Harmonizome 3.0

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl-D-aspartate 3A

This gene encodes a subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which belong to the superfamily of glutamate-regulated ion channels, and function in physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system. This subunit shows greater than 90% identity to the corresponding subunit in rat. Studies in the knockout mouse deficient in this subunit suggest that this gene may be involved in the development of synaptic elements by modulating NMDA receptor activity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl-D-aspartate 3B

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The encoded protein is found primarily in motor neurons, where it forms a heterotetramer with GRIN1 to create an excitatory glycine receptor. Variations in this gene have been proposed to be linked to schizophrenia. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a critical subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, members of the glutamate receptor channel superfamily which are heteromeric protein complexes with multiple subunits arranged to form a ligand-gated ion channel. These subunits play a key role in the plasticity of synapses, which is believed to underlie memory and learning. Cell-specific factors are thought to control expression of different isoforms, possibly contributing to the functional diversity of the subunits. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate-associated protein 1 (glutamate binding)

Predicted to enable calcium channel activity. Predicted to be involved in apoptotic signaling pathway; negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors; and negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis and negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. Located in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sterol-C4-methyl oxidase pseudogene

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2B

This gene encodes a member of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor family within the ionotropic glutamate receptor superfamily. The encoded protein is a subunit of the NMDA receptor ion channel which acts as an agonist binding site for glutamate. The NMDA receptors mediate a slow calcium-permeable component of excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. The NMDA receptors are heterotetramers of seven genetically encoded, differentially expressed subunits including NR1 (GRIN1), NR2 (GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2C, or GRIN2D) and NR3 (GRIN3A or GRIN3B). The early expression of this gene in development suggests a role in brain development, circuit formation, synaptic plasticity, and cellular migration and differentiation. Naturally occurring mutations within this gene are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2C

This gene encodes a subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which is a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. NMDA receptors are found in the central nervous system, are permeable to cations and have an important role in physiological processes such as learning, memory, and synaptic development. The receptor is a tetramer of different subunits (typically heterodimer of subunit 1 with one or more of subunits 2A-D), forming a channel that is permeable to calcium, potassium, and sodium, and whose properties are determined by subunit composition. Alterations in the subunit composition of the receptor are associated with pathophysiological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and schizophrenia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2A

This gene encodes a member of the glutamate-gated ion channel protein family. The encoded protein is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit. NMDA receptors are both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent, and are involved in long-term potentiation, an activity-dependent increase in the efficiency of synaptic transmission thought to underlie certain kinds of memory and learning. These receptors are permeable to calcium ions, and activation results in a calcium influx into post-synaptic cells, which results in the activation of several signaling cascades. Disruption of this gene is associated with focal epilepsy and speech disorder with or without cognitive disability. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2D

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a class of ionotropic glutamate receptors. NMDA channel has been shown to be involved in long-term potentiation, an activity-dependent increase in the efficiency of synaptic transmission thought to underlie certain kinds of memory and learning. NMDA receptor channels are heteromers composed of the key receptor subunit NMDAR1 (GRIN1) and 1 or more of the 4 NMDAR2 subunits: NMDAR2A (GRIN2A), NMDAR2B (GRIN2B), NMDAR2C (GRIN2C), and NMDAR2D (GRIN2D). [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3-like 1

This gene encodes a protein that is related to methyl-CpG-binding proteins but lacks the methyl-CpG binding domain. The protein is localized to discrete areas in the nucleus, and expression appears to be restricted to round spermatids, suggesting that the protein plays a role in the postmeiotic stages of male germ cell development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3-like 2

This gene encodes a protein that is related to methyl-CpG-binding proteins but lacks the methyl-CpG binding domain. The protein has been found in germ cell tumors and some somatic tissues. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3-like 3

Predicted to enable methyl-CpG binding activity. Predicted to be involved in DNA methylation-dependent constitutive heterochromatin formation and negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3-like 4

This gene encodes a member of a family of proteins that are related to methyl-CpG-binding proteins but lack the methyl-CpG binding domain. There is no definitive support for transcription of this locus, and the transcript structure is inferred from other family members. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3-like 5

