Harmonizome 3.0

galanin/GMAP prepropeptide

This gene encodes a neuroendocrine peptide that is widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and also the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, adrenal gland and urogenital tract. The encoded protein is a precursor that is proteolytically processed to generate two mature peptides: galanin and galanin message-associated peptide (GMAP). Galanin has diverse physiological functions including nociception, feeding and energy homeostasis, osmotic regulation and water balance. GMAP has been demonstrated to possess antifungal activity and hypothesized to be part of the innate immune system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

carbohydrate (keratan sulfate Gal-6) sulfotransferase 1

This locus encodes a member of the keratin sulfotransferase family of proteins. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the sulfation of the proteoglycan keratin. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1

This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity, the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. This gene is unique among the beta4GalT genes because it encodes an enzyme that participates both in glycoconjugate and lactose biosynthesis. For the first activity, the enzyme adds galactose to N-acetylglucosamine residues that are either monosaccharides or the nonreducing ends of glycoprotein carbohydrate chains. The second activity is restricted to lactating mammary tissues where the enzyme forms a heterodimer with alpha-lactalbumin to catalyze UDP-galactose + D-glucose <=> UDP + lactose. The two enzymatic forms result from alternate transcription initiation sites and post-translational processing. Two transcripts, which differ only at the 5' end, with approximate lengths of 4.1 kb and 3.9 kb encode the same protein. The longer transcript encodes the type II membrane-bound, trans-Golgi resident protein involved in glycoconjugate biosynthesis. The shorter transcript encodes a protein which is cleaved to form the soluble lactose synthase. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 3

This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity, the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. This gene encodes an enzyme that may be mainly involved in the synthesis of the first N-acetyllactosamine unit of poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 2

This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity, the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. The enzyme encoded by this gene synthesizes N-acetyllactosamine in glycolipids and glycoproteins. Its substrate specificity is affected by alpha-lactalbumin but it is not expressed in lactating mammary tissue. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 5

This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity, the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. The function of the enzyme encoded by this gene is not clear. This gene was previously designated as B4GALT4 but was renamed to B4GALT5. In the literature it is also referred to as beta4GalT2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 4

This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity, the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. The enzyme encoded by this gene appears to mainly play a role in glycolipid biosynthesis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 4

This gene is a member of the beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase (beta3GalT) gene family. This family encodes type II membrane-bound glycoproteins with diverse enzymatic functions using different donor substrates (UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) and different acceptor sugars (N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine). The beta3GalT genes are distantly related to the Drosophila Brainiac gene and have the protein coding sequence contained in a single exon. The beta3GalT proteins also contain conserved sequences not found in the beta4GalT or alpha3GalT proteins. The carbohydrate chains synthesized by these enzymes are designated as type 1, whereas beta4GalT enzymes synthesize type 2 carbohydrate chains. The ratio of type 1:type 2 chains changes during embryogenesis. By sequence similarity, the beta3GalT genes fall into at least two groups: beta3GalT4 and 4 other beta3GalT genes (beta3GalT1-3, beta3GalT5). This gene is oriented telomere to centromere in close proximity to the ribosomal protein S18 gene. The functionality of the encoded protein is limited to ganglioseries glycolipid biosynthesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 5

This gene encodes a member of a family of membrane-bound glycoproteins. The encoded protein may synthesize type 1 Lewis antigens, which are elevated in gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancers. Alternatively spliced transcript variants using multiple alternate promoters have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2017]

UDP-Gal:betaGal beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase polypeptide 6

The enzyme encoded by this intronless gene is a beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase found in the medial Golgi apparatus, where it catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to substrates containing a terminal beta-linked galactose moiety. The encoded enzyme has a particular affinity for galactose-beta-1,4-xylose found in the linker region of glycosamines. This enzyme is required for glycosaminoglycan synthesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1

