Harmonizome 3.0

pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional activator of several genes, including insulin, somatostatin, glucokinase, islet amyloid polypeptide, and glucose transporter type 2. The encoded nuclear protein is involved in the early development of the pancreas and plays a major role in glucose-dependent regulation of insulin gene expression. Defects in this gene are a cause of pancreatic agenesis, which can lead to early-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), as well as maturity onset diabetes of the young type 4 (MODY4). [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

pancreatic lipase

This gene encodes a member of the lipase family of proteins. The encoded enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and hydrolyzes triglycerides in the small intestine, and is essential for the efficient digestion of dietary fats. Inhibition of the encoded enzyme may prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice and result in weight loss in human patients with obesity. Mutations in this gene cause congenital pancreatic lipase deficiency, a rare disorder characterized by steatorrhea. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

carboxypeptidase A1 (pancreatic)

This gene encodes a member of the carboxypeptidase A family of zinc metalloproteases. This enzyme is produced in the pancreas and preferentially cleaves C-terminal branched-chain and aromatic amino acids from dietary proteins. This gene and several family members are present in a gene cluster on chromosome 7. Mutations in this gene may be linked to chronic pancreatitis, while elevated protein levels may be associated with pancreatic cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

carboxypeptidase A2 (pancreatic)

Three different forms of human pancreatic procarboxypeptidase A have been isolated. The encoded protein represents the A2 form, which is a monomeric protein with different biochemical properties from the A1 and A3 forms. The A2 form of pancreatic procarboxypeptidase acts on aromatic C-terminal residues and is a secreted protein. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

pancreatic lipase pseudogene 1

colipase, pancreatic

The protein encoded by this gene is a cofactor needed by pancreatic lipase for efficient dietary lipid hydrolysis. It binds to the C-terminal, non-catalytic domain of lipase, thereby stabilizing an active conformation and considerably increasing the overall hydrophobic binding site. The gene product allows lipase to anchor noncovalently to the surface of lipid micelles, counteracting the destabilizing influence of intestinal bile salts. This cofactor is only expressed in pancreatic acinar cells, suggesting regulation of expression by tissue-specific elements. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

pancreatic progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation factor

Predicted to be involved in cell differentiation. Predicted to act upstream of or within TORC1 signaling and liver development. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pancreatic polypeptide

This gene encodes a member of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family of peptides. The encoded 95 aa preproprotein is synthesized in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and proteolytically processed to generate two peptide products. These products include the active pancreatic hormone of 36 aa and an icosapeptide of unknown function. This hormone acts as a regulator of pancreatic and gastrointestinal functions and may be important in the regulation of food intake. Plasma level of this hormone has been shown to be reduced in conditions associated with increased food intake and elevated in anorexia nervosa. In addition, infusion of this hormone in obese rodents has shown to decrease weight gain. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes an isoform that is proteolytically processed. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

pancreatic beta cell glycoprotein 1

ribonuclease, RNase A family, 1 (pancreatic)

This gene encodes a member of the pancreatic-type of secretory ribonucleases, a subset of the ribonuclease A superfamily. The encoded endonuclease cleaves internal phosphodiester RNA bonds on the 3'-side of pyrimidine bases. It prefers poly(C) as a substrate and hydrolyzes 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides, with a pH optimum near 8.0. The encoded protein is monomeric and more commonly acts to degrade ds-RNA over ss-RNA. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and four transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate decarboxylase 2 (pancreatic islets and brain, 65kDa)

This gene encodes one of several forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. The enzyme encoded is responsible for catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the human pancreas since it has been identified as an autoantibody and an autoreactive T cell target in insulin-dependent diabetes. This gene may also play a role in the stiff man syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

pancreatic polypeptide 2, pseudogene

amylase, alpha 2A (pancreatic)

This gene encodes a member of the alpha-amylase family of proteins. Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha-glucoside bonds in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, catalyzing the first step in digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. This gene and several family members are present in a gene cluster on chromosome 1. This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the pancreas. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

amylase, alpha 2B (pancreatic)

Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha-glucoside bonds in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and thus catalyze the first step in digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. The human genome has a cluster of several amylase genes that are expressed at high levels in either salivary gland or pancreas. This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the pancreas. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

Pancreatic beta cell, agenesis of

pancreatic lipase-related protein 1

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in lipid catabolic process. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Biomarker of prostate cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pancreatic lipase-related protein 3

Predicted to enable triacylglycerol lipase activity. Predicted to be involved in lipid catabolic process. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pancreatic lipase-related protein 2

This gene encodes a lipase that hydrolyzes galactolipids, the main components of plant membrane lipids. An allelic polymorphism in this gene results in both coding and non-coding variants; the reference genome represents the non-coding allele. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

pancreatic progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation factor like

Predicted to be involved in cell differentiation. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homolog (C. elegans)

