Harmonizome 3.0

aldo-keto reductase family 7, member A2 (aflatoxin aldehyde reductase)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the aldo/keto reductase (AKR) superfamily and AKR7 family, which are involved in the detoxification of aldehydes and ketones. The AKR7 family consists of 3 genes that are present in a cluster on the p arm of chromosome 1. This protein, thought to be localized in the golgi, catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of succinic semialdehyde to the endogenous neuromodulator, gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It may also function as a detoxication enzyme in the reduction of aflatoxin B1 and 2-carboxybenzaldehyde. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

aldo-keto reductase family 7, member A3 (aflatoxin aldehyde reductase)

Aldo-keto reductases, such as AKR7A3, are involved in the detoxification of aldehydes and ketones.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 (aldose reductase)

This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. This member catalyzes the reduction of a number of aldehydes, including the aldehyde form of glucose, and is thereby implicated in the development of diabetic complications by catalyzing the reduction of glucose to sorbitol. Multiple pseudogenes have been identified for this gene. The nomenclature system used by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee to define human aldo-keto reductase family members is known to differ from that used by the Mouse Genome Informatics database. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B10 (aldose reductase)

This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. This member can efficiently reduce aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, and it is less active on hexoses. It is highly expressed in adrenal gland, small intestine, and colon, and may play an important role in liver carcinogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member A1 (aldehyde reductase)

This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. This member, also known as aldehyde reductase, is involved in the reduction of biogenic and xenobiotic aldehydes and is present in virtually every tissue. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene exist, all encoding the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

aldo-keto reductase family 7, member A2 (aflatoxin aldehyde reductase) pseudogene

glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase

This gene encodes an enzyme with hydroxypyruvate reductase, glyoxylate reductase, and D-glycerate dehydrogenase enzymatic activities. The enzyme has widespread tissue expression and has a role in metabolism. Type II hyperoxaluria is caused by mutations in this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

peroxisomal trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

Enables signaling receptor binding activity and trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity. Involved in phytol metabolic process. Located in peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

steroid 5 alpha-reductase 3

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family, and polyprenol reductase subfamily. It is involved in the production of androgen 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from testosterone, and maintenance of the androgen-androgen receptor activation pathway. This protein is also necessary for the conversion of polyprenol into dolichol, which is required for the synthesis of dolichol-linked monosaccharides and the oligosaccharide precursor used for N-linked glycosylation of proteins. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital disorder of glycosylation type Iq. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 2 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha 2)

This gene encodes a microsomal protein expressed at high levels in androgen-sensitive tissues such as the prostate. The encoded protein is active at acidic pH and is sensitive to the 4-azasteroid inhibitor finasteride. Deficiencies in this gene can result in male pseudohermaphroditism, specifically pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias (PPSH). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 1 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha 1)

Steroid 5-alpha-reductase (EC 1.3.99.5) catalyzes the conversion of testosterone into the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Also see SRD5A2 (MIM 607306).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

prostaglandin reductase 1 pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor. Predicted to be involved in steroid biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

crystallin, zeta (quinone reductase)-like 1

This gene encodes a protein that has sequence similarity to zeta crystallin, also known as quinone oxidoreductase. This zeta crystallin-like protein also contains an NAD(P)H binding site. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed but their full-length nature has not been completely determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 11

Enables 3-keto sterol reductase activity and steroid dehydrogenase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor. Involved in steroid biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 12

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family, which has over 46,000 members. Members in this family are enzymes that metabolize many different compounds, such as steroid hormones, prostaglandins, retinoids, lipids and xenobiotics. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 13

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene 1

dicarbonyl/L-xylulose reductase

The protein encoded by this gene acts as a homotetramer to catalyze diacetyl reductase and L-xylulose reductase reactions. The encoded protein may play a role in the uronate cycle of glucose metabolism and in the cellular osmoregulation in the proximal renal tubules. Defects in this gene are a cause of pentosuria. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

aldo-keto reductase family 7, member A2 pseudogene 1

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 2

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor. Predicted to be involved in steroid biosynthetic process. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribonucleotide reductase M2

