Harmonizome 3.0

acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 3

Enables propionate-CoA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in ketone body biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2

This gene encodes a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the activation of acetate for use in lipid synthesis and energy generation. The protein acts as a monomer and produces acetyl-CoA from acetate in a reaction that requires ATP. Expression of this gene is regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, transcription factors that activate genes required for the synthesis of cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 1

This gene encodes a mitochondrial acetyl-CoA synthetase enzyme. A similar protein in mice plays an important role in the tricarboxylic acid cycle by catalyzing the conversion of acetate to acetyl CoA. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D

NAPEPLD is a phospholipase D type enzyme that catalyzes the release of N-acylethanolamine (NAE) from N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) in the second step of the biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamine (Okamoto et al., 2004 [PubMed 14634025]).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2008]

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene 1

acyl-CoA thioesterase 11

This gene encodes a member of the acyl-CoA thioesterase family which catalyse the conversion of activated fatty acids to the corresponding non-esterified fatty acid and coenzyme A. Expression of a mouse homolog in brown adipose tissue is induced by low temperatures and repressed by warm temperatures. Higher levels of expression of the mouse homolog has been found in obesity-resistant mice compared with obesity-prone mice, suggesting a role of acyl-CoA thioesterase 11 in obesity. Alternative splicing results in transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

acyl-CoA thioesterase 13

This gene encodes a member of the thioesterase superfamily. In humans, the protein co-localizes with microtubules and is essential for sustained cell proliferation. The orthologous mouse protein forms a homotetramer and is associated with mitochondria. The mouse protein functions as a medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA thioesterase. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, May 2009]

acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 1

The protein encoded by this gene possesses long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase activity. It is thought to play a central role in brain very long-chain fatty acids metabolism and myelinogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 2

Enables arachidonate-CoA ligase activity and fatty acyl-CoA hydrolase activity. Acts upstream of or within fatty acid metabolic process. Located in cytosol and mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 5 pseudogene 1

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short/branched chain

Short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase(ACADSB) is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branch chained amino acids. Substrate specificity is the primary characteristic used to define members of this gene family. The ACADSB gene product has the greatest activity towards the short branched chain acyl-CoA derivative, (S)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA, but also reacts significantly with other 2-methyl branched chain substrates and with short straight chain acyl-CoAs. The cDNA encodes for a mitochondrial precursor protein which is cleaved upon mitochondrial import and predicted to yield a mature peptide of approximately 43.7-KDa. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

O-acyl-ADP-ribose deacylase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a deacylase that can convert O-acetyl-ADP-ribose to ADP-ribose and acetate, O-propionyl-ADP-ribose to ADP-ribose and propionate, and O-butyryl-ADP-ribose to ADP-ribose and butyrate. The ADP-ribose product is able to inhibit these reactions through a competitive feedback loop. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

acyl-CoA synthetase family member 2

Enables medium-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in fatty acid metabolic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3

This gene encodes a member of the acyl-CoA synthetase family of enzymes that activate fatty acids by catalyzing the formation of a thioester linkage between fatty acids and coenzyme A. The encoded protein is localized to mitochondria, has high specificity for malonate and methylmalonate and possesses malonyl-CoA synthetase activity. Mutations in this gene are a cause of combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

acyl-CoA oxidase-like

Predicted to enable acyl-CoA oxidase activity; fatty acid binding activity; and flavin adenine dinucleotide binding activity. Predicted to be involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase. Predicted to be located in peroxisomal matrix. Predicted to be active in peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA oxidase 2, branched chain

The product of this gene belongs to the acyl-CoA oxidase family. It encodes the branched-chain acyl-CoA oxidase which is involved in the degradation of long branched fatty acids and bile acid intermediates in peroxisomes. Deficiency of this enzyme results in the accumulation of branched fatty acids and bile acid intermediates, and may lead to Zellweger syndrome, severe cognitive disability, and death in children. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

acyl-CoA oxidase 3, pristanoyl

Acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 3 also know as pristanoyl -CoA oxidase (ACOX3)is involved in the desaturation of 2-methyl branched fatty acids in peroxisomes. Unlike the rat homolog, the human gene is expressed in very low amounts in liver such that its mRNA was undetectable by routine Northern-blot analysis or its product by immunoblotting or by enzyme activity measurements. However the human cDNA encoding a 700 amino acid protein with a peroxisomal targeting C-terminal tripeptide S-K-L was isolated and is thought to be expressed under special conditions such as specific developmental stages or in a tissue specific manner in tissues that have not yet been examined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA oxidase 1, palmitoyl

The protein encoded by this gene is the first enzyme of the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway, which catalyzes the desaturation of acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs. It donates electrons directly to molecular oxygen, thereby producing hydrogen peroxide. Defects in this gene result in pseudoneonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, a disease that is characterized by accumulation of very long chain fatty acids. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA binding domain containing 3

The Golgi complex plays a key role in the sorting and modification of proteins exported from the endoplasmic reticulum. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the maintenance of Golgi structure and function through its interaction with the integral membrane protein giantin. It may also be involved in the hormonal regulation of steroid formation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA binding domain containing 7

Predicted to enable fatty-acyl-CoA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in fatty acid metabolic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including energy homeostasis; leptin-mediated signaling pathway; and response to food. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA binding domain containing 6

Enables fatty-acyl-CoA binding activity. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA binding domain containing 5

This gene encodes a member of the acyl-Coenzyme A binding protein family, known to function in the transport and distribution of long chain acyl-Coenzyme A in cells. This gene may play a role in the differentiation of megakaryocytes and formation of platelets. A related protein in yeast is involved in autophagy of peroxisomes. A mutation in this gene has been associated with autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

acyl-CoA binding domain containing 4

This gene encodes a member of the acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing protein family. All family members contain the conserved acyl-Coenzyme A binding domain, which binds acyl-CoA thiol esters. They are thought to play roles in acyl-CoA dependent lipid metabolism. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain

The protein encoded by this gene is targeted to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it catalyzes the first step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. This acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase is specific to long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids. A deficiency in this gene product reduces myocardial fatty acid beta-oxidation and is associated with cardiomyopathy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 1

Enables benzoate-CoA ligase activity; decanoate-CoA ligase activity; and long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 3

Enables medium-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. Implicated in IgA glomerulonephritis. Biomarker of ulcerative colitis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 5

Predicted to enable fatty acid ligase activity and fatty-acyl-CoA synthase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 4

Predicted to enable decanoate-CoA ligase activity and fatty-acyl-CoA synthase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 6

Predicted to enable fatty acid ligase activity and fatty-acyl-CoA synthase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 10

This gene encodes a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes (ACADs), which participate in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria. The encoded enzyme contains a hydrolase domain at the N-terminal portion, a serine/threonine protein kinase catlytic domain in the central region, and a conserved ACAD domain at the C-terminus. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 11

This gene encodes an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase enzyme with a preference for carbon chain lengths between 20 and 26. Naturally occurring read-through transcription occurs between the upstream gene NPHP3 (nephronophthisis 3 (adolescent)) and this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene 4

acyl-CoA thioesterase 4 pseudogene

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 2A

This gene encodes a mitochondrial acyl-coenzyme A synthetase that is specific for medium chain fatty acids. These enzymes catalyze fatty acid activation, the first step of fatty acid metabolism, through the transfer of acyl-CoA. These enzymes also participate in the glycine conjugation pathway in the detoxification of xenobiotics such as benzoate and ibuprofen. Expression levels of this gene in the kidney may be correlated with kidney function. This gene and its paralog ACSM2B (Gene ID: 348158), both present on chromosome 16, likely arose from a chromosomal duplication event. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 2B

Enables benzoate-CoA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene 3

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene 2

diazepam binding inhibitor (GABA receptor modulator, acyl-CoA binding protein)

This gene encodes diazepam binding inhibitor, a protein that is regulated by hormones and is involved in lipid metabolism and the displacement of beta-carbolines and benzodiazepines, which modulate signal transduction at type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors located in brain synapses. The protein is conserved from yeast to mammals, with the most highly conserved domain consisting of seven contiguous residues that constitute the hydrophobic binding site for medium- and long-chain acyl-Coenzyme A esters. Diazepam binding inhibitor is also known to mediate the feedback regulation of pancreatic secretion and the postprandial release of cholecystokinin, in addition to its role as a mediator in corticotropin-dependent adrenal steroidogenesis. Three pseudogenes located on chromosomes 6, 8 and 16 have been identified. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-2 to C-3 short chain

This gene encodes a tetrameric mitochondrial flavoprotein, which is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. This enzyme catalyzes the initial step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. Mutations in this gene have been associated with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency. Alternative splicing results in two variants which encode different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long chain

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, which is a family of mitochondrial flavoenzymes involved in fatty acid and branched chain amino-acid metabolism. This protein is one of the four enzymes that catalyze the initial step of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of straight-chain fatty acid. Defects in this gene are the cause of long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) deficiency, leading to nonketotic hypoglycemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-12 straight chain

This gene encodes the medium-chain specific (C4 to C12 straight chain) acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase. The homotetramer enzyme catalyzes the initial step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. Defects in this gene cause medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, a disease characterized by hepatic dysfunction, fasting hypoglycemia, and encephalopathy, which can result in infantile death. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 8

This gene encodes a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branch chained amino acids. The encoded protein is a mitochondrial enzyme that functions in catabolism of the branched-chain amino acid valine. Defects in this gene are the cause of isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 9

