Harmonizome 3.0

solute carrier family 4 (anion exchanger), member 1 (Diego blood group)

The protein encoded by this gene is part of the anion exchanger (AE) family and is expressed in the erythrocyte plasma membrane, where it functions as a chloride/bicarbonate exchanger involved in carbon dioxide transport from tissues to lungs. The protein comprises two domains that are structurally and functionally distinct. The N-terminal 40kDa domain is located in the cytoplasm and acts as an attachment site for the red cell skeleton by binding ankyrin. The glycosylated C-terminal membrane-associated domain contains 12-14 membrane spanning segments and carries out the stilbene disulphonate-sensitive exchange transport of anions. The cytoplasmic tail at the extreme C-terminus of the membrane domain binds carbonic anhydrase II. The encoded protein associates with the red cell membrane protein glycophorin A and this association promotes the correct folding and translocation of the exchanger. This protein is predominantly dimeric but forms tetramers in the presence of ankyrin. Many mutations in this gene are known in man, and these mutations can lead to two types of disease: destabilization of red cell membrane leading to hereditary spherocytosis, and defective kidney acid secretion leading to distal renal tubular acidosis. Other mutations that do not give rise to disease result in novel blood group antigens, which form the Diego blood group system. Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO, Melanesian ovalocytosis) results from the heterozygous presence of a deletion in the encoded protein and is common in areas where Plasmodium falciparum malaria is endemic. One null mutation in this gene is known, resulting in very severe anemia and nephrocalcinosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 4 (anion exchanger), member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a plasma membrane anion exchange protein. The encoded protein has been found in brain, heart, kidney, small intestine, and lung. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

solute carrier family 4 (anion exchanger), member 2

This gene encodes a member of the anion exchanger family of membrane transport proteins. The encoded protein regulates intracellular pH, biliary bicarbonate secretion, and chloride uptake. Reduced expression of this gene may be associated with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in human patients, while differential expression of this gene may be associated with malignant hepatocellular carcinoma, colon and gastric cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

solute carrier family 4 (anion exchanger), member 1, adaptor protein

Predicted to enable mRNA binding activity. Located in nucleoplasm and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 26 (anion exchanger), member 11

This gene encodes a member of the solute linked carrier 26 family of anion exchangers. Members of this family of proteins are essential for numerous cellular functions including homeostasis and intracellular electrolyte balance. The encoded protein is a sodium independent sulfate transporter that is sensitive to the anion exchanger inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

solute carrier family 4 (anion exchanger), member 1, adaptor protein pseudogene 2

solute carrier family 4 (anion exchanger), member 1, adaptor protein pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 26 (anion exchanger), member 1

This gene is a member of a family of sulfate/anion transporter genes. Family members are well conserved in their genomic (number and size of exons) and protein (aa length among species) structures, but have markedly different tissue expression patterns. This gene is primarily expressed in the liver, pancreas, and brain. Three splice variants that encode different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 26 (anion exchanger), member 2

The diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter is a transmembrane glycoprotein implicated in the pathogenesis of several human chondrodysplasias. It apparently is critical in cartilage for sulfation of proteoglycans and matrix organization. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 26 (anion exchanger), member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane glycoprotein that transports chloride ions across the cell membrane in exchange for bicarbonate ions. It is localized to the mucosa of the lower intestinal tract, particularly to the apical membrane of columnar epithelium and some goblet cells. The protein is essential for intestinal chloride absorption, and mutations in this gene have been associated with congenital chloride diarrhea. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

solute carrier family 26 (anion exchanger), member 4

Mutations in this gene are associated with Pendred syndrome, the most common form of syndromic deafness, an autosomal-recessive disease. It is highly homologous to the SLC26A3 gene; they have similar genomic structures and this gene is located 3' of the SLC26A3 gene. The encoded protein has homology to sulfate transporters. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 26 (anion exchanger), member 5

This gene encodes a member of the SLC26A/SulP transporter family. The protein functions as a molecular motor in motile outer hair cells (OHCs) of the cochlea, inducing changes in cell length that act to amplify sound levels. The transmembrane protein is an incomplete anion transporter, and does not allow anions to cross the cell membrane but instead undergoes a conformational change in response to changes in intracellular Cl- levels that results in a change in cell length. The protein functions at microsecond rates, which is several orders of magnitude faster than conventional molecular motor proteins. Mutations in this gene are potential candidates for causing neurosensory deafness. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

solute carrier family 26 (anion exchanger), member 6

This gene belongs to the solute carrier 26 family, whose members encode anion transporter proteins. This particular family member encodes a protein involved in transporting chloride, oxalate, sulfate and bicarbonate. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