This gene encodes one of two non-identical subunits for ribonucleotide reductase. This reductase catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. Synthesis of the encoded protein (M2) is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent fashion. Transcription from this gene can initiate from alternative promoters, which results in two isoforms that differ in the lengths of their N-termini. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 1 and X. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

ribonucleotide reductase M1

This gene encodes the large and catalytic subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme essential for the conversion of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides. A pool of available deoxyribonucleotides is important for DNA replication during S phase of the cell cycle as well as multiple DNA repair processes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

methionine sulfoxide reductase A

This gene encodes a ubiquitous and highly conserved protein that carries out the enzymatic reduction of methionine sulfoxide to methionine. Human and animal studies have shown the highest levels of expression in kidney and nervous tissue. The protein functions in the repair of oxidatively damaged proteins to restore biological activity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the reduction of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine to dihydrosphingosine. The putative active site residues of the encoded protein are found on the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. A chromosomal rearrangement involving this gene is a cause of follicular lymphoma, also known as type II chronic lymphatic leukemia. The mutation of a conserved residue in the bovine ortholog causes spinal muscular atrophy. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

prostaglandin reductase 1

This gene encodes an enzyme that is involved in the inactivation of the chemotactic factor, leukotriene B4. The encoded protein specifically catalyzes the NADP+ dependent conversion of leukotriene B4 to 12-oxo-leukotriene B4. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

prostaglandin reductase 2

This gene encodes an enzyme involved in the metabolism of prostaglandins. The encoded protein catalyzes the NADPH-dependent conversion of 15-keto-prostaglandin E2 to 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-prostaglandin E2. This protein may also be involved in regulating activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]

sepiapterin reductase (7,8-dihydrobiopterin:NADP+ oxidoreductase) pseudogene

dihydrofolate reductase pseudogene

quinoid dihydropteridine reductase

This gene encodes the enzyme dihydropteridine reductase, which catalyzes the NADH-mediated reduction of quinonoid dihydrobiopterin. This enzyme is an essential component of the pterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylating systems. Mutations in this gene resulting in QDPR deficiency include aberrant splicing, amino acid substitutions, insertions, or premature terminations. Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency presents as atypical phenylketonuria due to insufficient production of biopterin, a cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

dihydrofolate reductase-like 1

Enables dihydrofolate reductase activity and mRNA binding activity. Involved in tetrahydrofolate metabolic process and thymidine biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane and mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 4 like 1

Predicted to enable carbonyl reductase (NADPH) activity. Predicted to be involved in retinal metabolic process. Predicted to be active in peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 4 like 2

This gene encodes a member of the short chain dehydrogenase reductase family. The encoded protein may be an NADPH dependent retinol oxidoreductase. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B15

Enables estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity. Predicted to be involved in estrogen biosynthetic process. Located in cytosol and mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ferric-chelate reductase 1-like

This gene encodes a component of the outer-core of an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor protein in the brain. The encoded protein is thought to interact with inner-core components of the receptor, and play a role in the modulation of glutamate signaling. Mutations in this gene are associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 37. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III subunit X pseudogene

steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 1 pseudogene 1 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha pseudogene)

dihydrofolate reductase pseudogene

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 7B

Predicted to enable acylglycerone-phosphate reductase (NADP+) activity. Predicted to be involved in ether lipid biosynthetic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including brown fat cell differentiation; phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process; and regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 7C

Predicted to enable all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity. Predicted to be involved in D-glucose import; intracellular calcium ion homeostasis; and regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be located in longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

The protein encoded by this gene is an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the last step in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis. Defects in this gene are a cause of childhood-onset dystonia and optic atrophy. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ribonucleotide reductase M2 pseudogene

trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase-like

The protein encoded by this gene contains a ubiquitin-like domain in the N-terminal region, three transmembrane segments and a C-terminal 3-oxo-5-alpha steroid 4-dehydrogenase domain. The protein belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family. Mutations in this gene result in ventricular tachycardia, catecholaminergic polymorphic, 3. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

dihydrofolate reductase pseudogene

biliverdin reductase B

Enables biliverdin reductase [NAD(P)+] activity; peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity; and riboflavin reductase (NADPH) activity. Involved in heme catabolic process; megakaryocyte differentiation; and negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway. Located in cytosol; nucleoplasm; and plasma membrane. Is active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

biliverdin reductase A

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the biliverdin reductase family, members of which catalyze the conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin in the presence of NADPH or NADH. Mutations in this gene are associated with hyperbiliverdinemia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 2 pseudogene

