Harmonizome 3.0

early growth response 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor with three tandem C2H2-type zinc fingers. Defects in this gene are associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1D (CMT1D), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4E (CMT4E), and with Dejerine-Sottas syndrome (DSS). Multiple transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

early growth response 3

This gene encodes a transcriptional regulator that belongs to the EGR family of C2H2-type zinc-finger proteins. It is an immediate-early growth response gene which is induced by mitogenic stimulation. The protein encoded by this gene participates in the transcriptional regulation of genes in controling biological rhythm. It may also play a role in a wide variety of processes including muscle development, lymphocyte development, endothelial cell growth and migration, and neuronal development. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

early growth response 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the EGR family of C2H2-type zinc-finger proteins. It is a nuclear protein and functions as a transcriptional regulator. The products of target genes it activates are required for differentitation and mitogenesis. Studies suggest this is a cancer suppressor gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

early growth response 4

Enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in chromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

apelin receptor early endogenous ligand

This gene encodes a peptide hormone that binds to the Apelin receptor. The encoded protein is required for heart development in zebrafish and has been shown to maintain self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Experiments in human and mouse cell lines point to additional roles for the encoded protein in angiogenesis and regulation of vascular tone. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

early endosome antigen 1

Enables 1-phosphatidylinositol binding activity; GTP-dependent protein binding activity; and protein homodimerization activity. Involved in endocytosis and vesicle fusion. Located in cytosol and early endosome membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Major affective disorder 3, early onset

immediate early response 3 interacting protein 1

This gene encodes a small protein that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and may play a role in the ER stress response by mediating cell differentiation and apoptosis. Transcription of this gene is regulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha and specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Mutations in this gene may play a role in microcephaly, epilepsy, and diabetes syndrome (MEDS), and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 12. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

early B-cell factor 4

EBF4 belongs to the conserved Olf/EBF family of helix-loop-helix transcription factors, members of which play important roles in neural development and B-cell maturation (Wang et al., 2002 [PubMed 12139918]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

early B-cell factor 3

This gene encodes a member of the early B-cell factor (EBF) family of DNA binding transcription factors. EBF proteins are involved in B-cell differentiation, bone development and neurogenesis, and may also function as tumor suppressors. The encoded protein inhibits cell survival through the regulation of genes involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and aberrant methylation or deletion of this gene may play a role in multiple malignancies including glioblastoma multiforme and gastric carcinoma. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

early B-cell factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the COE (Collier/Olf/EBF) family of non-basic, helix-loop-helix transcription factors that have a well conserved DNA binding domain. The COE family proteins play an important role in variety of developmental processes. Studies in mouse suggest that this gene may be involved in the differentiation of osteoblasts. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

early B-cell factor 1

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be located in chromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

immediate early response 5-like

breast cancer 1, early onset

This gene encodes a 190 kD nuclear phosphoprotein that plays a role in maintaining genomic stability, and it also acts as a tumor suppressor. The BRCA1 gene contains 22 exons spanning about 110 kb of DNA. The encoded protein combines with other tumor suppressors, DNA damage sensors, and signal transducers to form a large multi-subunit protein complex known as the BRCA1-associated genome surveillance complex (BASC). This gene product associates with RNA polymerase II, and through the C-terminal domain, also interacts with histone deacetylase complexes. This protein thus plays a role in transcription, DNA repair of double-stranded breaks, and recombination. Mutations in this gene are responsible for approximately 40% of inherited breast cancers and more than 80% of inherited breast and ovarian cancers. Alternative splicing plays a role in modulating the subcellular localization and physiological function of this gene. Many alternatively spliced transcript variants, some of which are disease-associated mutations, have been described for this gene, but the full-length natures of only some of these variants has been described. A related pseudogene, which is also located on chromosome 17, has been identified. [provided by RefSeq, May 2020]

breast cancer 2, early onset

Inherited mutations in BRCA1 and this gene, BRCA2, confer increased lifetime risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer. Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in maintenance of genome stability, specifically the homologous recombination pathway for double-strand DNA repair. The largest exon in both genes is exon 11, which harbors the most important and frequent mutations in breast cancer patients. The BRCA2 gene was found on chromosome 13q12.3 in human. The BRCA2 protein contains several copies of a 70 aa motif called the BRC motif, and these motifs mediate binding to the RAD51 recombinase which functions in DNA repair. BRCA2 is considered a tumor suppressor gene, as tumors with BRCA2 mutations generally exhibit loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the wild-type allele. [provided by RefSeq, May 2020]