This gene encodes a large coiled coil domain-containing protein that functions in autophagy during starvation conditions. Mutations in this gene cause Vici syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

beclin 1, autophagy related

This gene encodes a protein that regulates autophagy, a catabolic process of degradation induced by starvation. The encoded protein is a component of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) complex which mediates vesicle-trafficking processes. This protein is thought to play a role in multiple cellular processes, including tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration and apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 2

This gene encodes a protein that is similar to a serine/threonine kinase in C. elegans which is involved in axonal elongation. The structure of this protein is similar to the C. elegans protein in that both proteins have an N-terminal kinase domain, a central proline/serine rich (PS) domain, and a C-terminal (C) domain. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1

Enables identical protein binding activity; protein serine/threonine kinase activity; and small GTPase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including protein phosphorylation; regulation of autophagy; and regulation of protein lipidation. Located in bounding membrane of organelle; cytosol; and phagophore assembly site membrane. Part of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex and phagophore assembly site. Is active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

suppressor of glucose, autophagy associated 1

Involved in chromosome segregation. Located in extracellular space; microtubule; and midbody. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

beclin 1, autophagy related, pseudogene 2

autophagy related 4C, cysteine peptidase

Autophagy is the process by which endogenous proteins and damaged organelles are destroyed intracellularly. Autophagy is postulated to be essential for cell homeostasis and cell remodeling during differentiation, metamorphosis, non-apoptotic cell death, and aging. Reduced levels of autophagy have been described in some malignant tumors, and a role for autophagy in controlling the unregulated cell growth linked to cancer has been proposed. This gene encodes a member of the autophagin protein family. The encoded protein is also designated as a member of the C-54 family of cysteine proteases. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding the same protein, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

autophagy related 4B, cysteine peptidase

Autophagy is the process by which endogenous proteins and damaged organelles are destroyed intracellularly. Autophagy is postulated to be essential for cell homeostasis and cell remodeling during differentiation, metamorphosis, non-apoptotic cell death, and aging. Reduced levels of autophagy have been described in some malignant tumors, and a role for autophagy in controlling the unregulated cell growth linked to cancer has been proposed. This gene encodes a member of the autophagin protein family. The encoded protein is also designated as a member of the C-54 family of cysteine proteases. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

autophagy related 4A, cysteine peptidase

Autophagy is the process by which endogenous proteins and damaged organelles are destroyed intracellularly. Autophagy is postulated to be essential for cell homeostasis and cell remodeling during differentiation, metamorphosis, non-apoptotic cell death, and aging. Reduced levels of autophagy have been described in some malignant tumors, and a role for autophagy in controlling the unregulated cell growth linked to cancer has been proposed. This gene encodes a member of the autophagin protein family. The encoded protein is also designated as a member of the C-54 family of cysteine proteases. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

autophagy related 4D, cysteine peptidase

Autophagy is the process by which endogenous proteins and damaged organelles are destroyed intracellularly. Autophagy is postulated to be essential for cell homeostasis and cell remodeling during differentiation, metamorphosis, non-apoptotic cell death, and aging. Reduced levels of autophagy have been described in some malignant tumors, and a role for autophagy in controlling the unregulated cell growth linked to cancer has been proposed. This gene belongs to the autophagy-related protein 4 (Atg4) family of C54 endopeptidases. Members of this family encode proteins that play a role in the biogenesis of autophagosomes, which sequester the cytosol and organelles for degradation by lysosomes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

autophagy related 101

Enables identical protein binding activity. Involved in autophagosome assembly; negative regulation of cell population proliferation; and regulation of protein lipidation. Located in phagophore assembly site. Part of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex. Biomarker of cholangiocarcinoma; colon cancer; and hepatocellular carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 1 pseudogene

autophagy related 16-like 1 (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is part of a large protein complex that is necessary for autophagy, the major process by which intracellular components are targeted to lysosomes for degradation. Defects in this gene are a cause of susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease type 10 (IBD10). Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

autophagy related 16-like 2 (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in autophagosome assembly. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative stranded viral RNA replication. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

autophagy related 3 pseudogene 1

DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 1

This gene is regulated as part of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway. The gene encodes a lysosomal membrane protein that is required for the induction of autophagy by the pathway. Decreased transcriptional expression of this gene is associated with various tumors. This gene has a pseudogene on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 2

The protein encoded by this gene binds microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 and is required for autophagy. Defects in this gene are a cause of retinal dystrophy. In addition, two microRNAs (microRNA 125b-1 and microRNA 144) can bind to the mRNA of this gene and produce the disease state. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

autophagy related 10

Autophagy is a process for the bulk degradation of cytosolic compartments by lysosomes. ATG10 is an E2-like enzyme involved in 2 ubiquitin-like modifications essential for autophagosome formation: ATG12 (MIM 609608)-ATG5 (MIM 604261) conjugation and modification of a soluble form of MAP-LC3 (MAP1LC3A; MIM 601242), a homolog of yeast Apg8, to a membrane-bound form (Nemoto et al., 2003 [PubMed 12890687]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

autophagy related 12

Autophagy is a process of bulk protein degradation in which cytoplasmic components, including organelles, are enclosed in double-membrane structures called autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation. ATG12 is the human homolog of a yeast protein involved in autophagy (Mizushima et al., 1998 [PubMed 9852036]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

autophagy related 13

The protein encoded by this gene is an autophagy factor and a target of the TOR kinase signaling pathway. The encoded protein is essential for autophagosome formation and mitophagy. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

autophagy related 14

Enables GTPase binding activity; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor activity; and protein-membrane adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including early endosome to late endosome transport; macroautophagy; and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction. Acts upstream of or within endosome to lysosome transport. Located in autophagosome and phagophore assembly site membrane. Is extrinsic component of omegasome membrane and extrinsic component of phagophore assembly site membrane. Part of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class III. Is active in phagophore assembly site. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

autophagy/beclin-1 regulator 1

Enables enzyme binding activity; protein phosphatase activator activity; and ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including macroautophagy; positive regulation of free ubiquitin chain polymerization; and positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction. Located in cytosol. Part of Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Is active in cytoskeleton; mitochondrion; and nucleus. Biomarker of multiple system atrophy. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

autophagy related 9A

Enables phospholipid scramblase activity. Involved in autophagosome assembly. Located in several cellular components, including Golgi apparatus; endosome; and phagophore assembly site. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

autophagy related 9B

This gene functions in the regulation of autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway. This gene also functions as an antisense transcript in the posttranscriptional regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 gene, which has 3' overlap with this gene on the opposite strand. Mutations in this gene and disruption of the autophagy process have been associated with multiple cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2012]

autophagy related 2A

Enables lipid transfer activity. Involved in autophagosome assembly and positive regulation of autophagosome assembly. Is active in organelle membrane contact site. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

autophagy related 2B

This gene encodes a protein required for autophagy. The encoded protein is involved in autophagosome formation. A germline duplication of a region that includes this gene is associated with predisposition to myeloid malignancies. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

autophagy related 12 pseudogene 1

autophagy related 12 pseudogene 2

autophagy related 3

This gene encodes a ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme and is a component of ubiquitination-like systems involved in autophagy, the process of degradation, turnover and recycling of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells. This protein is known to play a role in regulation of autophagy during cell death. A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 20. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

autophagy related 7

This gene encodes an E1-like activating enzyme that is essential for autophagy and cytoplasmic to vacuole transport. The encoded protein is also thought to modulate p53-dependent cell cycle pathways during prolonged metabolic stress. It has been associated with multiple functions, including axon membrane trafficking, axonal homeostasis, mitophagy, adipose differentiation, and hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

autophagy related 5

The protein encoded by this gene, in combination with autophagy protein 12, functions as an E1-like activating enzyme in a ubiquitin-like conjugating system. The encoded protein is involved in several cellular processes, including autophagic vesicle formation, mitochondrial quality control after oxidative damage, negative regulation of the innate antiviral immune response, lymphocyte development and proliferation, MHC II antigen presentation, adipocyte differentiation, and apoptosis. Several transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

endosome-lysosome associated apoptosis and autophagy regulator 1

Expression of this gene is induced by estrogen and the encoded protein has been characterized as a transmembrane protein. The encoded protein has been found in to correlate with survival in certain carcinomas (PMID: 21102415) and may be important for cellular response to stress (PMID: 21072319). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

rubicon autophagy regulator

The protein encoded by this gene is a negative regulator of autophagy and endocytic trafficking and controls endosome maturation. This protein contains two conserved domains, an N-terminal RUN domain and a C-terminal DUF4206 domain. The RUN domain is involved in Ras-like GTPase signaling, and the DUF4206 domain contains a diacylglycerol (DAG) binding-like motif. Mutation in this gene results in deletion of the DAG binding-like motif and causes a recessive ataxia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

rubicon like autophagy enhancer

This gene encodes a cysteine-rich protein that contains a putative zinc-RING and/or ribbon domain. The encoded protein is related to Run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein, which plays a role in endocytic trafficking and autophagy. In cervical cancer cell lines, this gene is expressed at low levels and may function as a tumor suppressor. Promoter hypermethylation of this gene is observed in cervical cancer cell lines and tissue derived from human patients. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

DEPP autophagy regulator 1

The expression of this gene is induced by fasting as well as by progesterone. The protein encoded by this gene contains a t-synaptosome-associated protein receptor (SNARE) coiled-coil homology domain and a peroxisomal targeting signal. Production of the encoded protein leads to phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor ELK1. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

endosome-lysosome associated apoptosis and autophagy regulator family member 2

Predicted to enable BMP receptor binding activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of nervous system development; positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway; and positive regulation of epidermis development. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]