This gene is a member of the beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase (beta3GalT) gene family. This family encodes type II membrane-bound glycoproteins with diverse enzymatic functions using different donor substrates (UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) and different acceptor sugars (N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine). The beta3GalT genes are distantly related to the Drosophila Brainiac gene and have the protein coding sequence contained in a single exon. The beta3GalT proteins also contain conserved sequences not found in the beta4GalT or alpha3GalT proteins. The carbohydrate chains synthesized by these enzymes are designated as type 1, whereas beta4GalT enzymes synthesize type 2 carbohydrate chains. The ratio of type 1:type 2 chains changes during embryogenesis. By sequence similarity, the beta3GalT genes fall into at least two groups: beta3GalT4 and 4 other beta3GalT genes (beta3GalT1-3, beta3GalT5). This gene is expressed exclusively in the brain. The encoded protein shows strict donor substrate specificity for UDP-galactose. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 2

This gene is a member of the beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase (beta3GalT) gene family. This family encodes type II membrane-bound glycoproteins with diverse enzymatic functions using different donor substrates (UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) and different acceptor sugars (N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine). The beta3GalT genes are distantly related to the Drosophila Brainiac gene and have the protein coding sequence contained in a single exon. The beta3GalT proteins also contain conserved sequences not found in the beta4GalT or alpha3GalT proteins. The carbohydrate chains synthesized by these enzymes are designated as type 1, whereas beta4GalT enzymes synthesize type 2 carbohydrate chains. The ratio of type 1:type 2 chains changes during embryogenesis. By sequence similarity, the beta3GalT genes fall into at least two groups: beta3GalT4 and 4 other beta3GalT genes (beta3GalT1-3, beta3GalT5). This gene encodes a protein that functions in N-linked glycoprotein glycosylation and shows strict donor substrate specificity for UDP-galactose. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 6

This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes in human. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins, they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. This gene produces multiple protein isoforms - some of which are predicted to lack the N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence and transmembrane domain. By sequence similarity, the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. The canonical enzyme encoded by this gene is a lactosylceramide synthase important for glycolipid biosynthesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2020]

From DGIdb Drug Targets 2026

interacting proteins for the GAL-B2-DPEG24 drug from theDGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset.

From HMDB Metabolites of Enzymes

interacting proteins for the D-Gal alpha 1->6D-Gal alpha 1->6D-Glucose metabolite from the curated HMDB Metabolites of Enzymes dataset.

From GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations

genes co-occuring with the biological term gal in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the Gal-B2-C₁₂ ligand (chemical) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the Gal-B2-C₈ ligand (chemical) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the Gal-R2-dPEG₂₄ ligand (chemical) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the [N-Me des-Sar]Gal-B2 ligand (chemical) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the Gal-B2-C₁₄ ligand (chemical) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the Gal-B2 ligand (chemical) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the Gal-B5 ligand (chemical) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the Gal-B2-MPEG₄ ligand (chemical) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the Gal-(K)4 ligand (chemical) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the Gal-B2-C₁₀ ligand (chemical) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the Gal-B2-C₁₈ ligand (chemical) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the Gal-B2-dPEG₂₄ ligand (chemical) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Guide to Pharmacology Protein Ligands of Receptors

receptors of the GAL ligand (protein) from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Protein Ligands of Receptors dataset.

From Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions

interacting proteins for GAL from the Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025

proteins co-occuring with the H-gal-GP complex cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.

From DGIdb Drug Targets 2026

interacting proteins for the GAL-(K)4 drug from theDGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset.

From DGIdb Drug Targets 2026

interacting proteins for the GAL-B2 drug from theDGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset.

From DGIdb Drug Targets 2026

interacting proteins for the GAL-B2-C10 drug from theDGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset.

From DGIdb Drug Targets 2026

interacting proteins for the GAL-B2-C12 drug from theDGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset.

From DGIdb Drug Targets 2026

interacting proteins for the GAL-B2-C14 drug from theDGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset.

From DGIdb Drug Targets 2026

interacting proteins for the GAL-B2-C18 drug from theDGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset.

From DGIdb Drug Targets 2026

interacting proteins for the GAL-B2-C8 drug from theDGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset.

From DGIdb Drug Targets 2026

interacting proteins for the GAL-B2-MPEG4 drug from theDGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset.

From DGIdb Drug Targets 2026

interacting proteins for the GAL-B5 drug from theDGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset.

From DGIdb Drug Targets 2026

interacting proteins for the [N-ME,DES-SAR]GAL-B2 drug from theDGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset.

From CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas

genes differentially expressed following the GAL gene perturbation from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas.