Harmonizome 3.0

transmembrane anterior posterior transformation 1

This gene encodes a highly conserved protein that localizes to the centrosome and/or ciliary basal body. Mutations in this gene disrupt Golgi morphology and trafficking and normal primary cilium formation and these mutations are congenitally manifested by severe undermineralization of the intra-uterine skeleton. A mutation in the mouse ortholog of this gene results in homeotic, posterior-to-anterior transformations of the axial skeleton which are similar to the phenotype of mouse homeobox C8 gene mutants. In mouse, this gene is thought to function downstream of homeobox C8 to transduce extracellular patterning information during axial skeleton development. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

transformation/transcription domain-associated protein

This gene encodes a large multidomain protein of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKK) family. The encoded protein is a common component of many histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes and plays a role in transcription and DNA repair by recruiting HAT complexes to chromatin. Deregulation of this gene may play a role in several types of cancer including glioblastoma multiforme. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

programmed cell death 4 (neoplastic transformation inhibitor)

This gene is a tumor suppressor and encodes a protein that binds to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 and inhibits its function by preventing RNA binding. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

integrin, alpha L (antigen CD11A (p180), lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; alpha polypeptide)

ITGAL encodes the integrin alpha L chain. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This I-domain containing alpha integrin combines with the beta 2 chain (ITGB2) to form the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), which is expressed on all leukocytes. LFA-1 plays a central role in leukocyte intercellular adhesion through interactions with its ligands, ICAMs 1-3 (intercellular adhesion molecules 1 through 3), and also functions in lymphocyte costimulatory signaling. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

integrin, alpha E (antigen CD103, human mucosal lymphocyte antigen 1; alpha polypeptide)

Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This gene encodes an I-domain-containing alpha integrin that undergoes post-translational cleavage in the extracellular domain, yielding disulfide-linked heavy and light chains. In combination with the beta 7 integrin, this protein forms the E-cadherin binding integrin known as the human mucosal lymphocyte-1 antigen. This protein is preferentially expressed in human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and in addition to a role in adhesion, it may serve as an accessory molecule for IEL activation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G6C

LY6G6C belongs to a cluster of leukocyte antigen-6 (LY6) genes located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. Members of the LY6 superfamily typically contain 70 to 80 amino acids, including 8 to 10 cysteines. Most LY6 proteins are attached to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that is directly involved in signal transduction (Mallya et al., 2002 [PubMed 12079290]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G6E (pseudogene)

LY6G6E belongs to a cluster of leukocyte antigen-6 (LY6) genes located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. Members of the LY6 superfamily typically contain 70 to 80 amino acids, including 8 to 10 cysteines. Most LY6 proteins are attached to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that is directly involved in signal transduction (Mallya et al., 2002 [PubMed 12079290]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

Lymphocyte cytosolic protein, molecular weight 20kD

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G6D

LY6G6D belongs to a cluster of leukocyte antigen-6 (LY6) genes located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. Members of the LY6 superfamily typically contain 70 to 80 amino acids, including 8 to 10 cysteines. Most LY6 proteins are attached to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that is directly involved in signal transduction (Mallya et al., 2002 [PubMed 12079290]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2009]

lymphocyte antigen 9

LY9 belongs to the SLAM family of immunomodulatory receptors (see SLAMF1; MIM 603492) and interacts with the adaptor molecule SAP (SH2D1A; MIM 300490) (Graham et al., 2006 [PubMed 16365421]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

lymphocyte antigen 96

This gene encodes a protein which associates with toll-like receptor 4 on the cell surface and confers responsiveness to lipopolysaccyaride (LPS), thus providing a link between the receptor and LPS signaling. Studies of the mouse ortholog suggest that this gene may be involved in endotoxin neutralization. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

lymphocyte-specific protein 1 pseudogene 1

lymphocyte-specific protein 1 pseudogene 2

lymphocyte antigen 6A-2/6E-1-like

Predicted to be located in side of membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4

This gene is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and encodes a protein which transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells. The protein contains a V domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. The membrane-bound isoform functions as a homodimer interconnected by a disulfide bond, while the soluble isoform functions as a monomer. Mutations in this gene have been associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, celiac disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid-associated orbitopathy, and other autoimmune diseases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lymphocyte antigen 75

Predicted to enable signaling receptor activity. Predicted to be involved in immune response and inflammatory response. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 (SH2 domain containing leukocyte protein of 76kDa)

This gene encodes an adapter protein that acts as a substrate of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-activated protein tyrosine kinase pathway. The encoded protein associates with growth factor receptor bound protein 2, and is thought to play a role TCR-mediated intracellular signal transduction. A similar protein in mouse plays a role in normal T-cell development and activation. Mice lacking this gene show subcutaneous and intraperitoneal fetal hemorrhaging, dysfunctional platelets and impaired viability. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1 (L-plastin)

Plastins are a family of actin-binding proteins that are conserved throughout eukaryote evolution and expressed in most tissues of higher eukaryotes. In humans, two ubiquitous plastin isoforms (L and T) have been identified. Plastin 1 (otherwise known as Fimbrin) is a third distinct plastin isoform which is specifically expressed at high levels in the small intestine. The L isoform is expressed only in hemopoietic cell lineages, while the T isoform has been found in all other normal cells of solid tissues that have replicative potential (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, melanocytes, etc.). However, L-plastin has been found in many types of malignant human cells of non-hemopoietic origin suggesting that its expression is induced accompanying tumorigenesis in solid tissues. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G5C

