Harmonizome 3.0

histidine decarboxylase

This gene encodes a member of the group II decarboxylase family and forms a homodimer that converts L-histidine to histamine in a pyridoxal phosphate dependent manner. Histamine regulates several physiologic processes, including neurotransmission, gastric acid secretion,inflamation, and smooth muscle tone.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase)

The encoded protein catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to dopamine, L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and L-tryptophan to tryptamine. Defects in this gene are the cause of aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADCD). AADCD deficiency is an inborn error in neurotransmitter metabolism that leads to combined serotonin and catecholamine deficiency. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

proline/histidine/glycine-rich 1

transfer RNA histidine(anticodon GUG)

This record serves to anchor the annotations of this class of tRNAs at multiple locations on the human genome. The placements are predicted using tRNAscan-SE (Lowe, T.M. and Eddy, S.R. 1997. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:955-964, PubMed 9023104).

histidine rich carboxyl terminus 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine/histidine-rich 1

Predicted to enable zinc ion binding activity. Predicted to be located in nuclear envelope and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 1 pseudogene

histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 2 pseudogene 1

cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 2 pseudogene

fragile histidine triad

The protein encoded by this gene is a P1-P3-bis(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate hydrolase involved in purine metabolism. This gene encompasses the common fragile site FRA3B on chromosome 3, where carcinogen-induced damage can lead to translocations and aberrant transcripts. In fact, aberrant transcripts from this gene have been found in about half of all esophageal, stomach, and colon carcinomas. The encoded protein is also a tumor suppressor, as loss of its activity results in replication stress and DNA damage. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

histidine-rich glycoprotein

This histidine-rich glycoprotein contains two cystatin-like domains and is located in plasma and platelets. The physiological function has not been determined but it is known that the protein binds heme, dyes and divalent metal ions. The encoded protein also has a peptide that displays antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. faecalis. It can inhibit rosette formation and interacts with heparin, thrombospondin and plasminogen. Two of the protein's effects, the inhibition of fibrinolysis and the reduction of inhibition of coagulation, indicate a potential prothrombotic effect. Mutations in this gene lead to thrombophilia due to abnormal histidine-rich glycoprotein levels. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

histidine rich calcium binding protein

This gene encodes a luminal sarcoplasmic reticulum protein identified by its ability to bind low-density lipoprotein with high affinity. The protein interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of triadin, the main transmembrane protein of the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle. The protein functions in the regulation of releasable calcium into the SR. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]

histidine-rich glycoprotein pseudogene

cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 1 pseudogene

histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1

This gene encodes a protein that hydrolyzes purine nucleotide phosphoramidates substrates, including AMP-morpholidate, AMP-N-alanine methyl ester, AMP-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester, and AMP-NH2. The encoded protein interacts with these substrates via a histidine triad motif. This gene is considered a tumor suppressor gene. In addition, mutations in this gene can cause autosomal recessive neuromyotonia and axonal neuropathy. There are several related pseudogenes on chromosome 7. Several transcript variants have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 2

Histidine triad proteins, such as HINT2, are nucleotide hydrolases and transferases that act on the alpha-phosphate of ribonucleotides (Brenner, 2002 [PubMed 12119013]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 3

Histidine triad proteins, such as HINT3, are nucleotide hydrolases and transferases that act on the alpha-phosphate of ribonucleotides (Brenner, 2002 [PubMed 12119013]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 1

Enables Hsp90 protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including centrosome duplication; chaperone-mediated protein folding; and negative regulation of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 1 pseudogene

tRNA-histidine guanylyltransferase 1-like (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is a mitochondrial protein that is induced by high levels of glucose and is associated with diabetic nephropathy. The encoded protein appears to increase mitochondrial biogenesis, which could lead to renal fibrosis. Another function of this protein is that of a guanyltransferase, adding GMP to the 5' end of tRNA(His). Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 1 pseudogene

histidine ammonia-lyase

Histidine ammonia-lyase is a cytosolic enzyme catalyzing the first reaction in histidine catabolism, the nonoxidative deamination of L-histidine to trans-urocanic acid. Histidine ammonia-lyase defects cause histidinemia which is characterized by increased histidine and histamine and decreased urocanic acid in body fluids. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 pseudogene 2

histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 pseudogene 1

ornithine decarboxylase 1

This gene encodes the rate-limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthesis pathway which catalyzes ornithine to putrescine. The activity level for the enzyme varies in response to growth-promoting stimuli and exhibits a high turnover rate in comparison to other mammalian proteins. Originally localized to both chromosomes 2 and 7, the gene encoding this enzyme has been determined to be located on 2p25, with a pseudogene located on 7q31-qter. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

ornithine decarboxylase pseudogene

phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase

Biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) from pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is an essential universal pathway in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. PPCDC (EC 4.1.1.36), one of the last enzymes in this pathway, converts phosphopantothenoylcysteine to 4-prime-phosphopantetheine (Daugherty et al., 2002 [PubMed 11923312]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

The product of this gene catalyzes the breakdown of malonyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide. Malonyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis, and also inhibits the transport of fatty acyl CoAs into mitochondria. Consequently, the encoded protein acts to increase the rate of fatty acid oxidation. It is found in mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the cytoplasm. Mutations in this gene result in malonyl-CoA decarboyxlase deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 pseudogene

ureidoimidazoline (2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-) decarboxylase

Predicted to enable 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase activity. Predicted to be involved in amide catabolic process; nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process; and urate catabolic process. Predicted to be active in peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ornithine decarboxylase antizyme family, which plays a role in cell growth and proliferation by regulating intracellular polyamines. Expression of antizymes requires +1 ribosomal frameshifting, which is enhanced by high levels of polyamines. Antizymes in turn bind to and inhibit ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis; thus, completing the auto-regulatory circuit. This gene encodes antizyme 2, the second member of the antizyme family. Like antizyme 1, antizyme 2 has broad tissue distribution, inhibits ODC activity and polyamine uptake, and stimulates ODC degradation in vivo; however, it fails to promote ODC degradation in vitro. Antizyme 2 is expressed at lower levels than antizyme 1, but is evolutionary more conserved, suggesting it likely has an important biological role. Studies also show different subcellular localization of antizymes 1 and 2, indicating specific function for each antizyme in discrete compartments of the cell. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 3

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ornithine decarboxylase antizyme family, which plays a role in cell growth and proliferation by regulating intracellular polyamine levels. Expression of antizymes requires +1 ribosomal frameshifting, which is enhanced by high levels of polyamines. Antizymes in turn bind to and inhibit ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis; thus, completing the auto-regulatory circuit. This gene encodes antizyme 3, the third member of the antizyme family. Like antizymes 1 and 2, antizyme 3 inhibits ODC activity and polyamine uptake; however, it does not stimulate ODC degradation. Also, while antizymes 1 and 2 have broad tissue distribution, expression of antizyme 3 is restricted to haploid germ cells in testis, suggesting a distinct role for this antizyme in spermiogenesis. Antizyme 3 gene knockout studies showed that homozygous mutant male mice were infertile, and indicated the likely role of this antizyme in the formation of a rigid connection between the sperm head and tail during spermatogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms, including one resulting from the use of non-AUG (CUG) translation initiation codon, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ornithine decarboxylase antizyme family, which plays a role in cell growth and proliferation by regulating intracellular polyamine levels. Expression of antizymes requires +1 ribosomal frameshifting, which is enhanced by high levels of polyamines. Antizymes in turn bind to and inhibit ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis; thus, completing the auto-regulatory circuit. This gene encodes antizyme 1, the first member of the antizyme family, that has broad tissue distribution, and negatively regulates intracellular polyamine levels by binding to and targeting ODC for degradation, as well as inhibiting polyamine uptake. Antizyme 1 mRNA contains two potential in-frame AUGs; and studies in rat suggest that alternative use of the two translation initiation sites results in N-terminally distinct protein isoforms with different subcellular localization. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have also been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase domain containing 1

Enables cadherin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in carboxylic acid metabolic process. Located in Golgi apparatus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylase) pseudogene 1

phosphatidylserine decarboxylase

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylserine to phosphatidylethanolamine in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The encoded protein is active in phospholipid metabolism and interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase

This gene encodes a member of the group 2 decarboxylase family. A similar protein in rodents plays a role in multiple biological processes as the rate-limiting enzyme in taurine biosynthesis, catalyzing the decarboxylation of cysteinesulfinate to hypotaurine. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

This gene encodes an enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. This enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of uroporphyrinogen to coproporphyrinogen through the removal of four carboxymethyl side chains. Mutations and deficiency in this enzyme are known to cause familial porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatoerythropoetic porphyria.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase domain containing 2, pseudogene

This locus represents naturally-occurring readthrough transcription between two pseudogenes, PDXDC2P (pyridoxal dependent decarboxylase domain containing 2, pseudogene) and NPIPB14P (nuclear pore complex interacting protein family, member B14, pseudogene). The individual pseudogene loci are not curated as transcribed regions. Readthrough transcripts likely do not encode functional proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa)

This gene encodes one of several forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. The enzyme encoded is responsible for catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the human pancreas since it has been identified as an autoantigen and an autoreactive T cell target in insulin-dependent diabetes. This gene may also play a role in the stiff man syndrome. Deficiency in this enzyme has been shown to lead to pyridoxine dependency with seizures. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two products, the predominant 67-kD form and a less-frequent 25-kD form. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate decarboxylase 2 (pancreatic islets and brain, 65kDa)

This gene encodes one of several forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. The enzyme encoded is responsible for catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the human pancreas since it has been identified as an autoantibody and an autoreactive T cell target in insulin-dependent diabetes. This gene may also play a role in the stiff man syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

ethylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase 1

Predicted to enable carboxy-lyase activity. Predicted to be involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and membrane. Predicted to be active in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamate decarboxylase-like 1

Predicted to enable carboxy-lyase activity. Predicted to be involved in carboxylic acid metabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1

This gene encodes an important intermediate enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. The polyamines spermine, spermidine, and putrescine are low-molecular-weight aliphatic amines essential for cellular proliferation and tumor promotion. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 5, 6, 10, X and Y. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

solute carrier family 9, subfamily C (Na+-transporting carboxylic acid decarboxylase), member 1

Predicted to enable potassium:proton antiporter activity and sodium:proton antiporter activity. Predicted to be involved in potassium ion transmembrane transport; regulation of intracellular pH; and sodium ion import across plasma membrane. Predicted to act upstream of or within flagellated sperm motility. Predicted to be located in membrane and motile cilium. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 1 pseudogene

adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 pseudogene 4

adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 pseudogene 1

adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 pseudogene 3

adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 pseudogene 2

mevalonate (diphospho) decarboxylase

The enzyme mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase catalyzes the conversion of mevalonate pyrophosphate into isopentenyl pyrophosphate in one of the early steps in cholesterol biosynthesis. It decarboxylates and dehydrates its substrate while hydrolyzing ATP. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

aminocarboxymuconate semialdehyde decarboxylase

The neuronal excitotoxin quinolinate is an intermediate in the de novo synthesis pathway of NAD from tryptophan, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Quinolinate is derived from alpha-amino-beta-carboxy-muconate-epsilon-semialdehyde (ACMS). ACMSD (ACMS decarboxylase; EC 4.1.1.45) can divert ACMS to a benign catabolite and thus prevent the accumulation of quinolinate from ACMS.[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2004]

pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase domain-containing protein 1

adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 pseudogene

UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase 1

This gene encodes an enzyme found in the perinuclear Golgi which catalyzes the synthesis of UDP-xylose used in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis on proteoglycans. The GAG chains are covalently attached to proteoglycans which participate in signaling pathways during development. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

pyridoxal dependent decarboxylase domain containing 2, pseudogene

Predicted to enable carboxy-lyase activity and pyridoxal phosphate binding activity. Predicted to be involved in carboxylic acid metabolic process. Predicted to be active in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

aconitate decarboxylase 1

Enables aconitate decarboxylase activity and protein homodimerization activity. Involved in defense response; positive regulation of antimicrobial humoral response; and tolerance induction to lipopolysaccharide. Predicted to be active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

beta-keto-L-gulonate decarboxylase