retinoic acid early transcript 1K pseudogene

retinoic acid early transcript 1M pseudogene

immediate early response 5

This gene encodes a protein that is similar to other immediate early response proteins. In the mouse, a similar gene may play an important role in mediating the cellular response to mitogenic signals. Studies in rats found the expression of a similar gene to be increased after waking and sleep deprivation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

immediate early response 2

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Involved in cell motility and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Implicated in colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomarker of childhood acute myeloid leukemia; colorectal adenocarcinoma; hepatocellular carcinoma; and melanoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

immediate early response 3

This gene functions in the protection of cells from Fas- or tumor necrosis factor type alpha-induced apoptosis. Partially degraded and unspliced transcripts are found after virus infection in vitro, but these transcripts are not found in vivo and do not generate a valid protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mesoderm induction early response 1, family member 3

Predicted to enable histone deacetylase binding activity and transcription corepressor activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of protein-containing complex. Implicated in breast cancer and lung adenocarcinoma. Biomarker of breast cancer; invasive ductal carcinoma; and lung non-small cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

retinoic acid early transcript 1E

This gene belong to the RAET1 family, which consists of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related genes located in a cluster on chromosome 6q24.2-q25.3. This and RAET1G protein differ from other RAET1 proteins in that they have type I membrane-spanning sequences at their C termini rather than glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor sequences. This protein functions as a ligand for NKG2D receptor, which is expressed on the surface of several types of immune cells, and is involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

retinoic acid early transcript 1G

This gene encodes a member of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I family of proteins. Although the encoded protein includes C-terminal transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, proteolytic processing results in the removal of these domains and subsequent tethering to the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor. The encoded protein is one of several related ligands of the natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) receptor, which functions as an activating receptor in innate and adaptive immunity. This gene is present in a gene cluster on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

retinoic acid early transcript 1F pseudogene

retinoic acid early transcript 1L

RAET1L belongs to the RAET1 family of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related genes, which are located within a 180-kb cluster on chromosome 6q24.2-q25.3. The REAT1 genes encode glycoproteins that contain extracellular alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains, but they lack the membrane proximal Ig-like alpha-3 domain. Most RAET1 glycoproteins are anchored to the membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage (Radosavljevic et al., 2002 [PubMed 11827464]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

mesoderm induction early response 1, transcriptional regulator

This gene encodes a protein that was first identified in Xenopus laevis by its role in a mesoderm induction early response (MIER). The encoded protein functions as a transcriptional regulator. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encode multiple isoforms, some of which lack a C-terminal nuclear localization signal. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

mesoderm induction early response 1, family member 2

Enables histone deacetylase binding activity. Contributes to histone deacetylase activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

immediate early response 3 interacting protein 1 pseudogene

chondrocalcinosis 1 (calcium pyrophosphate-deposition disease, early onset osteoarthritis)

cataract, pulverulent (autosomal recessive, early-onset)

Pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive, severe early-onset

programmed cell death 6 pseudogene

ankyrin repeat and death domain containing 1A

Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ankyrin repeat and death domain containing 1B

Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell death-inducing p53 target 1

Predicted to enable zinc ion binding activity. Acts upstream of or within intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator. Located in cytoplasmic side of late endosome membrane; cytoplasmic side of lysosomal membrane; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

death associated protein-like 1

Predicted to enable ribosome binding activity; translation initiation factor binding activity; and translation repressor activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including cellular response to amino acid starvation; negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation; and negative regulation of metabolic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within cell population proliferation and gene expression. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

death associated protein 3 pseudogene 1

death associated protein 3 pseudogene 2

CASP2 and RIPK1 domain containing adaptor with death domain

This gene encodes a protein containing a death domain (DD) motif. This protein recruits caspase 2/ICH1 to the cell death signal transduction complex, which includes tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1A) and RIPK1/RIP kinase, and acts in promoting apoptosis. A mutation in this gene was associated with cognitive disability. A related pseudogene is found on chromosome 3. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

programmed cell death 1 ligand 2

Involved in negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation; negative regulation of interleukin-10 production; and negative regulation of type II interferon production. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane. Biomarker of pulmonary tuberculosis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10d, decoy with truncated death domain pseudogene

neurotrophin receptor associated death domain, pseudogene

The neurotrophin receptor alike death domain proteins belong to the death domain superfamily and are involved in mediating apoptosis. This gene has been inactivated by mutation and is nonfunctional in humans. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

p53-induced death domain protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene contains a leucine-rich repeat and a death domain. This protein has been shown to interact with other death domain proteins, such as Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain (FADD) and MAP-kinase activating death domain-containing protein (MADD), and thus may function as an adaptor protein in cell death-related signaling processes. The expression of the mouse counterpart of this gene has been found to be positively regulated by the tumor suppressor p53 and to induce cell apoptosis in response to DNA damage, which suggests a role for this gene as an effector of p53-dependent apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain

The protein encoded by this gene is an adaptor molecule that interacts with various cell surface receptors and mediates cell apoptotic signals. Through its C-terminal death domain, this protein can be recruited by TNFRSF6/Fas-receptor, tumor necrosis factor receptor, TNFRSF25, and TNFSF10/TRAIL-receptor, and thus it participates in the death signaling initiated by these receptors. Interaction of this protein with the receptors unmasks the N-terminal effector domain of this protein, which allows it to recruit caspase-8, and thereby activate the cysteine protease cascade. Knockout studies in mice also suggest the importance of this protein in early T cell development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

E2F1-regulated inhibitor of cell death (non-protein coding)

TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain

The protein encoded by this gene is a death domain containing adaptor molecule that interacts with TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and mediates programmed cell death signaling and NF-kappaB activation. This protein binds adaptor protein TRAF2, reduces the recruitment of inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins (IAPs) by TRAF2, and thus suppresses TRAF2 mediated apoptosis. This protein can also interact with receptor TNFRSF6/FAS and adaptor protein FADD/MORT1, and is involved in the Fas-induced cell death pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

programmed cell death 2 pseudogene

death-associated protein kinase 3

Death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3) induces morphological changes in apoptosis when overexpressed in mammalian cells. These results suggest that DAPK3 may play a role in the induction of apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

death-associated protein kinase 2

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family. This protein contains a N-terminal protein kinase domain followed by a conserved calmodulin-binding domain with significant similarity to that of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), a positive regulator of programmed cell death. Overexpression of this gene was shown to induce cell apoptosis. It uses multiple polyadenylation sites. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

death-associated protein kinase 1

Death-associated protein kinase 1 is a positive mediator of gamma-interferon induced programmed cell death. DAPK1 encodes a structurally unique 160-kD calmodulin dependent serine-threonine kinase that carries 8 ankyrin repeats and 2 putative P-loop consensus sites. It is a tumor suppressor candidate. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector c pseudogene

CASP2 and RIPK1 domain containing adaptor with death domain pseudogene

cell death regulator Aven-like

death-associated protein 4C

BH3-like motif containing, cell death inducer

This gene encodes a BH3-like motif containing protein involved in cell death. The encoded protein may induce apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner. The protein is localized in both the cytoplasm and the mitochondrion. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector c

This gene encodes a member of the cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector family. Members of this family play important roles in apoptosis. The encoded protein promotes lipid droplet formation in adipocytes and may mediate adipocyte apoptosis. This gene is regulated by insulin and its expression is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity. Mutations in this gene may contribute to insulin resistant diabetes. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 3. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a

This gene encodes the homolog of the mouse protein Cidea that has been shown to activate apoptosis. This activation of apoptosis is inhibited by the DNA fragmentation factor DFF45 but not by caspase inhibitors. Mice that lack functional Cidea have higher metabolic rates, higher lipolysis in brown adipose tissue and higher core body temperatures when subjected to cold. These mice are also resistant to diet-induced obesity and diabetes. This suggests that in mice this gene product plays a role in thermogenesis and lipolysis. Alternatively spliced transcripts have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

programmed cell death 6

This gene encodes a calcium-binding protein belonging to the penta-EF-hand protein family. Calcium binding is important for homodimerization and for conformational changes required for binding to other protein partners. This gene product participates in T cell receptor-, Fas-, and glucocorticoid-induced programmed cell death. In mice deficient for this gene product, however, apoptosis was not blocked suggesting this gene product is functionally redundant. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is also located on the short arm of chromosome 5. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

programmed cell death 7

This gene encodes a 59 kDa protein that is associated with the U11 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP), which is a component of the minor U12-type spliceosome responsible for catalyzing pre-mRNA splicing of U12-type introns. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

programmed cell death 4 (neoplastic transformation inhibitor)

