Harmonizome 3.0

lecithin retinol acyltransferase (phosphatidylcholine--retinol O-acyltransferase)

The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it catalyzes the esterification of all-trans-retinol into all-trans-retinyl ester. This reaction is an important step in vitamin A metabolism in the visual system. Mutations in this gene have been associated with early-onset severe retinal dystrophy and Leber congenital amaurosis 14. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2014]

retinol saturase (all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase)

Predicted to enable all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase activity. Predicted to be involved in retinol metabolic process. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

copper metabolism (Murr1) domain containing 1

Enables several functions, including phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate binding activity; phospholipid binding activity; and protein homodimerization activity. Involved in several processes, including Golgi to plasma membrane transport; negative regulation of protein localization to cell surface; and regulation of protein metabolic process. Acts upstream of or within negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity. Located in cytosol; endosome; and nucleoplasm. Part of Cul2-RING ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cholesterol induced regulator of metabolism RNA

retinol dehydrogenase 16 (all-trans)

Enables all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity; androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol dehydrogenase activity; and androsterone dehydrogenase activity. Involved in steroid metabolic process. Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

retinol dehydrogenase 10 (all-trans)

This gene encodes a retinol dehydrogenase, which converts all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, with preference for NADP as a cofactor. Studies in mice suggest that this protein is essential for synthesis of embryonic retinoic acid and is required for limb, craniofacial, and organ development. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

retinol dehydrogenase 13 (all-trans/9-cis)

This gene encodes a mitochondrial short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, which catalyzes the reduction and oxidation of retinoids. The encoded enzyme may function in retinoic acid production and may also protect the mitochondria against oxidative stress. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

retinol binding protein 1, cellular

This gene encodes the carrier protein involved in the transport of retinol (vitamin A alcohol) from the liver storage site to peripheral tissue. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin necessary for growth, reproduction, differentiation of epithelial tissues, and vision. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

retinol binding protein 2, cellular

This gene encodes an abundant protein present in the small intestinal epithelium. It is thought to participate in the uptake and/or intracellular metabolism of vitamin A. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin necessary for growth, reproduction, differentiation of epithelial tissues, and vision. This protein may also modulate the supply of retinoic acid to the nuclei of endometrial cells during the menstrual cycle. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

retinol binding protein 3, interstitial

Interphotoreceptor retinol-binding protein is a large glycoprotein known to bind retinoids and found primarily in the interphotoreceptor matrix of the retina between the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor cells. It is thought to transport retinoids between the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors, a critical role in the visual process.The human IRBP gene is approximately 9.5 kbp in length and consists of four exons separated by three introns. The introns are 1.6-1.9 kbp long. The gene is transcribed by photoreceptor and retinoblastoma cells into an approximately 4.3-kilobase mRNA that is translated and processed into a glycosylated protein of 135,000 Da. The amino acid sequence of human IRBP can be divided into four contiguous homology domains with 33-38% identity, suggesting a series of gene duplication events. In the gene, the boundaries of these domains are not defined by exon-intron junctions, as might have been expected. The first three homology domains and part of the fourth are all encoded by the first large exon, which is 3,180 base pairs long. The remainder of the fourth domain is encoded in the last three exons, which are 191, 143, and approximately 740 base pairs long, respectively. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

retinol binding protein 4, plasma

This protein belongs to the lipocalin family and is the specific carrier for retinol (vitamin A alcohol) in the blood. It delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the RBP-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin which prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli. A deficiency of vitamin A blocks secretion of the binding protein posttranslationally and results in defective delivery and supply to the epidermal cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

retinol binding protein 5, cellular

The protein encoded by this gene is a cellular retinol-binding protein expressed highly in kidney and liver. Down-regulation of the encoded protein in hepatocellular carcinoma was associated with large tumor size and poor patient survival rates. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

retinol binding protein 7, cellular

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) family, whose members are required for vitamin A stability and metabolism. The encoded protein binds all-trans-retinol and is structurally similar to other CRBPs; however, it has a lower binding affinity for retinol than other CRBPs. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

retinol dehydrogenase 16 (all-trans) pseudogene

retinol dehydrogenase 14 (all-trans/9-cis/11-cis)

Enables all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity. Involved in osteoblast differentiation. Located in cytosol; endoplasmic reticulum; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

retinol dehydrogenase 11 (all-trans/9-cis/11-cis)

Enables all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity. Involved in cellular detoxification of aldehyde and retinoid metabolic process. Acts upstream of or within retinal metabolic process. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

retinol dehydrogenase 12 (all-trans/9-cis/11-cis)

The protein encoded by this gene is an NADPH-dependent retinal reductase whose highest activity is toward 9-cis and all-trans-retinol. The encoded enzyme also plays a role in the metabolism of short-chain aldehydes but does not exhibit steroid dehydrogenase activity. Defects in this gene are a cause of Leber congenital amaurosis type 13 and Retinitis Pigmentosa 53. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

retinol dehydrogenase 16 (all-trans) pseudogene

retinol dehydrogenase 8 (all-trans)

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. The encoded protein catalyzes the reduction of all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol, the first reaction step of the rhodopsin regeneration pathway. This enzymatic reaction is the rate-limiting step in the visual cycle. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

retinol dehydrogenase 5 (11-cis/9-cis)

This gene encodes an enzyme belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. This retinol dehydrogenase functions to catalyze the final step in the biosynthesis of 11-cis retinaldehyde, which is the universal chromophore of visual pigments. Mutations in this gene cause autosomal recessive fundus albipunctatus, a rare form of night blindness that is characterized by a delay in the regeneration of cone and rod photopigments. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the neighboring upstream BLOC1S1 (biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex-1, subunit 1) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]