Harmonizome 3.0

dermatan sulfate epimerase

The protein encoded by this gene is a tumor-rejection antigen. It is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and functions to convert D-glucuronic acid to L-iduronic acid during the biosynthesis of dermatan sulfate. This antigen possesses tumor epitopes capable of inducing HLA-A24-restricted and tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in cancer patients and may be useful for specific immunotherapy. Mutations in this gene cause inmusculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 9, and a paralogous gene exists on chromosome 18. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

dermatan sulfate epimerase-like

Predicted to enable chondroitin-glucuronate 5-epimerase activity. Predicted to be involved in chondroitin sulfate metabolic process and dermatan sulfate metabolic process. Predicted to be located in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dermatan sulfate epimerase pseudogene

ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene forms a complex with two other proteins, nuclear protein localization-4 and valosin-containing protein, and this complex is necessary for the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. In addition, this complex controls the disassembly of the mitotic spindle and the formation of a closed nuclear envelope after mitosis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Catch 22 syndrome as well as cardiac and craniofacial defects. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 18. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like (yeast) pseudogene

ER membrane-associated RNA degradation

The protein encoded by this gene contains 2 transmembrane domains near the C-terminus and is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Knockout of this gene in developing rat brain showed that it may be involved in neuronal migration. Mutations in this gene are associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia-6 (PVNH6). Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 2

In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), misfolded proteins are retrotranslocated to the cytosol and degraded by the proteasome in a process known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD). EDEM2 belongs to a family of proteins involved in ERAD of glycoproteins (Mast et al., 2005 [PubMed 15537790]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 3

Quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ensures that only properly folded proteins are retained in the cell through recognition and degradation of misfolded or unassembled proteins. EDEM3 belongs to a group of proteins that accelerate degradation of misfolded glycoproteins in the ER (Hirao et al., 2006 [PubMed 16431915]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 1

Enables mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase activity and misfolded protein binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol; protein targeting to ER; and proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process. Located in aggresome and endoplasmic reticulum quality control compartment. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin recognition factor in ER associated degradation 1

The protein encoded by this gene forms a complex with two other proteins, nuclear protein localization-4 and valosin-containing protein, and this complex is necessary for the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. In addition, this complex controls the disassembly of the mitotic spindle and the formation of a closed nuclear envelope after mitosis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Catch 22 syndrome as well as cardiac and craniofacial defects. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 18. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

plakoglobin binding and degradation factor

carbohydrate (keratan sulfate Gal-6) sulfotransferase 1

This locus encodes a member of the keratin sulfotransferase family of proteins. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the sulfation of the proteoglycan keratin. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4-like

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 pseudogene 13

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 pseudogene 10

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 pseudogene 11

heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme family. Heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes are key components in generating a myriad of distinct heparan sulfate fine structures that carry out multiple biological activities. This enzyme is a type II integral membrane protein and is responsible for 6-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate. This enzyme does not share significant sequence similarity with other known sulfotransferases. A pseudogene located on chromosome 1 has been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are ubiquitous components of the cell surface, extracellular matrix, and basement membranes, and interact with various ligands to influence cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. This gene encodes a member of the heparan sulfate (HS) sulfotransferase gene family, which catalyze the transfer of sulfate to HS. Different family members and isoforms are thought to synthesize heparan sulfates with tissue-specific structures and functions. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 3

Heparan sulfate (HS) sulfotransferases, such as HS6ST3, modify HS to generate structures required for interactions between HS and a variety of proteins. These interactions are implicated in proliferation and differentiation, adhesion, migration, inflammation, blood coagulation, and other diverse processes (Habuchi et al., 2000 [PubMed 10644753]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

carbohydrate (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O) sulfotransferase 15

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan which is an important structural component of the extracellular matrix and which links to proteins to form proteoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate E (CS-E) is an isomer of chondroitin sulfate in which the C-4 and C-6 hydroxyl groups are sulfated. This gene encodes a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that acts as a sulfotransferase to transfer sulfate to the C-6 hydroxal group of chondroitin sulfate. This gene has also been identified as being co-expressed with RAG1 in B-cells and as potentially acting as a B-cell surface signaling receptor. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

chondroitin sulfate synthase 3

CSS3 is a glycosyltransferase that has both glucuronyltransferase and N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activities (Yada et al., 2003 [PubMed 12907687]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

chondroitin sulfate synthase 1

This gene encodes a member of the chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family. These enzymes possess dual glucuronyltransferase and galactosaminyltransferase activity and play critical roles in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan involved in many biological processes including cell proliferation and morphogenesis. Decreased expression of this gene may play a role in colorectal cancer, and mutations in this gene are a cause of temtamy preaxial brachydactyly syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

chromate resistance; sulfate transport

heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2

This gene encodes the perlecan protein, which consists of a core protein to which three long chains of glycosaminoglycans (heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate) are attached. The perlecan protein is a large multidomain proteoglycan that binds to and cross-links many extracellular matrix components and cell-surface molecules. It has been shown that this protein interacts with laminin, prolargin, collagen type IV, FGFBP1, FBLN2, FGF7 and transthyretin, etc., and it plays essential roles in multiple biological activities. Perlecan is a key component of the vascular extracellular matrix, where it helps to maintain the endothelial barrier function. It is a potent inhibitor of smooth muscle cell proliferation and is thus thought to help maintain vascular homeostasis. It can also promote growth factor (e.g., FGF2) activity and thus stimulate endothelial growth and re-generation. It is a major component of basement membranes, where it is involved in the stabilization of other molecules as well as being involved with glomerular permeability to macromolecules and cell adhesion. Mutations in this gene cause Schwartz-Jampel syndrome type 1, Silverman-Handmaker type of dyssegmental dysplasia, and tardive dyskinesia. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 pseudogene 2, Y-linked