solute carrier family 26 (anion exchanger), member 7

This gene is one member of a family of sulfate/anion transporter genes. Family members are well conserved in gene structure and protein length yet have markedly different tissue expression patterns. This gene has abundant and specific expression in the kidney. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

solute carrier family 26 (anion exchanger), member 8

This gene encodes a member of the SLC26 gene family of anion transporters. Family members are well conserved in gene structure and protein length yet have markedly different tissue expression patterns. The expression of this gene appears to be restricted to spermatocytes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

solute carrier family 26 (anion exchanger), member 9

This gene is one member of a family of sulfate/anion transporter genes. Family members are well conserved in their genomic (number and size of exons) and protein (aa length among species) structures yet have markedly different tissue expression patterns. The product of this gene is a highly selective chloride ion channel regulated by WNK kinases. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding differing isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase

Enables inorganic diphosphate phosphatase activity and protein homodimerization activity. Involved in phosphate-containing compound metabolic process. Located in cytosol and nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 2

The protein encoded by this gene is localized to the mitochondrion, is highly similar to members of the inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) family, and contains the signature sequence essential for the catalytic activity of PPase. PPases catalyze the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate, which is important for the phosphate metabolism of cells. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) family. PPases catalyze the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate, which is important for the phosphate metabolism of cells. Studies of a similar protein in bovine suggested a cytoplasmic localization of this enzyme. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 1 pseudogene

pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 1 pseudogene

ANKH inorganic pyrophosphate transport regulator

This gene encodes a multipass transmembrane protein that is expressed in joints and other tissues and controls pyrophosphate levels in cultured cells. Progressive ankylosis-mediated control of pyrophosphate levels has been suggested as a possible mechanism regulating tissue calcification and susceptibility to arthritis in higher animals. Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal dominant craniometaphyseal dysplasia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ecto-NOX disulfide-thiol exchanger 1

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in plasma membrane electron transport pathways. The encoded protein has both a hydroquinone (NADH) oxidase activity and a protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity. The two activities cycle with a periodicity of 24 minutes, with one activity being at its peak when the other is at its lowest. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

ecto-NOX disulfide-thiol exchanger 2

This gene is a tumor-specific member of the ECTO-NOX family of genes that encode cell surface NADH oxidases. The encoded protein has two enzymatic activities: catalysis of hydroquinone or NADH oxidation, and protein disulfide interchange. The protein also displays prion-like properties. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

solute carrier family 24 (sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger), member 4

This gene encodes a sodium/potassium/calcium exchange protein. The encoded antiporter transports one calcium and one potassium ion in exchange for four sodium ions and has been implicated in amelogenesis and enamel maturation. Certain variants in this gene have been associated with skin, hair, and eye pigmentation, while other variants have been identified in people with hypomaturation-type amelogenesis imperfecta. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2023]

solute carrier family 24 (sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger), member 5

This gene is a member of the potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchanger family and encodes an intracellular membrane protein with 2 large hydrophilic loops and 2 sets of multiple transmembrane-spanning segments. Sequence variation in this gene has been associated with differences in skin pigmentation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 24 (sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger), member 2

This gene encodes a member of the calcium/cation antiporter superfamily of transport proteins. The encoded protein belongs to the SLC24 branch of exchangers, which can mediate the extrusion of one Ca2+ ion and one K+ ion in exchange for four Na+ ions. This family member is a retinal cone/brain exchanger that can mediate a light-induced decrease in free Ca2+ concentration. This protein may also play a neuroprotective role during ischemic brain injury. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

solute carrier family 24 (sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger), member 3

Plasma membrane sodium/calcium exchangers are an important component of intracellular calcium homeostasis and electrical conduction. Potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchangers such as SLC24A3 are believed to transport 1 intracellular calcium and 1 potassium ion in exchange for 4 extracellular sodium ions (Kraev et al., 2001 [PubMed 11294880]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

solute carrier family 24 (sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger), member 1