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene 4

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III subunit X

UCRC is a subunit of mitochondrial complex III (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase; EC 1.10.2.2), which forms the middle segment of the respiratory chain of the inner mitochondrial membrane (Schagger et al., 1995 [PubMed 8592474]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III subunit XI

This gene encodes the smallest known component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex, which forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The encoded protein may function as a binding factor for the iron-sulfur protein in this complex. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase

This gene encodes a member of the ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase (FNR) family of electron transferases. This protein functions in the synthesis of methionine by regenerating methionine synthase to a functional state. Because methionine synthesis requires methyl-group transfer by a folate donor, activity of the encoded enzyme is important for folate metabolism and cellular methylation. Mutations in this gene can cause homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia, cbl E type. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III subunit VII, 9.5kDa

This gene encodes a ubiquinone-binding protein of low molecular mass. This protein is a small core-associated protein and a subunit of ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex III, which is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase hinge protein

Enables ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase activity. Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane. Implicated in mitochondrial complex III deficiency. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase binding protein

This gene encodes a subunit of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex, which consists of one mitochondrial-encoded and 10 nuclear-encoded subunits. The protein encoded by this gene binds ubiquinone and participates in the transfer of electrons when ubiquinone is bound. This protein plays an important role in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling. Mutations in this gene are associated with mitochondrial complex III deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 1, 5 and X. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

glyoxylate reductase 1 homolog (Arabidopsis) pseudogene

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein II pseudogene 1

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide 1 pseudogene 1

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity. Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide 1 pseudogene 2

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide 1 pseudogene 3

carbonyl reductase 4

Enables several functions, including 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH) activity; NADPH binding activity; and NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone) activity. Involved in fatty acid biosynthetic process; glycoside metabolic process; and protein tetramerization. Located in mitochondrial matrix. Part of oxidoreductase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

carbonyl reductase 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family, which function as NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases having wide specificity for carbonyl compounds, such as quinones, prostaglandins, and various xenobiotics. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

carbonyl reductase 3

Carbonyl reductase 3 catalyzes the reduction of a large number of biologically and pharmacologically active carbonyl compounds to their corresponding alcohols. The enzyme is classified as a monomeric NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase. CBR3 contains three exons spanning 11.2 kilobases and is closely linked to another carbonyl reductase gene - CBR1. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 16C, member 6, pseudogene

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene 3

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene 2

methionine sulfoxide reductase B1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B (MsrB) family. Members of this family function as repair enzymes that protect proteins from oxidative stress by catalyzing the reduction of methionine-R-sulfoxides to methionines. This protein is highly expressed in liver and kidney, and is localized to the nucleus and cytosol. It is the only member of the MsrB family that is a selenoprotein, containing a selenocysteine (Sec) residue at its active site. It also has the highest methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase activity compared to other members containing cysteine in place of Sec. Sec is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, designated the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, that is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon, rather than as a stop signal. A pseudogene of this locus has been identified on chromosome 19. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

methionine sulfoxide reductase B3

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide to methionine. This enzyme acts as a monomer and requires zinc as a cofactor. Several transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. One of the isoforms localizes to mitochondria while the other localizes to endoplasmic reticula. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase binding protein pseudogene

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 9

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. This protein demonstrates oxidoreductase activity toward hydroxysteroids and is able to convert 3-alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone to dihydroxyprogesterone and 3-alpha-androstanediol to dihydroxyprogesterone in the cytoplasm, and may additionally function as a transcriptional repressor in the nucleus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 7

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family, which has over 46,000 members. Members in this family are enzymes that metabolize many different compounds, such as steroid hormones, prostaglandins, retinoids, lipids and xenobiotics. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 4

Enables identical protein binding activity; oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor; and oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor. Involved in several processes, including ketone metabolic process; positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process; and steroid metabolic process. Located in nucleus and peroxisomal membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 2

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family, which has over 46,000 members. Members of this family are enzymes that metabolize many different compounds, such as steroid hormones, prostaglandins, retinoids, lipids and xenobiotics. Alternative promoter use and alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 3

Predicted to enable all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway and retinoid metabolic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including heart morphogenesis; negative regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway; and regulation of ossification. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and photoreceptor outer segment membrane. Predicted to be active in lipid droplet. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 1