This gene is a tumor suppressor and encodes a protein that binds to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 and inhibits its function by preventing RNA binding. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

programmed cell death 5

This gene encodes a protein that is upregulated during apoptosis where it translocates rapidly from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The encoded protein may be an important regulator of K(lysine) acetyltransferase 5 (a protein involved in transcription, DNA damage response and cell cycle control) by inhibiting its proteasome-dependent degradation. Pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 5 and 12 [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

programmed cell death 2

This gene encodes a nuclear protein expressed in a variety of tissues. Expression of this gene has been shown to be repressed by B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (BCL6), a transcriptional repressor required for lymph node germinal center development, suggesting that BCL6 regulates apoptosis by its effects on this protein. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 9 and 12. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

programmed cell death 1

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PDCD1) is an immune-inhibitory receptor expressed in activated T cells; it is involved in the regulation of T-cell functions, including those of effector CD8+ T cells. In addition, this protein can also promote the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into T regulatory cells. PDCD1 is expressed in many types of tumors including melanomas, and has demonstrated to play a role in anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, this protein has been shown to be involved in safeguarding against autoimmunity, however, it can also contribute to the inhibition of effective anti-tumor and anti-microbial immunity. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

programmed cell death 10

This gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein associated with cell apoptosis. The protein interacts with the serine/threonine protein kinase MST4 to modulate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. It also interacts with and is phosphoryated by serine/threonine kinase 25, and is thought to function in a signaling pathway essential for vascular developent. Mutations in this gene are one cause of cerebral cavernous malformations, which are vascular malformations that cause seizures and cerebral hemorrhages. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

programmed cell death 11

PDCD11 is a NF-kappa-B (NFKB1; 164011)-binding protein that colocalizes with U3 RNA (MIM 180710) in the nucleolus and is required for rRNA maturation and generation of 18S rRNA (Sweet et al., 2003 [PubMed 14624448]; Sweet et al., 2008 [PubMed 17654514]).[supplied by OMIM, Oct 2008]

programmed cell death 5 pseudogene 1

programmed cell death 5 pseudogene 2

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10d, decoy with truncated death domain

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor contains an extracellular TRAIL-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a truncated cytoplamic death domain. This receptor does not induce apoptosis, and has been shown to play an inhibitory role in TRAIL-induced cell apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

death inducer-obliterator 1

Apoptosis, a major form of cell death, is an efficient mechanism for eliminating unwanted cells and is of central importance for development and homeostasis in metazoan animals. In mice, the death inducer-obliterator-1 gene is upregulated by apoptotic signals and encodes a cytoplasmic protein that translocates to the nucleus upon apoptotic signal activation. When overexpressed, the mouse protein induced apoptosis in cell lines growing in vitro. This gene is similar to the mouse gene and therefore is thought to be involved in apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcripts have been found for this gene, encoding multiple isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

defender against cell death 1 pseudogene 1

programmed cell death 10 pseudogene

death-domain associated protein

This gene encodes a multifunctional protein that resides in multiple locations in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. It interacts with a wide variety of proteins, such as apoptosis antigen Fas, centromere protein C, and transcription factor erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1. In the nucleus, the encoded protein functions as a potent transcription repressor that binds to sumoylated transcription factors. Its repression can be relieved by the sequestration of this protein into promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies or nucleoli. This protein also associates with centromeres in G2 phase. In the cytoplasm, the encoded protein may function to regulate apoptosis. The subcellular localization and function of this protein are modulated by post-translational modifications, including sumoylation, phosphorylation and polyubiquitination. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

programmed cell death 2-like

Predicted to be involved in apoptotic process. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

death effector domain containing

This gene encodes a protein that contains a death effector domain (DED). DED is a protein-protein interaction domain shared by adaptors, regulators and executors of the programmed cell death pathway. Overexpression of this gene was shown to induce weak apoptosis. Upon stimulation, this protein was found to translocate from cytoplasm to nucleus and colocalize with UBTF, a basal factor required for RNA polymerase I transcription, in the nucleolus. At least three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

MAP-kinase activating death domain

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a signaling molecule that interacts with one of two receptors on cells targeted for apoptosis. The apoptotic signal is transduced inside these cells by cytoplasmic adaptor proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is a death domain-containing adaptor protein that interacts with the death domain of TNF-alpha receptor 1 to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and propagate the apoptotic signal. It is membrane-bound and expressed at a higher level in neoplastic cells than in normal cells. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

programmed cell death 2 pseudogene

leucine-rich repeats and death domain containing 1

Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

BCL2-associated agonist of cell death

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the BCL-2 family. BCL-2 family members are known to be regulators of programmed cell death. This protein positively regulates cell apoptosis by forming heterodimers with BCL-xL (B-cell lymphoma-extra large) and BCL-2, and reversing their death repressor activity. Proapoptotic activity of this protein is regulated through its phosphorylation. Protein kinases AKT and MAP kinase, as well as protein phosphatase calcineurin were found to be involved in the regulation of this protein. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants which encode the same isoform. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2019]

death domain containing 1

This gene encodes a protein which contains a death domain. Death domain-containing proteins function in signaling pathways and formation of signaling complexes, as well as the apoptosis pathway. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

