Harmonizome 3.0

methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (alpha)

This gene encodes the large subunit of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. This enzyme functions as a heterodimer and catalyzes the carboxylation of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA to form 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA. Mutations in this gene are associated with 3-Methylcrotonylglycinuria, an autosomal recessive disorder of leucine catabolism. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a complex multifunctional enzyme system. ACC is a biotin-containing enzyme which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. There are two ACC forms, alpha and beta, encoded by two different genes. ACC-alpha is highly enriched in lipogenic tissues. The enzyme is under long term control at the transcriptional and translational levels and under short term regulation by the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of targeted serine residues and by allosteric transformation by citrate or palmitoyl-CoA. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants divergent in the 5' sequence and encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a complex multifunctional enzyme system. ACC is a biotin-containing enzyme which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. ACC-beta is thought to control fatty acid oxidation by means of the ability of malonyl-CoA to inhibit carnitine-palmitoyl-CoA transferase I, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid uptake and oxidation by mitochondria. ACC-beta may be involved in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, rather than fatty acid biosynthesis. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2022]

pyruvate carboxylase

This gene encodes pyruvate carboxylase, which requires biotin and ATP to catalyse the carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate. The active enzyme is a homotetramer arranged in a tetrahedron which is located exclusively in the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate carboxylase is involved in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, insulin secretion and synthesis of the neurotransmitter glutamate. Mutations in this gene have been associated with pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants with different 5' UTRs, but encoding the same protein, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase pseudogene 3

phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase pseudogene 2

phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase pseudogene 1

phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase pseudogene 7

phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase pseudogene 6

phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase pseudogene 5

phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase pseudogene 4

methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (beta)

This gene encodes the small subunit of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. This enzyme functions as a heterodimer and catalyzes the carboxylation of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA to form 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA. Mutations in this gene are associated with 3-Methylcrotonylglycinuria, an autosomal recessive disorder of leucine catabolism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, May 2018]

phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase

This gene encodes a bifunctional enzyme containing phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity in its N-terminal region and phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase in its C-terminal region. It catalyzes steps 6 and 7 of purine biosynthesis. The gene is closely linked and divergently transcribed with a locus that encodes an enzyme in the same pathway, and transcription of the two genes is coordinately regulated. The human genome contains several pseudogenes of this gene. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

holocarboxylase synthetase (biotin-(proprionyl-CoA-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolysing)) ligase)

This gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the binding of biotin to carboxylases and histones. The protein plays an important role in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and branched chain amino acid catabolism. Defects in this gene are the cause of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

This gene encodes an integral membrane protein of the rough endoplasmic reticulum that carboxylates glutamate residues of vitamin K-dependent proteins to gamma carboxyl glutamate, a modification that is required for their activity. The vitamin K-dependent protein substrates have a propeptide that binds the enzyme, with carbon dioxide, dioxide, and reduced vitamin K acting as co-substrates. Vitamin K-dependent proteins affect a number of physiologic processes including blood coagulation, prevention of vascular calcification, and inflammation. Allelic variants of this gene have been associated with pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like disorder with associated multiple coagulation factor deficiency. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

propionyl CoA carboxylase, beta polypeptide

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) enzyme, which is involved in the catabolism of propionyl-CoA. PCC is a mitochondrial enzyme that probably acts as a dodecamer of six alpha subunits and six beta subunits. This gene encodes the beta subunit of PCC. Defects in this gene are a cause of propionic acidemia type II (PA-2). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

propionyl CoA carboxylase, alpha polypeptide

The protein encoded by this gene is the alpha subunit of the heterodimeric mitochondrial enzyme Propionyl-CoA carboxylase. PCCA encodes the biotin-binding region of this enzyme. Mutations in either PCCA or PCCB (encoding the beta subunit) lead to an enzyme deficiency resulting in propionic acidemia. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

multiple sclerosis

SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3

This gene is a member of the Shank gene family. Shank proteins are multidomain scaffold proteins of the postsynaptic density that connect neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, and other membrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton and G-protein-coupled signaling pathways. Shank proteins also play a role in synapse formation and dendritic spine maturation. Mutations in this gene are a cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted behavioral patterns and interests. Mutations in this gene also cause schizophrenia type 15, and are a major causative factor in the neurological symptoms of 22q13.3 deletion syndrome, which is also known as Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Additional isoforms have been described for this gene but they have not yet been experimentally verified. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 2

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the Shank family of synaptic proteins that may function as molecular scaffolds in the postsynaptic density of excitatory synapses. Shank proteins contain multiple domains for protein-protein interaction, including ankyrin repeats, and an SH3 domain. This particular family member contains a PDZ domain, a consensus sequence for cortactin SH3 domain-binding peptides and a sterile alpha motif. The alternative splicing demonstrated in Shank genes has been suggested as a mechanism for regulating the molecular structure of Shank and the spectrum of Shank-interacting proteins in the postsynaptic densities of the adult and developing brain. Alterations in the encoded protein may be associated with susceptibility to autism spectrum disorder. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 1