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. The encoded enzyme contains a conserved catalytic domain and likely functions as an oxidoreductase. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) X-linked

Enables dolichal reductase activity and polyprenol dehydrogenase activity. Involved in dolichol biosynthetic process and positive regulation of autophagy. Located in extracellular region. Is active in lipid droplet. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1

This gene encodes the catalytic subunit of the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, which is responsible for the reduction of inactive vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to active vitamin K in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Vitamin K is a required co-factor for carboxylation of glutamic acid residues by vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase in blood-clotting enzymes. Allelic variation in this gene is associated with vitamin k-dependent clotting factors combined deficiency of 2, and increased resistance or sensitivity to warfarin, an inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 1 and X. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

ribonucleotide reductase M2 B (TP53 inducible)

This gene encodes the small subunit of a p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase. This heterotetrameric enzyme catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleoside diphosphates to deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates. The product of this reaction is necessary for DNA synthesis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal recessive mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia-5, and mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 pseudogene 4

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 pseudogene 5

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 pseudogene 6

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 pseudogene 7

aldehyde reductase family 1, member B1 pseudogene 1

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 pseudogene 2

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 pseudogene 3

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 pseudogene 8

vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1-like 1

This gene encodes an enzyme important in the vitamin K cycle, which is involved in the carboxylation of glutamate residues present in vitamin K-dependent proteins. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the de-epoxidation of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide. Oxidative stress may upregulate expression of this gene and the encoded protein may protect cells and membrane proteins form oxidative damage. This gene and a related gene (Gene ID: 79001) may have arisen by gene duplication of an ancestral gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C7, pseudogene

ribonucleotide reductase M2 polypeptide pseudogene 4

ribonucleotide reductase M2 polypeptide pseudogene 3

ribonucleotide reductase M2 polypeptide pseudogene 2

cytochrome b reductase 1

This gene is a member of the cytochrome b(561) family that encodes an iron-regulated protein. It highly expressed in the duodenal brush border membrane. It has ferric reductase activity and is believed to play a physiological role in dietary iron absorption. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1-like 1 pseudogene

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B10 pseudogene 1

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B10 pseudogene 2

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase binding protein pseudogene 2

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase binding protein pseudogene 3

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase binding protein pseudogene 1

guanosine monophosphate reductase 2

This gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible and NADPH-dependent reductive deamination of guanosine monophosphate (GMP) to inosine monophosphate (IMP). The protein also functions in the re-utilization of free intracellular bases and purine nucleosides. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene

sepiapterin reductase (7,8-dihydrobiopterin:NADP+ oxidoreductase)

This gene encodes an aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of pteridine derivatives and is important in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Mutations in this gene result in DOPA-responsive dystonia due to sepiaterin reductase deficiency. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase pseudogene 1

trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase pseudogene 2

methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H)

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, a co-substrate for homocysteine remethylation to methionine. Genetic variation in this gene influences susceptibility to occlusive vascular disease, neural tube defects, colon cancer and acute leukemia, and mutations in this gene are associated with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C8, pseudogene

Predicted to enable aldo-keto reductase (NADPH) activity and estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity. Predicted to be involved in prostaglandin biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dihydrofolate reductase-like 1 pseudogene

ferric-chelate reductase 1

Members of the cytochrome b561 (CYB561; MIM 600019) family, including FRRS1, reduce ferric to ferrous iron before its transport from the endosome to the cytoplasm (Vargas et al., 2003 [PubMed 14499595]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

fatty acyl CoA reductase 1 pseudogene 1

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene 1

crystallin, zeta (quinone reductase) pseudogene 1

crystallin, zeta (quinone reductase) pseudogene 2

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase hinge protein-like

This gene has characteristics of a pseudogene derived from the UQCRH gene. However, there is still an open reading frame that could produce a protein of the same or nearly the same size as that of the UQCRH gene, so this gene is being called protein-coding for now. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C1