Predicted to enable methyl-CpG binding activity. Predicted to be involved in DNA methylation-dependent constitutive heterochromatin formation and negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

methyl CpG binding protein 2

DNA methylation is the major modification of eukaryotic genomes and plays an essential role in mammalian development. Human proteins MECP2, MBD1, MBD2, MBD3, and MBD4 comprise a family of nuclear proteins related by the presence in each of a methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD). Each of these proteins, with the exception of MBD3, is capable of binding specifically to methylated DNA. MECP2, MBD1 and MBD2 can also repress transcription from methylated gene promoters. In contrast to other MBD family members, MECP2 is X-linked and subject to X inactivation. MECP2 is dispensible in stem cells, but is essential for embryonic development. MECP2 gene mutations are the cause of most cases of Rett syndrome, a progressive neurologic developmental disorder and one of the most common causes of cognitive disability in females. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

methyl-CpG binding domain protein 5

This gene encodes a member of the methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) family. The MBD consists of about 70 residues and is the minimal region required for a methyl-CpG-binding protein binding specifically to methylated DNA. In addition to the MBD domain, this protein contains a PWWP domain (Pro-Trp-Trp-Pro motif), which consists of 100-150 amino acids and is found in numerous proteins that are involved in cell division, growth and differentiation. Mutations in this gene cause an autosomal dominant type of cognitive disability. The encoded protein interacts with the polycomb repressive complex PR-DUB which catalyzes the deubiquitination of a lysine residue of histone 2A. Haploinsufficiency of this gene is associated with a syndrome involving microcephaly, intellectual disabilities, severe speech impairment, and seizures. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found, but their full-length nature is not determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

methyl-CpG binding domain protein 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of a family of nuclear proteins related by the presence of a methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD). These proteins are capable of binding specifically to methylated DNA, and some members can also repress transcription from methylated gene promoters. This protein contains an MBD domain at the N-terminus that functions both in binding to methylated DNA and in protein interactions and a C-terminal mismatch-specific glycosylase domain that is involved in DNA repair. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

methyl-CpG binding domain protein 6

Enables chromatin binding activity. Located in chromocenter; fibrillar center; and nucleoplasm. Implicated in autism spectrum disorder. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

methyl-CpG binding domain protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of a family of nuclear proteins related by the presence of a methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD). These proteins are capable of binding specifically to methylated DNA, and some members can also repress transcription from methylated gene promoters. This protein contains multiple domains: MBD at the N-terminus that functions both in binding to methylated DNA and in protein interactions; several CXXC-type zinc finger domains that mediate binding to non-methylated CpG dinucleotides; transcriptional repression domain (TRD) at the C-terminus that is involved in transcription repression and in protein interactions. Numerous alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3

DNA methylation is the major modification of eukaryotic genomes and plays an essential role in mammalian development. This gene belongs to a family of nuclear proteins which are characterized by the presence of a methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD). The encoded protein is a subunit of the NuRD, a multisubunit complex containing nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase activities. Unlike the other family members, the encoded protein is not capable of binding to methylated DNA. The protein mediates the association of metastasis-associated protein 2 with the core histone deacetylase complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2

DNA methylation is the major modification of eukaryotic genomes and plays an essential role in mammalian development. Human proteins MECP2, MBD1, MBD2, MBD3, and MBD4 comprise a family of nuclear proteins related by the presence in each of a methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD). Each of these proteins, with the exception of MBD3, is capable of binding specifically to methylated DNA. MECP2, MBD1 and MBD2 can also repress transcription from methylated gene promoters. The protein encoded by this gene may function as a mediator of the biological consequences of the methylation signal. It is also reported that the this protein functions as a demethylase to activate transcription, as DNA methylation causes gene silencing. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 3-like 2

Predicted to enable methyl-CpG binding activity. Predicted to be involved in DNA methylation-dependent constitutive heterochromatin formation and negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3 like 2B

Predicted to enable methyl-CpG binding activity. Predicted to be involved in DNA methylation-dependent constitutive heterochromatin formation and negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 36 (proton/amino acid symporter), member 4

SLC36A4 belongs to the SLC36 family of amino acid transporters based on sequence similarity with other family members (e.g., SLC36A1; MIM 606561). SLC36 proteins contain about 500 amino acids and have 9 to 11 transmembrane domains. Unlike other SLC36 family members, which are proton-coupled amino acid transporters, SLC36A4 is a high-affinity/low-capacity non-proton-coupled amino acid transporter (Pillai and Meredith, 2011 [PubMed 21097500]).[supplied by OMIM, Feb 2011]

solute carrier family 36 (proton/amino acid symporter), member 1

This gene encodes a member of the eukaryote-specific amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) 1 transporter family. The encoded protein functions as a proton-dependent, small amino acid transporter. This gene is clustered with related family members on chromosome 5q33.1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

solute carrier family 36 (proton/amino acid symporter), member 2

This gene encodes a pH-dependent proton-coupled amino acid transporter that belongs to the amino acid auxin permease 1 protein family. The encoded protein primarily transports small amino acids such as glycine, alanine and proline. Mutations in this gene are associated with iminoglycinuria and hyperglycinuria. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, y+L system), member 6

Enables L-lysine:L-arginine antiporter activity and arginine binding activity. Involved in L-arginine transmembrane transport; L-leucine transport; and ornithine transport. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 1

Enables L-arginine transmembrane transporter activity; L-histidine transmembrane transporter activity; and L-lysine transmembrane transporter activity. Involved in carboxylic acid transport. Located in apical plasma membrane and basolateral plasma membrane. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

D-amino acid oxidase activator

This gene encodes a protein that may function as an activator of D-amino acid oxidase, which degrades the gliotransmitter D-serine, a potent activator of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type glutamate receptors. Studies also suggest that one encoded isoform may play a role in mitochondrial function and dendritic arborization. Polymorphisms in this gene have been implicated in susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

amino-terminal enhancer of split

The protein encoded by this gene is similar in sequence to the amino terminus of Drosophila enhancer of split groucho, a protein involved in neurogenesis during embryonic development. The encoded protein, which belongs to the groucho/TLE family of proteins, can function as a homooligomer or as a heteroologimer with other family members to dominantly repress the expression of other family member genes. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Beta-amino acids, renal transport of

solute carrier family 6 (neutral amino acid transporter), member 17

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SLC6 family of transporters, which are responsible for the presynaptic uptake of most neurotransmitters. The encoded vesicular transporter is selective for proline, glycine, leucine and alanine. In mouse, the strongest expression of this gene was in cortical and hippocampal tissues where expression increased during embryonic brain development and peaked postnatally. Defects in this gene cause a form of autosomal recessive intellectual disability. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

solute carrier family 6 (neutral amino acid transporter), member 15

This gene encodes a member of the solute carrier family 6 protein family which transports neutral amino acids. The encoded protein is thought to play a role in neuronal amino acid transport (PMID: 16185194) and may be associated with major depression (PMID: 21521612). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

solute carrier family 6 (amino acid transporter), member 14

This gene encodes a member of the solute carrier family 6. Members of this family are sodium and chloride dependent neurotransmitter transporters. The encoded protein transports both neutral and cationic amino acids. This protein may also function as a beta-alanine carrier. Mutations in this gene may be associated with X-linked obesity. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome X.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, bo,+ system), member 9

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to a family of light subunits of amino acid transporters. This protein plays a role in the high-affinity and sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids, and appears to function in the reabsorption of cystine in the kidney tubule. Mutations in this gene cause non-type I cystinuria, a disease that leads to cystine stones in the urinary system due to impaired transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids. Alternate transcript variants, which encode the same protein, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

polyamine oxidase (exo-N4-amino)

Enables polyamine oxidase activity. Involved in polyamine metabolic process and positive regulation of spermidine biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in cytosol and peroxisomal matrix. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. Implicated in lung non-small cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, L system), member 8

Enables several functions, including neutral L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity; protein heterodimerization activity; and secondary active transmembrane transporter activity. Involved in L-alanine import across plasma membrane; L-leucine import across plasma membrane; and thyroid hormone transport. Located in basolateral plasma membrane and microvillus membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, y+L system), member 7

The protein encoded by this gene is the light subunit of a cationic amino acid transporter. This sodium-independent transporter is formed when the light subunit encoded by this gene dimerizes with the heavy subunit transporter protein SLC3A2. This transporter is found in epithelial cell membranes where it transfers cationic and large neutral amino acids from the cell to the extracellular space. Defects in this gene are a cause of lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, L system), member 5

Enables L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity and secondary active transmembrane transporter activity. Involved in carboxylic acid transport; thyroid hormone transport; and xenobiotic transport. Located in several cellular components, including apical plasma membrane; cytosol; and microvillus membrane. Part of amino acid transport complex. Implicated in cholangiocarcinoma; colon cancer; hepatocellular carcinoma; and lung squamous cell carcinoma. Biomarker of esophagitis; gastrointestinal system cancer (multiple); malignant astrocytoma (multiple); and respiratory system cancer (multiple). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a cationic amino acid transporter and a member of the APC (amino acid-polyamine-organocation) family of transporters. The encoded membrane protein is responsible for the cellular uptake of arginine, lysine and ornithine. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 3

This gene encodes a member of the solute carrier family 7. The encoded protein is a sodium-independent cationic amino acid transporter. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcripts that encoded the same protein.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

solute carrier family 6 (amino acid transporter), member 14 pseudogene

putative L-type amino acid transporter 1-like protein MLAS

GCN1 general control of amino-acid synthesis 1-like 1 (yeast)

Enables several functions, including protein kinase regulator activity; stalled ribosome sensor activity; and ubiquitin-protein transferase regulator activity. Involved in protein-RNA covalent cross-linking repair. Located in cytosol. Is active in cytosolic ribosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 3 pseudogene

C-Jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 1-like

branched chain amino-acid transaminase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a branched chain aminotransferase found in mitochondria. The encoded protein forms a dimer that catalyzes the first step in the production of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

branched chain amino-acid transaminase 1, cytosolic

This gene encodes the cytosolic form of the enzyme branched-chain amino acid transaminase. This enzyme catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain alpha-keto acids to branched-chain L-amino acids essential for cell growth. Two different clinical disorders have been attributed to a defect of branched-chain amino acid transamination: hypervalinemia and hyperleucine-isoleucinemia. As there is also a gene encoding a mitochondrial form of this enzyme, mutations in either gene may contribute to these disorders. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

solute carrier family 43 (amino acid system L transporter), member 2

This gene encodes a member of the L-amino acid transporter-3 or SLC43 family of transporters. The encoded protein mediates sodium-, chloride-, and pH-independent transport of L-isomers of neutral amino acids, including leucine, phenylalanine, valine and methionine. This protein may contribute to the transfer of amino acids across the placental membrane to the fetus. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

solute carrier family 43 (amino acid system L transporter), member 1

SLC43A1 belongs to the system L family of plasma membrane carrier proteins that transports large neutral amino acids (Babu et al., 2003 [PubMed 12930836]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

bile acid CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 3 (amino acid transporter heavy chain), member 2

This gene is a member of the solute carrier family and encodes a cell surface, transmembrane protein. The protein exists as the heavy chain of a heterodimer, covalently bound through di-sulfide bonds to one of several possible light chains. The encoded transporter plays a role in regulation of intracellular calcium levels and transports L-type amino acids. Alternatively spliced transcript variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

solute carrier family 3 (amino acid transporter heavy chain), member 1

This gene encodes a type II membrane glycoprotein which is one of the components of the renal amino acid transporter which transports neutral and basic amino acids in the renal tubule and intestinal tract. Mutations and deletions in this gene are associated with cystinuria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but their biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase

The protein encoded by this gene is a liver enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of C24 bile acids from the acyl-CoA thioester to either glycine or taurine, the second step in the formation of bile acid-amino acid conjugates. The bile acid conjugates then act as a detergent in the gastrointestinal tract, which enhances lipid and fat-soluble vitamin absorption. Defects in this gene are a cause of familial hypercholanemia (FHCA). Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 6 (amino acid transporter), member 14 pseudogene

solute carrier family 16 (aromatic amino acid transporter), member 10

SLC16A10 is a member of a family of plasma membrane amino acid transporters that mediate the Na(+)-independent transport of aromatic amino acids across the plasma membrane.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, L system), member 5 pseudogene 1

This locus represents a pseudogene of the L-type amino acid transporter 1. Transcripts initiating at this locus read through to downstream SMG1 pseudogene 2 (SMG1P2). [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

solute carrier family 7 (amino acid transporter light chain, L system), member 5 pseudogene 2

