. Contributes to ribosome binding activity. Predicted to be involved in SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence recognition. Located in cytosol; nuclear body; and nucleolus. Part of signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

signal recognition particle 68kDa pseudogene 1

signal recognition particle 68kDa pseudogene 2

signal recognition particle 68kDa pseudogene 3

signal recognition particle 9 pseudogene 1

nuclear prelamin A recognition factor

Several proteins have been found to be prenylated and methylated at their carboxyl-terminal ends. Prenylation was initially believed to be important only for membrane attachment. However, another role for prenylation appears to be its importance in protein-protein interactions. The only nuclear proteins known to be prenylated in mammalian cells are prelamin A- and B-type lamins. Prelamin A is farnesylated and carboxymethylated on the cysteine residue of a carboxyl-terminal CaaX motif. This post-translationally modified cysteine residue is removed from prelamin A when it is endoproteolytically processed into mature lamin A. The protein encoded by this gene binds to the prenylated prelamin A carboxyl-terminal tail domain. It may be a component of a prelamin A endoprotease complex. The encoded protein is located in the nucleus, where it partially colocalizes with the nuclear lamina. It shares limited sequence similarity with iron-only bacterial hydrogenases. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene, including one with a novel exon that is generated by RNA editing. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

origin recognition complex, subunit 6

The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a highly conserved six subunit protein complex essential for the initiation of the DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Studies in yeast demonstrated that ORC binds specifically to origins of replication and serves as a platform for the assembly of additional initiation factors such as Cdc6 and Mcm proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the ORC complex. Gene silencing studies with small interfering RNA demonstrated that this protein plays an essential role in coordinating chromosome replication and segregation with cytokinesis. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

origin recognition complex, subunit 4

The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a highly conserved six subunit protein complex essential for the initiation of the DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Studies in yeast demonstrated that ORC binds specifically to origins of replication and serves as a platform for the assembly of additional initiation factors such as Cdc6 and Mcm proteins. This gene encodes a subunit of the ORC complex. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants, some of which encode the same protein, have been reported for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

origin recognition complex, subunit 5

The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a highly conserved six subunit protein complex essential for the initiation of the DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Studies in yeast demonstrated that ORC binds specifically to origins of replication and serves as a platform for the assembly of additional initiation factors such as Cdc6 and Mcm proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the ORC complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

origin recognition complex, subunit 2

The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a highly conserved six subunits protein complex essential for the initiation of the DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Studies in yeast demonstrated that ORC binds specifically to origins of replication and serves as a platform for the assembly of additional initiation factors such as Cdc6 and Mcm proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the ORC complex. This protein forms a core complex with ORC3, -4, and -5. It also interacts with CDC45 and MCM10, which are proteins known to be important for the initiation of DNA replication. This protein has been demonstrated to specifically associate with the origin of replication of Epstein-Barr virus in human cells, and is thought to be required for DNA replication from viral origin of replication. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found, one of which is a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay candidate. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

origin recognition complex, subunit 3

The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a highly conserved six subunits protein complex essential for the initiation of the DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Studies in yeast demonstrated that ORC binds specifically to origins of replication and serves as a platform for the assembly of additional initiation factors such as Cdc6 and Mcm proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the ORC complex. Studies of a similar gene in Drosophila suggested a possible role of this protein in neuronal proliferation and olfactory memory. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

origin recognition complex, subunit 1

The origin recognition complex (ORC) is a highly conserved six subunits protein complex essential for the initiation of the DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Studies in yeast demonstrated that ORC binds specifically to origins of replication and serves as a platform for the assembly of additional initiation factors such as Cdc6 and Mcm proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is the largest subunit of the ORC complex. While other ORC subunits are stable throughout the cell cycle, the levels of this protein vary during the cell cycle, which has been shown to be controlled by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis after initiation of DNA replication. This protein is found to be selectively phosphorylated during mitosis. It is also reported to interact with MYST histone acetyltransferase 2 (MyST2/HBO1), a protein involved in control of transcription silencing. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

peptidoglycan recognition protein 3

This gene encodes a peptidoglycan recognition protein, which belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family. These proteins are part of the innate immune system and recognize peptidoglycan, a ubiquitous component of bacterial cell walls. This antimicrobial protein binds to murein peptidoglycans of Gram-positive bacteria. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

peptidoglycan recognition protein 2

This gene encodes a peptidoglycan recognition protein, which belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family. This protein hydrolyzes the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in bacterial cell wall glycopeptides, and thus may play a scavenger role by digesting biologically active peptidoglycan into biologically inactive fragments. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

peptidoglycan recognition protein 1

Enables several functions, including Hsp70 protein binding activity; peptidoglycan binding activity; and peptidoglycan immune receptor activity. Involved in antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide; defense response to Gram-positive bacterium; and detection of bacterium. Located in extracellular exosome. Is active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

peptidoglycan recognition protein 4

Summary: This gene encodes a peptidoglycan recognition protein, which belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family. These proteins are part of the innate immune system and recognize peptidoglycan, a ubiquitous component of bacterial cell walls. This antimicrobial protein binds to murein peptidoglycans of Gram-positive bacteria. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

signal recognition particle 9kDa

Predicted to enable RNA binding activity and signal recognition particle binding activity. Predicted to be involved in SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be part of signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

signal recognition particle receptor (docking protein)

The gene encodes a subunit of the endoplasmic reticulum signal recognition particle receptor that, in conjunction with the signal recognition particle, is involved in the targeting and translocation of signal sequence tagged secretory and membrane proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

signal recognition particle 72kDa pseudogene 2

signal recognition particle 72kDa

This gene encodes the 72 kDa subunit of the signal recognition particle (SRP), a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the targeting of secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The SRP complex consists of a 7S RNA and 6 protein subunits: SRP9, SRP14, SRP19, SRP54, SRP68, and SRP72, that are bound to the 7S RNA as monomers or heterodimers. SRP has at least 3 distinct functions that can be associated with the protein subunits: signal recognition, translational arrest, and ER membrane targeting by interaction with the docking protein. Mutations in this gene are associated with familial bone marrow failure. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

Holliday junction recognition protein

Enables histone binding activity and identical protein binding activity. Involved in CENP-A containing chromatin assembly; chromosome segregation; and regulation of protein-containing complex assembly. Located in cytosol; kinetochore; and nuclear lumen. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin recognition factor in ER associated degradation 1

The protein encoded by this gene forms a complex with two other proteins, nuclear protein localization-4 and valosin-containing protein, and this complex is necessary for the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. In addition, this complex controls the disassembly of the mitotic spindle and the formation of a closed nuclear envelope after mitosis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Catch 22 syndrome as well as cardiac and craniofacial defects. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 18. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]