This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by utilizing NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. The enzymes display overlapping but distinct substrate specificity. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction of progesterone to the inactive form 20-alpha-hydroxy-progesterone. This gene shares high sequence identity with three other gene members and is clustered with those three genes at chromosome 10p15-p14. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase hinge protein pseudogene 3

guanosine monophosphate reductase pseudogene

dihydrofolate reductase pseudogene 2

BC1 (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase) synthesis-like

This gene encodes a homolog of the S. cerevisiae bcs1 protein which is involved in the assembly of complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The encoded protein does not contain a mitochondrial targeting sequence but experimental studies confirm that it is imported into mitochondria. Mutations in this gene are associated with mitochondrial complex III deficiency and the GRACILE syndrome. Several alternatively spliced transcripts encoding two different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

ferredoxin reductase

This gene encodes a mitochondrial flavoprotein that initiates electron transport for cytochromes P450 receiving electrons from NADPH. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member D1 pseudogene 1

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide 1

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity. Involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III assembly and respiratory electron transport chain. Located in mitochondrion. Part of respiratory chain complex III. Implicated in mitochondrial complex III deficiency. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C4

This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by utilizing NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. The enzymes display overlapping but distinct substrate specificity. This enzyme catalyzes the bioreduction of chlordecone, a toxic organochlorine pesticide, to chlordecone alcohol in liver. This gene shares high sequence identity with three other gene members and is clustered with those three genes at chromosome 10p15-p14. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C2

This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols using NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. The enzymes display overlapping but distinct substrate specificity. This enzyme binds bile acid with high affinity, and shows minimal 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. This gene shares high sequence identity with three other gene members and is clustered with those three genes at chromosome 10p15-p14. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase

HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis and is regulated via a negative feedback mechanism mediated by sterols and non-sterol metabolites derived from mevalonate, the product of the reaction catalyzed by reductase. Normally in mammalian cells this enzyme is suppressed by cholesterol derived from the internalization and degradation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) via the LDL receptor. Competitive inhibitors of the reductase induce the expression of LDL receptors in the liver, which in turn increases the catabolism of plasma LDL and lowers the plasma concentration of cholesterol, an important determinant of atherosclerosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C3

This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by utilizing NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. The enzymes display overlapping but distinct substrate specificity. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGH2 and phenanthrenequinone (PQ), and the oxidation of 9alpha,11beta-PGF2 to PGD2. It may play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as asthma, and may also have a role in controlling cell growth and/or differentiation. This gene shares high sequence identity with three other gene members and is clustered with those three genes at chromosome 10p15-p14. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 pseudogene

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase) pseudogene 3

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase) pseudogene 2

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase) pseudogene 7

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase) pseudogene 5

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase) pseudogene 4

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C, member 7

This gene encodes a protein with similarity to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family but has not been shown to have retinoid or dehydrogenase activities. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

glyoxylate reductase 1 homolog (Arabidopsis)

Enables several functions, including chromatin-protein adaptor activity; methylated histone binding activity; and nucleosome binding activity. Involved in transcription elongation-coupled chromatin remodeling and transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of nucleosome. Is active in chromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sulfide quinone reductase-like (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene may function in mitochondria to catalyze the conversion of sulfide to persulfides, thereby decreasing toxic concencrations of sulfide. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2012]

aldo-keto reductase family 7-like (gene/pseudogene)

This gene is one of three aldo-keto reductase genes that are present in a cluster on the p arm of chromosome 1. The encoded proteins are involved in the reduction of the dialdehyde protein-binding form of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to the non-binding AFB1 dialcohol. It has been speculated that this family member encodes a selenoprotein, which includes a selenocysteine (Sec) residue in lieu of a UGA translational termination codon. However, there is no evidence that such a protein is produced in vivo. The alternative interpretation is that this family member is a segregating pseudogene, where some individuals have an allele that encodes a functional enzyme, while other individuals have an allele encoding a protein that is predicted to be non-functional. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C5, pseudogene

cytochrome b5 reductase 4

NCB5OR is a flavohemoprotein that contains functional domains found in both cytochrome b5 (CYB5A; MIM 613218) and CYB5 reductase (CYB5R3; MIM 613213) (Zhu et al., 1999 [PubMed 10611283]).[supplied by OMIM, Jan 2010]

cytochrome b5 reductase 3

This gene encodes cytochrome b5 reductase, which includes a membrane-bound form in somatic cells (anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial and other membranes) and a soluble form in erythrocytes. The membrane-bound form exists mainly on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum and functions in desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, in cholesterol biosynthesis, and in drug metabolism. The erythrocyte form is located in a soluble fraction of circulating erythrocytes and is involved in methemoglobin reduction. The membrane-bound form has both membrane-binding and catalytic domains, while the soluble form has only the catalytic domain. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Mutations in this gene cause methemoglobinemias. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

cytochrome b5 reductase 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family of proteins. Cytochrome b-type NAD(P)H oxidoreductases are implicated in many processes including cholesterol biosynthesis, fatty acid desaturation and elongation, and respiratory burst in neutrophils and macrophages. Cytochrome b5 reductases have soluble and membrane-bound forms that are the product of alternative splicing. In animal cells, the membrane-bound form binds to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is a member of a fatty acid desaturation complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

cytochrome b5 reductase 1

Predicted to enable FAD binding activity. Predicted to be involved in bicarbonate transport. Located in cytosol and mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytochrome b5 reductase-like

Predicted to enable cytochrome-b5 reductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H. Predicted to be involved in bicarbonate transport. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase) pseudogene 1

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein II

The protein encoded by this gene is located in the mitochondrion, where it is part of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (also known as complex III). This complex constitutes a part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Defects in this gene are a cause of mitochondrial complex III deficiency nuclear type 5. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein I

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity. Predicted to be involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Predicted to act upstream of or within mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane. Implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

retinol saturase (all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase)

Predicted to enable all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase activity. Predicted to be involved in retinol metabolic process. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

thioredoxin reductase 3 neighbor

carbonyl reductase 1 pseudogene

crystallin, zeta (quinone reductase)

Crystallins are separated into two classes: taxon-specific, or enzyme, and ubiquitous. The latter class constitutes the major proteins of vertebrate eye lens and maintains the transparency and refractive index of the lens. The former class is also called phylogenetically-restricted crystallins. This gene encodes a taxon-specific crystallin protein which has NADPH-dependent quinone reductase activity distinct from other known quinone reductases. It lacks alcohol dehydrogenase activity although by similarity it is considered a member of the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Unlike other mammalian species, in humans, lens expression is low. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. One pseudogene is known to exist. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]

Aromatic alpha-keto acid reductase

dihydrofolate reductase pseudogene 1

Enables dihydrofolate reductase activity; heterocyclic compound binding activity; and nucleic acid binding activity. Involved in several processes, including dihydrofolate metabolic process; tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic process; and tetrahydrofolate biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 1, 75kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family. Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. It locates at the mitochondrial inner membrane. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. This protein is the largest subunit of complex I and it is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme. It may form part of the active site crevice where NADH is oxidized. Mutations in this gene are associated with complex I deficiency. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 2, 49kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

The protein encoded by this gene is a core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (complex I). Mammalian mitochondrial complex I is composed of at least 43 different subunits, 7 of which are encoded by the mitochondrial genome, and the rest are the products of nuclear genes. The iron-sulfur protein fraction of complex I is made up of 7 subunits, including this gene product. Complex I catalyzes the NADH oxidation with concomitant ubiquinone reduction and proton ejection out of the mitochondria. Mutations in this gene are associated with mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 3, 30kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

This gene encodes one of the iron-sulfur protein (IP) components of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mutations in this gene are associated with Leigh syndrome resulting from mitochondrial complex I deficiency.[provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 4, 18kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

This gene encodes an nuclear-encoded accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (complex I, or NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase). Complex I removes electrons from NADH and passes them to the electron acceptor ubiquinone. Mutations in this gene can cause mitochondrial complex I deficiencies such as Leigh syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

This gene is a member of the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) iron-sulfur protein family. The encoded protein is a subunit of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), the first enzyme complex in the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 1, 4 and 17. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 6, 13kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

This gene encodes a subunit of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), which is the first enzyme complex in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. This complex functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The subunit encoded by this gene is one of seven subunits in the iron-sulfur protein fraction. Mutations in this gene cause mitochondrial complex I deficiency, a disease that causes a wide variety of clinical disorders, including neonatal disease and adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 7, 20kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

This gene encodes a protein that is a subunit of one of the complexes that forms the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This protein is one of over 40 subunits found in complex I, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH):ubiquinone oxidoreductase. This complex functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain, and ubiquinone is believed to be the immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme. Mutations in this gene cause Leigh syndrome due to mitochondrial complex I deficiency, a severe neurological disorder that results in bilaterally symmetrical necrotic lesions in subcortical brain regions. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 8, 23kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, or Complex I, a multimeric enzyme of the respiratory chain responsible for NADH oxidation, ubiquinone reduction, and the ejection of protons from mitochondria. The encoded protein is involved in the binding of two of the six to eight iron-sulfur clusters of Complex I and, as such, is required in the electron transfer process. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Leigh syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

24-dehydrocholesterol reductase

This gene encodes a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent oxidoreductase which catalyzes the reduction of the delta-24 double bond of sterol intermediates during cholesterol biosynthesis. The protein contains a leader sequence that directs it to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Missense mutations in this gene have been associated with desmosterolosis. Also, reduced expression of the gene occurs in the temporal cortex of Alzheimer disease patients and overexpression has been observed in adrenal gland cancer cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member D1

The enzyme encoded by this gene is responsible for the catalysis of the 5-beta-reduction of bile acid intermediates and steroid hormones carrying a delta(4)-3-one structure. Deficiency of this enzyme may contribute to hepatic dysfunction. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Other variants may be present, but their full-length natures have not been determined yet. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

fatty acyl CoA reductase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is required for the reduction of fatty acids to fatty alcohols, a process that is required for the synthesis of monoesters and ether lipids. NADPH is required as a cofactor in this reaction, and 16-18 carbon saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are the preferred substrate. This is a peroxisomal membrane protein, and studies suggest that the N-terminus contains a large catalytic domain located on the outside of the peroxisome, while the C-terminus is exposed to the matrix of the peroxisome. Studies indicate that the regulation of this protein is dependent on plasmalogen levels. Mutations in this gene have been associated with individuals affected by severe intellectual disability, early-onset epilepsy, microcephaly, congenital cataracts, growth retardation, and spasticity (PMID: 25439727). A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 13. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

fatty acyl CoA reductase 2

This gene belongs to the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. It encodes a reductase enzyme involved in the first step of wax biosynthesis wherein fatty acids are converted to fatty alcohols. The encoded peroxisomal protein utilizes saturated fatty acids of 16 or 18 carbons as preferred substrates. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 2, 14 and 22. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex assembly factor 1

This gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is structurally similar to the mouse basic fibroblast growth factor repressed ZIC-binding protein. In mouse this protein may be involved in fibroblast growth factor regulated growth control. In humans, polymorphisms in this gene are associated with variation in human height and osteoarthritis. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex assembly factor 3

Complex III is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein complex that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c. This gene encodes a protein that functions in complex III assembly. Mutations in this gene result in Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear type 9. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex assembly factor 2

This gene encodes a nucleoid protein localized to the mitochondria inner membrane. The encoded protein affects regulation of insulin secretion, mitochondrial ATP production, and myogenesis through modulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

dihydrofolate reductase pseudogene

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member E2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily. Members in this family are characterized by their structure (evolutionarily highly conserved TIM barrel) and function (NAD(P)H-dependent oxido-reduction of carbonyl groups). Transcripts of this gene have been reported in specimens of human testis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C6, pseudogene

methionine sulfoxide reductase B2

Predicted to enable actin binding activity; peptide-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase activity; and zinc ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in actin filament polymerization and protein repair. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dihydrofolate reductase pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene

guanosine monophosphate reductase

This gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible and NADPH-dependent reductive deamination of GMP to IMP. The protein also functions in the re-utilization of free intracellular bases and purine nucleosides.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

glutathione reductase

This gene encodes a member of the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. This enzyme is a homodimeric flavoprotein. It is a central enzyme of cellular antioxidant defense, and reduces oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to the sulfhydryl form GSH, which is an important cellular antioxidant. Rare mutations in this gene result in hereditary glutathione reductase deficiency. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

7-dehydrocholesterol reductase

This gene encodes an enzyme that removes the C(7-8) double bond in the B ring of sterols and catalyzes the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. This gene is ubiquitously expressed and its transmembrane protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and nuclear outer membrane. Mutations in this gene cause Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS); a syndrome that is metabolically characterized by reduced serum cholesterol levels and elevated serum 7-dehydrocholesterol levels and phenotypically characterized by cognitive disability, facial dysmorphism, syndactyly of second and third toes, and holoprosencephaly in severe cases to minimal physical abnormalities and near-normal intelligence in mild cases. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

thioredoxin reductase 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family, and is a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) system. Three thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) isozymes are found in mammals. TrxRs are selenocysteine-containing flavoenzymes, which reduce thioredoxins, as well as other substrates, and play a key role in redox homoeostasis. This gene encodes a mitochondrial form important for scavenging reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. It functions as a homodimer containing FAD, and selenocysteine (Sec) at the active site. Sec is encoded by UGA codon that normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms, including a few localized in the cytosol and some lacking the C-terminal Sec residue, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2017]

thioredoxin reductase 3

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family, and is a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) system. Three thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) isozymes are found in mammals. TrxRs are selenocysteine-containing flavoenzymes, which reduce thioredoxins, as well as other substrates, and play a key role in redox homoeostasis. This gene encodes the third TrxR, which unlike the other two isozymes, contains an additional N-terminal glutaredoxin (Grx) domain, and shows highest expression in testis. The Grx domain allows this isozyme to participate in both Trx and glutathione systems. It functions as a homodimer containing FAD, and selenocysteine (Sec) at the active site. Sec is encoded by UGA codon that normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. Experimental evidence suggests the use of a non-AUG (CUG) codon as a translation initiation codon (PMID:20018845). [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

thioredoxin reductase 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family, and is a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) system. Three thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) isozymes are found in mammals. TrxRs are selenocysteine-containing flavoenzymes, which reduce thioredoxins, as well as other substrates, and play a key role in redox homoeostasis. This gene encodes an ubiquitously expressed, cytosolic form of TrxR, which functions as a homodimer containing FAD, and selenocysteine (Sec) at the active site. Sec is encoded by UGA codon that normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. Alternative splicing, primarily at the 5' end, results in transcript variants encoding same or different isoforms, including a glutaredoxin-containing isoform that is predominantly expressed in testis. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 16C, member 5

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily of proteins and is involved in the oxidation of retinol to retinaldehyde. The encoded protein is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and is predicted to contain three transmembrane helices, suggesting that it is an integral membrane protein. It recognizes all-trans-retinol and all-trans-retinaldehyde as substrates and exhibits a strong preference for NAD(+)/NADH as cofactors. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase hinge protein pseudogene 4

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase hinge protein pseudogene 1

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase hinge protein pseudogene 2

2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase 2, peroxisomal

Enables 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity and trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity. Involved in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in cytosol and peroxisomal membrane. Predicted to be active in peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase 1, mitochondrial

Enables 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity; NADPH binding activity; and identical protein binding activity. Involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation. Located in cytosol; mitochondrion; and nucleoplasm. Part of catalytic complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dihydrofolate reductase

Dihydrofolate reductase converts dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate, a methyl group shuttle required for the de novo synthesis of purines, thymidylic acid, and certain amino acids. While the functional dihydrofolate reductase gene has been mapped to chromosome 5, multiple intronless processed pseudogenes or dihydrofolate reductase-like genes have been identified on separate chromosomes. Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency has been linked to megaloblastic anemia. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

steroid 5 alpha-reductase 3 pseudogene 1

trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase

This gene encodes a multi-pass membrane protein that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum, and belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family. The elongation of microsomal long and very long chain fatty acid consists of 4 sequential reactions. This protein catalyzes the final step, reducing trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA to saturated acyl-CoA. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Apr 2011]

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 39U, member 1

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) superfamily, which includes both classical and extended types. The encoded protein represents an extended type, with similarity to epimerases. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

putative short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E member 2

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex assembly factor 4

Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III assembly. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

prostaglandin reductase 3

Predicted to enable 15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase [NAD(P)+] activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of fat cell differentiation. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex assembly factor 6

Involved in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Is active in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dihydrofolate reductase 2

Enables dihydrofolate reductase activity and mRNA binding activity. Involved in tetrahydrofolate metabolic process and thymidine biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane and mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dihydrofolate reductase pseudogene 3

aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C8

Predicted to enable aldo-keto reductase (NADPH) activity and estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity. Predicted to be involved in prostaglandin biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex assembly factor 5

Enables mitochondrial ribosome binding activity. Involved in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Is active in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]