Harmonizome 3.0

glucosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase

The product of this gene is a lysosomal enzyme found in all cells. It is involved in the catabolism of heparin, heparan sulphate, and keratan sulphate. Deficiency of this enzyme results in the accumulation of undegraded substrate and the lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type IIID (Sanfilippo D syndrome). Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIID is the least common of the four subtypes of Sanfilippo syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glucosamine (UDP-N-acetyl)-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase

The protein encoded by this gene is a bifunctional enzyme that initiates and regulates the biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc), a precursor of sialic acids. It is a rate-limiting enzyme in the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. Sialic acid modification of cell surface molecules is crucial for their function in many biologic processes, including cell adhesion and signal transduction. Differential sialylation of cell surface molecules is also implicated in the tumorigenicity and metastatic behavior of malignant cells. Mutations in this gene are associated with sialuria, autosomal recessive inclusion body myopathy, and Nonaka myopathy. Alternative splicing of this gene results in transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 3A1

Heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes are key components in generating a myriad of distinct heparan sulfate fine structures that carry out multiple biologic activities. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme family. It is a type II integral membrane protein and possesses heparan sulfate glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase activity. The sulfotransferase domain of this enzyme is highly similar to the same domain of heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 3B1, and these two enzymes sulfate an identical disaccharide. This gene is widely expressed, with the most abundant expression in liver and placenta. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 6

Predicted to enable [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 activity. Predicted to be involved in heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification. Predicted to act upstream of or within blastocyst hatching. Predicted to be located in Golgi membrane. Implicated in hereditary angioedema. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 5

HS3ST5 belongs to a group of heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferases (EC 2.8.2.23) that transfer sulfate from 3-prime-phosphoadenosine 5-prime phosphosulfate (PAPS) to heparan sulfate and heparin (Mochizuki et al., 2003 [PubMed 12740361]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 4

This gene encodes the enzyme heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 4. This enzyme generates 3-O-sulfated glucosaminyl residues in heparan sulfate. Cell surface heparan sulfate is used as a receptor by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and expression of this gene is thought to play a role in HSV-1 pathogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 2

Heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes are key components in generating a myriad of distinct heparan sulfate fine structures that carry out multiple biologic activities. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme family. It is a type II integral membrane protein and possesses heparan sulfate glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase activity. This gene is expressed predominantly in brain and may play a role in the nervous system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 1

Heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes are key components in generating a myriad of distinct heparan sulfate fine structures that carry out multiple biologic activities. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme family. It possesses both heparan sulfate glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase activity, anticoagulant heparan sulfate conversion activity, and is a rate limiting enzyme for synthesis of anticoagulant heparan. This enzyme is an intraluminal Golgi resident protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 3B1

The protein encoded by this gene is a type II integral membrane protein that belongs to the 3-O-sulfotransferases family. These proteins catalyze the addition of sulfate groups at the 3-OH position of glucosamine in heparan sulfate. The substrate specificity of individual members of the family is based on prior modification of the heparan sulfate chain, thus allowing different members of the family to generate binding sites for different proteins on the same heparan sulfate chain. Following treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor, expression of this gene is activated in a pancreatic cell line. The increased expression results in promotion of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In addition, the modification catalyzed by this protein allows herpes simplex virus membrane fusion and penetration. A very closely related homolog with an almost identical sulfotransferase domain maps less than 1 Mb away. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

cytidine and dCMP deaminase domain containing 1

Enables several functions, including cytidine deaminase activity; importin-alpha family protein binding activity; and protein homodimerization activity. Involved in DNA cytosine deamination and cytidine deamination. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

activation-induced cytidine deaminase

This gene encodes a RNA-editing deaminase that is a member of the cytidine deaminase family. AICDA is specifically expressed and active in germinal center-like B cells. In the germinal center, AICDA is involved in somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class-switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes. An epigenetic role in neoplastic transformation and lymphoma progression has been experimentally ascribed to AICDA using mouse models. Defects in this gene are the cause of autosomal recessive hyper-IgM immunodeficiency syndrome type 2 (HIGM2). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific, B2 (non-functional)

This gene encodes a member of the double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase family of RNA-editing enzymes and may play a regulatory role in RNA editing. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific, B1

This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for pre-mRNA editing of the glutamate receptor subunit B by site-specific deamination of adenosines. Studies in rat found that this enzyme acted on its own pre-mRNA molecules to convert an AA dinucleotide to an AI dinucleotide which resulted in a new splice site. Alternative splicing of this gene results in several transcript variants, some of which have been characterized by the presence or absence of an ALU cassette insert and a short or long C-terminal region. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adenosine deaminase complexing protein 1

adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3

This gene encodes a member of the AMP deaminase gene family. The encoded protein is a highly regulated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine monophosphate to inosine monophosphate, a branch point in the adenylate catabolic pathway. This gene encodes the erythrocyte (E) isoforms, whereas other family members encode isoforms that predominate in muscle (M) and liver (L) cells. Mutations in this gene lead to the clinically asymptomatic, autosomal recessive condition erythrocyte AMP deaminase deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms of this gene have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adenosine monophosphate deaminase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is important in purine metabolism by converting AMP to IMP. The encoded protein, which acts as a homotetramer, is one of three AMP deaminases found in mammals. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1

Adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 catalyzes the deamination of AMP to IMP in skeletal muscle and plays an important role in the purine nucleotide cycle. Two other genes have been identified, AMPD2 and AMPD3, for the liver- and erythocyte-specific isoforms, respectively. Deficiency of the muscle-specific enzyme is apparently a common cause of exercise-induced myopathy and probably the most common cause of metabolic myopathy in the human. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified in this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

adenosine deaminase, tRNA-specific 1

This gene is a member of the ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) family. Using site-specific adenosine modification, proteins encoded by these genes participate in the pre-mRNA editing of nuclear transcripts. The protein encoded by this gene, tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1, is responsible for the deamination of adenosine 37 to inosine in eukaryotic tRNA. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

adenosine deaminase, tRNA-specific 3

This gene encodes a subunit of a tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase. This heterodimeric enzyme converts adenosine to inosine in the tRNA anticodon. A mutation in this gene causes a syndrome characterized by intellectual disability and strabismus. This gene shares its 5' exon with the overlapping gene, secretory carrier membrane protein 4 (Gene ID: 113178). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

adenosine deaminase, tRNA-specific 2

Predicted to enable tRNA-specific adenosine-34 deaminase activity. Predicted to be involved in tRNA wobble adenosine to inosine editing. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dCMP deaminase

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the deamination of dCMP to dUMP, the nucleotide substrate for thymidylate synthase. The encoded protein is allosterically activated by dCTP and inhibited by dTTP, and is found as a homohexamer. This protein uses zinc as a cofactor for its activity. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adenosine deaminase domain containing 1 (testis-specific)

Predicted to enable double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity; double-stranded RNA binding activity; and tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase activity. Predicted to be involved in RNA processing and adenosine to inosine editing. Predicted to act upstream of or within spermatid development. Predicted to be located in male germ cell nucleus. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adenosine deaminase domain containing 2

Predicted to enable double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity; double-stranded RNA binding activity; and tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase activity. Predicted to be involved in RNA processing; adenosine to inosine editing; and spermatid development. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adenosine deaminase

This gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine in the purine catabolic pathway. Various mutations have been described for this gene and have been linked to human diseases related to impaired immune function such as severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) which is the result of a deficiency in the ADA enzyme. In ADA-deficient individuals there is a marked depletion of T, B, and NK lymphocytes, and consequently, a lack of both humoral and cellular immunity. Conversely, elevated levels of this enzyme are associated with congenital hemolytic anemia. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2019]

cytidine deaminase

This gene encodes an enzyme involved in pyrimidine salvaging. The encoded protein forms a homotetramer that catalyzes the irreversible hydrolytic deamination of cytidine and deoxycytidine to uridine and deoxyuridine, respectively. It is one of several deaminases responsible for maintaining the cellular pyrimidine pool. Mutations in this gene are associated with decreased sensitivity to the cytosine nucleoside analogue cytosine arabinoside used in the treatment of certain childhood leukemias. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

guanine deaminase

This gene encodes an enzyme responsible for the hydrolytic deamination of guanine. Studies in rat ortholog suggest this gene plays a role in microtubule assembly. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific

This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for RNA editing by site-specific deamination of adenosines. This enzyme destabilizes double-stranded RNA through conversion of adenosine to inosine. Mutations in this gene have been associated with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

adenosine deaminase-like

Predicted to enable adenosine deaminase activity. Predicted to be involved in adenosine catabolic process and inosine biosynthetic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within response to alcohol. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adenosine deaminase domain containing 1 (testis-specific) pseudogene 2

adenosine deaminase domain containing 1 (testis-specific) pseudogene 1

reactive intermediate imine deaminase A homolog

Enables mRNA binding activity. Involved in mRNA catabolic process and mRNA destabilization. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adenosine deaminase 2

This gene encodes a member of a subfamily of the adenosine deaminase protein family. The encoded protein is one of two adenosine deaminases found in humans, which regulate levels of the signaling molecule, adenosine. The encoded protein is secreted from monocytes undergoing differentiation and may regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. This gene may be responsible for some of the phenotypic features associated with cat eye syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]