This gene encodes a member of the SHANK (SH3 domain and ankyrin repeat containing) family of proteins. Members of this family act as scaffold proteins that are required for the development and function of neuronal synapses. Deletions in this gene may be associated with autism spectrum disorder in males. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

exostoses (multiple) 3

Multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome

multiple endocrine neoplasia I

This gene encodes menin, a tumor suppressor associated with a syndrome known as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Menin is a scaffold protein that functions in histone modification and epigenetic gene regulation. It is thought to regulate several pathways and processes by altering chromatin structure through the modification of histones. [provided by RefSeq, May 2019]

multiple C2 domains, transmembrane 1

Enables calcium ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including modulation of chemical synaptic transmission; negative regulation of endocytosis; and negative regulation of response to oxidative stress. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

multiple C2 domains, transmembrane 2

Enables calcium ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of neurotransmitter secretion. Located in cytosol; membrane; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Macrocephaly with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and distinctive facies

multiple EGF-like-domains 8

The protein encoded by this gene is a single-pass type I membrane protein of unknown function that contains several EGF-like domains, Kelch repeats, and PSI domains. Defects in this gene are a cause of Carpenter syndrome 2. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

Carney complex type 2, multiple neoplasia and lentiginosis

RNA binding protein with multiple splicing 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RNA recognition motif (RRM)-containing protein family and is involved in the development and dedifferentiation of digestive smooth muscle cells. The encoded protein functions as a homodimer and indirectly inhibits the bone morphogenetic protein pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

multiple coagulation factor deficiency 2 pseudogene 1

multiple inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase 1

This gene encodes multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase; an enzyme that removes 3-phosphate from inositol phosphate substrates. It is the only enzyme known to hydrolzye inositol pentakisphosphate and inositol hexakisphosphate. This enzyme also converts 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) to 2-phosphoglycerate; an activity formerly thought to be exclusive to 2,3-BPG synthase/2-phosphatase (BPGM) in the Rapoport-Luebering shunt of the glycolytic pathway.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

RNA binding protein with multiple splicing-like pseudogene

Multiple sclerosis, susceptiblity to, 4

Multiple sclerosis, susceptibility to, 3

Multiple sclerosis, susceptibility to, 2

CUB and Sushi multiple domains 2

The protein encoded by this gene is thought to be involved in the control of complement cascade of the immune system. Defects in this gene have been associated with schizophrenia. This gene may act as a tumor suppressor for colorectal cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2020]

CUB and Sushi multiple domains 3

Predicted to be involved in regulation of dendrite development. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

CUB and Sushi multiple domains 1

Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including learning or memory; mammary gland branching involved in pregnancy; and reproductive structure development. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains protein 6

Trichoepithelioma, multiple familial, 2

EGF-like-domain, multiple 7

This gene encodes a secreted endothelial cell protein that contains two epidermal growth factor-like domains. The encoded protein may play a role in regulating vasculogenesis. This protein may be involved in the growth and proliferation of tumor cells. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

EGF-like-domain, multiple 6

This gene encodes a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeat superfamily. Members of this superfamily are characterized by the presence of EGF-like repeats and are often involved in the regulation of cell cycle, proliferation, and developmental processes. The gene product contains a signal peptide, suggesting that it is secreted; an EGF repeat region consisting of 4 complete EGF-like repeats and 1 partial EGF-like repeat, 3 of which have a calcium-binding consensus sequence; an arg-gly-asp integrin association motif; and a MAM domain, which is believed to have an adhesive function. This gene is expressed early during development, and its expression has been detected in lung and meningioma tumors. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

EGF-like-domain, multiple 8

Predicted to enable signaling receptor binding activity. Predicted to be involved in vasculogenesis. Predicted to be active in cell surface and extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

multiple EGF-like-domains 9

Predicted to enable small GTPase binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of actin filament polymerization. Predicted to be located in basement membrane and membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

multiple EGF-like-domains 6

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity and scavenger receptor activity. Predicted to be involved in vesicle-mediated transport. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Congenital heart defects, multiple types, 3

exostoses (multiple)-like 2 pseudogene 1

Osseous dysplasia, digital, with facial pigmentary defects and multiple frenula

multiple PDZ domain protein

The protein encoded by this gene has multiple PDZ domains, which are hallmarks of protein-protein interactions. The encoded protein is known to interact with the HTR2C receptor and may cause it to clump at the cell surface. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

RNA binding protein with multiple splicing

This gene encodes a member of the RNA recognition motif family of RNA-binding proteins. The RNA recognition motif is between 80-100 amino acids in length and family members contain one to four copies of the motif. The RNA recognition motif consists of two short stretches of conserved sequence, as well as a few highly conserved hydrophobic residues. The encoded protein has a single, putative RNA recognition motif in its N-terminus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

multiple coagulation factor deficiency 2

This gene encodes a soluble luminal protein with two calmodulin-like EF-hand motifs at its C-terminus. This protein forms a complex with LMAN1 (lectin mannose binding protein 1; also known as ERGIC-53) that facilitates the transport of coagulation factors V (FV) and VIII (FVIII) from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus via an endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). Mutations in this gene cause combined deficiency of FV and FVIII (F5F8D); a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder characterized by mild to moderate bleeding and coordinate reduction in plasma FV and FVIII levels. This protein has also been shown to maintain stem cell potential in adult central nervous system and is a marker for testicular germ cell tumors. The 3' UTR of this gene contains a transposon-like human repeat element named 'THE 1'. A processed RNA pseudogene of this gene is on chromosome 6p22.1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

multiple EGF-like-domains 10

This gene encodes a member of the multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains protein family. The encoded protein plays a role in cell adhesion, motility and proliferation, and is a critical mediator of apoptotic cell phagocytosis as well as amyloid-beta peptide uptake in the brain. Expression of this gene may be associated with schizophrenia, and mutations in this gene are a cause of early-onset myopathy, areflexia, respiratory distress, and dysphagia (EMARDD) as well as congenital myopathy with minicores. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

multiple EGF-like-domains 11

Predicted to be involved in homotypic cell-cell adhesion and retina layer formation. Predicted to be located in basolateral plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]