This gene encodes a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. Members of this family of proteins localize to the mitochondria and catalyze the rate-limiting step in the beta-oxidation of fatty acyl-CoA. The encoded protein is specifically active toward palmitoyl-CoA and long-chain unsaturated substrates. Mutations in this gene cause acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member type 9 deficiency. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 6 pseudogene

acyl-CoA thioesterase 12

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in acetyl-CoA metabolic process. Located in cytosol; intercellular bridge; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

fatty acyl CoA reductase 1 pseudogene 1

acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 4 pseudogene

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene

acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM6, mitochondrial-like

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3 pseudogene

diazepam binding inhibitor (GABA receptor modulator, acyl-CoA binding protein) pseudogene 2

diazepam binding inhibitor (GABA receptor modulator, acyl-CoA binding protein) pseudogene 3

diazepam binding inhibitor (GABA receptor modulator, acyl-CoA binding protein) pseudogene 1

acyl-CoA binding domain containing 7 pseudogene

acyl-CoA thioesterase 8

The protein encoded by this gene is a peroxisomal thioesterase that appears to be involved more in the oxidation of fatty acids rather than in their formation. The encoded protein can bind to the human immunodeficiency virus-1 protein Nef, and mediate Nef-induced down-regulation of CD4 in T-cells. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

acyl-CoA thioesterase 9

The protein encoded by this gene is a mitochondrial acyl-CoA thioesterase of unknown function. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

acyl-CoA thioesterase 6

Predicted to enable fatty acyl-CoA hydrolase activity. Predicted to be involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid metabolic process. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA thioesterase 7

This gene encodes a member of the acyl coenzyme family. The encoded protein hydrolyzes the CoA thioester of palmitoyl-CoA and other long-chain fatty acids. Decreased expression of this gene may be associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms with different subcellular locations have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA thioesterase 4

Enables fatty acyl-CoA hydrolase activity and succinyl-CoA hydrolase activity. Involved in carboxylic acid metabolic process and succinyl-CoA metabolic process. Located in peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acyl-CoA thioesterase 2

This gene encodes a member of the acyl-CoA thioesterase protein family, and is one of four acyl-CoA hydrolase genes located in a cluster on chromosome 14. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

acyl-CoA thioesterase 1

Enables fatty acyl-CoA hydrolase activity. Involved in acyl-CoA metabolic process; long-chain fatty acid metabolic process; and very long-chain fatty acid metabolic process. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

fatty acyl CoA reductase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is required for the reduction of fatty acids to fatty alcohols, a process that is required for the synthesis of monoesters and ether lipids. NADPH is required as a cofactor in this reaction, and 16-18 carbon saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are the preferred substrate. This is a peroxisomal membrane protein, and studies suggest that the N-terminus contains a large catalytic domain located on the outside of the peroxisome, while the C-terminus is exposed to the matrix of the peroxisome. Studies indicate that the regulation of this protein is dependent on plasmalogen levels. Mutations in this gene have been associated with individuals affected by severe intellectual disability, early-onset epilepsy, microcephaly, congenital cataracts, growth retardation, and spasticity (PMID: 25439727). A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 13. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2

This gene belongs to the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. It encodes a reductase enzyme involved in the first step of wax biosynthesis wherein fatty acids are converted to fatty alcohols. The encoded peroxisomal protein utilizes saturated fatty acids of 16 or 18 carbons as preferred substrates. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 2, 14 and 22. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the diacylglycerol acyltransferase family. It esterifies long chain (wax) alcohols with acyl-CoA-derived fatty acids to produce wax esters. Wax esters are enriched in sebum, suggesting that this enzyme plays a central role in lipid metabolism in skin. Consistent with this observation, this protein is predominantly expressed in the sebaceous gland of the skin. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2

This gene encodes an enzyme belonging to the diacylglycerol acyltransferase family. This enzyme produces wax esters by the esterification of long chain (or wax) alcohols with acyl-CoA-derived fatty acids. It functions in lipid metabolism in the skin, mostly in undifferentiated peripheral sebocytes. This enzyme may also have acyl-CoA:retinol acyltransferase activities, where it catalyzes the synthesis of diacylglycerols and retinyl esters. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 pseudogene

acyl-CoA thioesterase 13 pseudogene

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme is highly expressed in brain, and preferentially utilizes myristate, arachidonate, and eicosapentaenoate as substrates. The amino acid sequence of this isozyme is 92% identical to that of rat homolog. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 6

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the formation of acyl-CoA from fatty acids, ATP, and CoA, using magnesium as a cofactor. The encoded protein plays a major role in fatty acid metabolism in the brain. Translocations with the ETV6 gene are causes of myelodysplastic syndrome with basophilia, acute myelogenous leukemia with eosinophilia, and acute eosinophilic leukemia. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Apr 2011]

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4

The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme preferentially utilizes arachidonate as substrate. The absence of this enzyme may contribute to the cognitive disability or Alport syndrome. Alternative splicing of this gene generates multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 5

The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme is highly expressed in uterus and spleen, and in trace amounts in normal brain, but has markedly increased levels in malignant gliomas. This gene functions in mediating fatty acid-induced glioma cell growth. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]