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transport. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 7 (anionic amino acid transporter), member 13 pseudogene

solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 3 pseudogene

solute carrier family 6 (neutral amino acid transporter), member 19

This gene encodes a system B(0) transmembrane protein that actively transports most neutral amino acids across the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Mutations in this gene may result in Hartnup disorder, an inherited disease with symptoms such as pellagra, cerebellar ataxia, and psychosis. The expression and function of B0AT1 (SLC6A19) in intestinal cells depends on the presence of the accessory protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which, among other functions, acts as a chaperone for membrane trafficking of B0AT1. The ACE2 is also the cellular receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and for SARS-CoV-2 that is causing the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

solute carrier family 6 (neutral amino acid transporter), member 18

The SLC6 family of proteins, which includes SLC6A18, act as specific transporters for neurotransmitters, amino acids, and osmolytes like betaine, taurine, and creatine. SLC6 proteins are sodium cotransporters that derive the energy for solute transport from the electrochemical gradient for sodium ions (Hoglund et al., 2005 [PubMed 16125675]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

putative L-type amino acid transporter 1-like protein IMAA

nine-amino acid residue-repeats

solute carrier family 6 (amino acid transporter), member 14 pseudogene

D-amino-acid oxidase

This gene encodes the peroxisomal enzyme D-amino acid oxidase. The enzyme is a flavoprotein which uses flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as its prosthetic group. Its substrates include a wide variety of D-amino acids, but it is inactive on the naturally occurring L-amino acids. Its biological function is not known; it may act as a detoxifying agent which removes D-amino acids that accumulate during aging. In mice, it degrades D-serine, a co-agonist of the NMDA receptor. This gene may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

furin (paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme)

This gene encodes a member of the subtilisin-like proprotein convertase family, which includes proteases that process protein and peptide precursors trafficking through regulated or constitutive branches of the secretory pathway. It encodes a type 1 membrane bound protease that is expressed in many tissues, including neuroendocrine, liver, gut, and brain. The encoded protein undergoes an initial autocatalytic processing event in the ER and then sorts to the trans-Golgi network through endosomes where a second autocatalytic event takes place and the catalytic activity is acquired. Like other members of this convertase family, the product of this gene specifically cleaves substrates at single or paired basic residues. Some of its substrates include proparathyroid hormone, transforming growth factor beta 1 precursor, proalbumin, pro-beta-secretase, membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, beta subunit of pro-nerve growth factor and von Willebrand factor. It is thought to be one of the proteases responsible for the activation of HIV envelope glycoproteins gp160 and gp140, and may play a role in tumor progression. Unlike SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is thought to be uniquely cleaved by this protease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

solute carrier family 1 (glutamate/neutral amino acid transporter), member 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter for alanine, serine, cysteine, and threonine. Defects in this gene have been associated with developmental delay, microcephaly, and intellectual disability. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

solute carrier family 1 (neutral amino acid transporter), member 5

The SLC1A5 gene encodes a sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that can act as a receptor for RD114/type D retrovirus (Larriba et al., 2001 [PubMed 11781704]).[supplied by OMIM, Jan 2011]

dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase)

The encoded protein catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to dopamine, L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and L-tryptophan to tryptamine. Defects in this gene are the cause of aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADCD). AADCD deficiency is an inborn error in neurotransmitter metabolism that leads to combined serotonin and catecholamine deficiency. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

solute carrier family 7 (neutral amino acid transporter light chain, asc system), member 10

SLC7A10, in association with 4F2HC (SLC3A2; MIM 158070), mediates high-affinity transport of D-serine and several other neutral amino acids (Nakauchi et al., 2000 [PubMed 10863037]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

solute carrier family 7 (anionic amino acid transporter light chain, xc- system), member 11

This gene encodes a member of a heteromeric, sodium-independent, anionic amino acid transport system that is highly specific for cysteine and glutamate. In this system, designated Xc(-), the anionic form of cysteine is transported in exchange for glutamate. This protein has been identified as the predominant mediator of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus fusion and entry permissiveness into cells. Also, increased expression of this gene in primary gliomas (compared to normal brain tissue) was associated with increased glutamate secretion via the XCT channels, resulting in neuronal cell death. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

solute carrier family 7 (anionic amino acid transporter), member 13

Predicted to enable L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in amino acid transmembrane transport. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in apical plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

collectrin, amino acid transport regulator

This gene encodes a type 1 transmembrane protein that is important for trafficking amino acid transporters to the apical brush border of proximal tubules. The encoded protein binds to amino acid transporters and regulates their expression on the plasma membrane. It also plays a role in controlling insulin exocytosis by regulating formation of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptor) complex in pancreatic beta cells. The extracellular domain of the encoded protein may be cleaved and shed from the plasma membrane specifically in pancreatic beta cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

small regulatory polypeptide of amino acid response

Involved in cellular response to amino acid stimulus and negative regulation of TORC1 signaling. Located in late endosome membrane and lysosomal proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]