LY6G5C belongs to a cluster of leukocyte antigen-6 (LY6) genes located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. Members of the LY6 superfamily typically contain 70 to 80 amino acids, including 8 to 10 cysteines. Most LY6 proteins are attached to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that is directly involved in signal transduction (Mallya et al., 2002 [PubMed 12079290]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G5B

LY6G5B belongs to a cluster of leukocyte antigen-6 (LY6) genes located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. Members of the LY6 superfamily typically contain 70 to 80 amino acids, including 8 to 10 cysteines. Most LY6 proteins are attached to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that is directly involved in signal transduction (Mallya et al., 2002 [PubMed 12079290]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

lymphocyte-activation gene 3

Lymphocyte-activation protein 3 belongs to Ig superfamily and contains 4 extracellular Ig-like domains. The LAG3 gene contains 8 exons. The sequence data, exon/intron organization, and chromosomal localization all indicate a close relationship of LAG3 to CD4. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

pre-B lymphocyte 3

The protein encoded by this gene is the human ortholog of the mouse VpreB3 (8HS20) protein, is thought to be involved in B-cell maturation, and may play a role in assembly of the pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR). While the role of this protein in B-cell development has not yet been elucidated, studies with the chicken ortholog of this protein have found that when overexpressed, this protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. The mouse ortholog of this protein has been shown to associate with membrane mu heavy chains early in the course of pre-B cell receptor biosynthesis. Expression of this gene has been observed in some lymphomas. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G6F

The human G6f protein is a type I transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobin (Ig) superfamily, which is comprised of cell-surface proteins involved in the immune system and cellular recognition (de Vet et al., 2003 [PubMed 12852788]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

pre-B lymphocyte 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed selectively at the early stages of B cell development, namely, in proB and early preB cells. This gene encodes the iota polypeptide chain that is associated with the Ig-mu chain to form a molecular complex which is expressed on the surface of pre-B cells. The complex is thought to regulate Ig gene rearrangements in the early steps of B-cell differentiation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

B and T lymphocyte associated

This gene encodes a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The encoded protein contains a single immunoglobulin (Ig) domain and is a receptor that relays inhibitory signals to suppress the immune response. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with an increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

lymphocyte transmembrane adaptor 1

Enables SH2 domain binding activity and protein kinase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including B cell activation; negative regulation of MAPK cascade; and negative regulation of T cell activation. Located in Golgi apparatus; cytosol; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lymphocyte-specific protein 1 pseudogene

lymphocyte antigen 86

Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lymphocyte-specific protein 1 pseudogene 3

lymphocyte-specific protein 1 pseudogene

granzyme A (granzyme 1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated serine esterase 3)

Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells share the remarkable ability to recognize, bind, and lyse specific target cells. They are thought to protect their host by lysing cells bearing on their surface 'nonself' antigens, usually peptides or proteins resulting from infection by intracellular pathogens. The protein described here is a T cell- and natural killer cell-specific serine protease that may function as a common component necessary for lysis of target cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

granzyme B (granzyme 2, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated serine esterase 1)

This gene encodes a member of the granzyme subfamily of proteins, part of the peptidase S1 family of serine proteases. The encoded preproprotein is secreted by natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and proteolytically processed to generate the active protease, which induces target cell apoptosis. This protein also processes cytokines and degrades extracellular matrix proteins, and these roles are implicated in chronic inflammation and wound healing. Expression of this gene may be elevated in human patients with cardiac fibrosis. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

granzyme M (lymphocyte met-ase 1)

Human natural killer (NK) cells and activated lymphocytes express and store a distinct subset of neutral serine proteases together with proteoglycans and other immune effector molecules in large cytoplasmic granules. These serine proteases are collectively termed granzymes and include 4 distinct gene products: granzyme A, granzyme B, granzyme H, and the protein encoded by this gene, granzyme M. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

lymphocyte-specific protein 1

This gene encodes an intracellular F-actin binding protein. The protein is expressed in lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and endothelium and may regulate neutrophil motility, adhesion to fibrinogen matrix proteins, and transendothelial migration. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E

This gene belongs to the human Ly6 gene family and encodes a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein. The protein plays an important role in T cell physiology, oncogenesis and immunological regulation. The protein is also involved in modulation of viral infection by coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2021]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus D

Predicted to be involved in lymphocyte differentiation. Predicted to be located in extracellular region and plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in cell surface. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus K

Predicted to be involved in binding activity of sperm to zona pellucida. Predicted to act upstream of or within flagellated sperm motility. Predicted to be located in cell surface and plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in acrosomal vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus H

Predicted to enable acetylcholine receptor binding activity and acetylcholine receptor inhibitor activity. Predicted to be involved in acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

endothelium and lymphocyte associated ASCH domain 2

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

endothelium and lymphocyte associated ASCH domain 1

Involved in regulation of interleukin-6 production. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lymphocyte antigen 6 family member L

Predicted to be located in side of membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lymphocyte expansion molecule

lymphocyte antigen 6 family member S

Predicted to act upstream of or within response to bacterium. Predicted to be located in external side of plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]