There are two copies of this pseudogene within the P1 palindrome on chromosome Y. This record represents the more centromeric copy. This gene is identical to the transcribed locus CSPG4P1Y, GeneID 114758, but is represented as non-transcribed because there is no representative transcript available in a public sequence database. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

solute carrier family 13 (sodium/sulfate symporter), member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is an apical membrane Na(+)-sulfate cotransporter involved in sulfate homeostasis in the kidney. Defects in this gene lead to many pathophysiologic problems. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

solute carrier family 13 (sodium/sulfate symporter), member 4

Enables sodium:sulfate symporter activity. Predicted to be involved in transmembrane transport. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 3A1

Heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes are key components in generating a myriad of distinct heparan sulfate fine structures that carry out multiple biologic activities. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme family. It is a type II integral membrane protein and possesses heparan sulfate glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase activity. The sulfotransferase domain of this enzyme is highly similar to the same domain of heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 3B1, and these two enzymes sulfate an identical disaccharide. This gene is widely expressed, with the most abundant expression in liver and placenta. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 6

Predicted to enable [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 activity. Predicted to be involved in heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification. Predicted to act upstream of or within blastocyst hatching. Predicted to be located in Golgi membrane. Implicated in hereditary angioedema. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 5

HS3ST5 belongs to a group of heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferases (EC 2.8.2.23) that transfer sulfate from 3-prime-phosphoadenosine 5-prime phosphosulfate (PAPS) to heparan sulfate and heparin (Mochizuki et al., 2003 [PubMed 12740361]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 4

This gene encodes the enzyme heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 4. This enzyme generates 3-O-sulfated glucosaminyl residues in heparan sulfate. Cell surface heparan sulfate is used as a receptor by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and expression of this gene is thought to play a role in HSV-1 pathogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 2

Heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes are key components in generating a myriad of distinct heparan sulfate fine structures that carry out multiple biologic activities. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme family. It is a type II integral membrane protein and possesses heparan sulfate glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase activity. This gene is expressed predominantly in brain and may play a role in the nervous system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 1

Heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes are key components in generating a myriad of distinct heparan sulfate fine structures that carry out multiple biologic activities. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme family. It possesses both heparan sulfate glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase activity, anticoagulant heparan sulfate conversion activity, and is a rate limiting enzyme for synthesis of anticoagulant heparan. This enzyme is an intraluminal Golgi resident protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4

A human melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan plays a role in stabilizing cell-substratum interactions during early events of melanoma cell spreading on endothelial basement membranes. CSPG4 represents an integral membrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expressed by human malignant melanoma cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 5 (neuroglycan C)

The protein encoded by this gene is a proteoglycan that may function as a neural growth and differentiation factor. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 3B1

The protein encoded by this gene is a type II integral membrane protein that belongs to the 3-O-sulfotransferases family. These proteins catalyze the addition of sulfate groups at the 3-OH position of glucosamine in heparan sulfate. The substrate specificity of individual members of the family is based on prior modification of the heparan sulfate chain, thus allowing different members of the family to generate binding sites for different proteins on the same heparan sulfate chain. Following treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor, expression of this gene is activated in a pancreatic cell line. The increased expression results in promotion of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In addition, the modification catalyzed by this protein allows herpes simplex virus membrane fusion and penetration. A very closely related homolog with an almost identical sulfotransferase domain maps less than 1 Mb away. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 1 pseudogene 1

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 pseudogene

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4-like

novel protein similar to chondroitin sulfate GalNAcT-2 (GALNACT-2)

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 pseudogene 9

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 pseudogene 5

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 pseudogene 3, Y-linked

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 pseudogene 1, Y-linked

There are two copies of this pseudogene within the P1 palindrome on chromosome Y. This record represents the more telomeric copy. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 pseudogene 12

heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1

Heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes are key components in generating a myriad of distinct heparan sulfate fine structures that carry out multiple biologic activities. This gene encodes a member of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme family that transfers sulfate to the 2 position of the iduronic acid residue of heparan sulfate. The disruption of this gene resulted in no kidney formation in knockout embryonic mice, indicating that the absence of this enzyme may interfere with the signaling required for kidney formation. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different proteins have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2

This gene encodes a member of the chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family. The encoded protein is involved in elongation during chondroitin sulfate synthesis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. Two related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosome X. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1

This gene encodes an enzyme that transfers N-acetylglucosamine (GalNAc) to the core tetrasaccharide linker and to elongating chondroitin sulfate chains in proteoglycans. Knockout of the orthologous mouse gene indicates that the protein is necessary for normal cartilage development and aggrecan metabolism. Mutations in this gene are associated with multiple sclerosis progression, and with mild skeletal dysplasia and joint laxity. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 pseudogene

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 pseudogene 4, Y-linked