BH3 interacting domain death agonist

This gene encodes a death agonist that heterodimerizes with either agonist BAX or antagonist BCL2, and thus regulate apoptosis. The encoded protein is a member of the BCL-2 family of cell death regulators. It is a mediator of mitochondrial damage induced by caspase-8 (CASP8); CASP8 cleaves this encoded protein, and the COOH-terminal part translocates to mitochondria where it triggers cytochrome c release. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

death-associated protein

This gene encodes a basic, proline-rich, 15-kD protein. The protein acts as a positive mediator of programmed cell death that is induced by interferon-gamma. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

death effector domain containing 2

This gene encodes a nuclear-localized protein containing a death effector domain (DED). The encoded protein may regulate the trafficking of caspases and other proteins into the nucleus during death receptor-induced apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector b

Enables identical protein binding activity. Involved in lipid droplet fusion and positive regulation of apoptotic process. Acts upstream of or within apoptotic process. Located in cytosol and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Is active in lipid droplet. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Fas cell surface death receptor

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor contains a death domain. It has been shown to play a central role in the physiological regulation of programmed cell death, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies and diseases of the immune system. The interaction of this receptor with its ligand allows the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex that includes Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), caspase 8, and caspase 10. The autoproteolytic processing of the caspases in the complex triggers a downstream caspase cascade, and leads to apoptosis. This receptor has been also shown to activate NF-kappaB, MAPK3/ERK1, and MAPK8/JNK, and is found to be involved in transducing the proliferating signals in normal diploid fibroblast and T cells. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, some of which are candidates for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). The isoforms lacking the transmembrane domain may negatively regulate the apoptosis mediated by the full length isoform. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

programmed cell death 2-like pseudogene

death-associated protein kinase 1 pseudogene

defender against cell death 1

DAD1, the defender against apoptotic cell death, was initially identified as a negative regulator of programmed cell death in the temperature sensitive tsBN7 cell line. The DAD1 protein disappeared in temperature-sensitive cells following a shift to the nonpermissive temperature, suggesting that loss of the DAD1 protein triggered apoptosis. DAD1 is believed to be a tightly associated subunit of oligosaccharyltransferase both in the intact membrane and in the purified enzyme, thus reflecting the essential nature of N-linked glycosylation in eukaryotes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

programmed cell death 6 interacting protein

This gene encodes a protein that functions within the ESCRT pathway in the abscission stage of cytokinesis, in intralumenal endosomal vesicle formation, and in enveloped virus budding. Studies using mouse cells have shown that overexpression of this protein can block apoptosis. In addition, the product of this gene binds to the product of the PDCD6 gene, a protein required for apoptosis, in a calcium-dependent manner. This gene product also binds to endophilins, proteins that regulate membrane shape during endocytosis. Overexpression of this gene product and endophilins results in cytoplasmic vacuolization, which may be partly responsible for the protection against cell death. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosome 15. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

death associated protein 3

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that also participates in apoptotic pathways which are initiated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Fas ligand, and gamma interferon. This protein potentially binds ATP/GTP and might be a functional partner of the mitoribosomal protein S27. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1q and 2q. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

EDAR-associated death domain

This gene was identified by its association with ectodermal dysplasia, a genetic disorder characterized by defective development of hair, teeth, and eccrine sweat glands. The protein encoded by this gene is a death domain-containing protein, and is found to interact with EDAR, a death domain receptor known to be required for the development of hair, teeth and other ectodermal derivatives. This protein and EDAR are coexpressed in epithelial cells during the formation of hair follicles and teeth. Through its interaction with EDAR, this protein acts as an adaptor, and links the receptor to downstream signaling pathways. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cell death activator CIDE-3-like

DAP3 binding cell death enhancer 1

Enables protein kinase binding activity and protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity. Involved in several processes, including HRI-mediated signaling; positive regulation of mitophagy; and response to iron ion starvation. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. Is active in cytosol and mitochondrial outer membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell death inducing DFFA like effector c pseudogene 1

transmembrane and death domain 1

Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lysosome cell death regulator