This gene encodes a member of the potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchanger protein family. The encoded protein plays an important role in sodium/calcium exchange in retinal rod and cone photoreceptors by mediating the extrusion of one calcium ion and one potassium ion in exchange for four sodium ions. Mutations in this gene may play a role in congenital stationary night blindness. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

solute carrier family 8 (sodium/calcium exchanger), member 1

In cardiac myocytes, Ca(2+) concentrations alternate between high levels during contraction and low levels during relaxation. The increase in Ca(2+) concentration during contraction is primarily due to release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. However, some Ca(2+) also enters the cell through the sarcolemma (plasma membrane). During relaxation, Ca(2+) is sequestered within the intracellular stores. To prevent overloading of intracellular stores, the Ca(2+) that entered across the sarcolemma must be extruded from the cell. The Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger is the primary mechanism by which the Ca(2+) is extruded from the cell during relaxation. In the heart, the exchanger may play a key role in digitalis action. The exchanger is the dominant mechanism in returning the cardiac myocyte to its resting state following excitation.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

solute carrier family 8 (sodium/calcium exchanger), member 3

This gene encodes a member of the sodium/calcium exchanger integral membrane protein family. Na+/Ca2+ exchange proteins are involved in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in a wide variety of cell types. The protein is regulated by intracellular calcium ions and is found in both the plasma membrane and intracellular organellar membranes, where exchange of Na+ for Ca2+ occurs in an electrogenic manner. Alternative splicing has been observed for this gene and multiple variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

solute carrier family 8 (sodium/calcium exchanger), member 2

Predicted to enable calcium:monoatomic cation antiporter activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration and calcium:sodium antiporter activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including learning or memory; monoatomic cation transmembrane transport; and regulation of short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including modulation of chemical synaptic transmission; regulation of action potential firing pattern; and response to ischemia. Located in presynapse. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9B1-like

sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9B1-like

solute carrier family 8 (sodium/lithium/calcium exchanger), member B1

SLC24A6 belongs to a family of potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchangers that maintain cellular calcium homeostasis through the electrogenic countertransport of 4 sodium ions for 1 calcium ion and 1 potassium ion (Cai and Lytton, 2004 [PubMed 14625281]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

solute carrier family 17 (organic anion transporter), member 1

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter activity. Involved in sodium-dependent phosphate transport; urate metabolic process; and urate transport. Located in apical plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 17 (organic anion transporter), member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-driven transporter that excretes intracellular urate and organic anions from the blood into renal tubule cells. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. The longer isoform is a plasma membrane protein with transporter activity while the shorter isoform localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 1

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 2

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 4

VDAC4 belongs to a family of small, abundant pore-forming proteins found in the outer mitochondrial membrane. These channels are thought to form the major pathway for movement of adenine nucleotides through the outer membrane and may also function as the mitochondrial binding site for hexokinase (see HK1; MIM 142600) and glycerol kinase (GK; MIM 300474) (Blachly-Dyson et al., 1994 [PubMed 7517385]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 5

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 6

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 7

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 9

solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 2B1

This locus encodes a member of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide family of membrane proteins. The protein encoded by this locus may function in regulation of placental uptake of sulfated steroids. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1A2

This gene encodes a sodium-independent transporter which mediates cellular uptake of organic ions in the liver. Its substrates include bile acids, bromosulphophthalein, and some steroidal compounds. The protein is a member of the SLC21A family of solute carriers. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 3

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 8

solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 2A1

This gene encodes a prostaglandin transporter that is a member of the 12-membrane-spanning superfamily of transporters. The encoded protein may be involved in mediating the uptake and clearance of prostaglandins in numerous tissues. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 5A1

Predicted to enable sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in sodium-independent organic anion transport. Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1C1

This gene encodes a member of the organic anion transporter family. The encoded protein is a transmembrane receptor that mediates the sodium-independent uptake of thyroid hormones in brain tissues. This protein has particularly high affinity for the thyroid hormones thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and reverse tri-iodothyronine. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding this protein may be associated with fatigue and depression in patients suffering from hyperthyroidism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

voltage-dependent anion channel 3 pseudogene 1

solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 6A1

Predicted to enable sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in sodium-independent organic anion transport. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of CatSper complex. Predicted to be active in basolateral plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 22 (organic anion transporter), member 6

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the sodium-dependent transport and excretion of organic anions, some of which are potentially toxic. The encoded protein is an integral membrane protein and may be localized to the basolateral membrane. Four transcript variants encoding four different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 22 (organic anion transporter), member 7

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the sodium-independent transport and excretion of organic anions, some of which are potentially toxic. The encoded protein is an integral membrane protein and appears to be localized to the basolateral membrane of the kidney. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 22 (organic anion transporter), member 9

Enables short-chain fatty acid transmembrane transporter activity and sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity. Involved in hormone transport; short-chain fatty acid transmembrane transport; and sodium-independent organic anion transport. Located in basolateral plasma membrane. Implicated in Lynch syndrome and mismatch repair cancer syndrome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

voltage-dependent anion channel 2 pseudogene 2

voltage-dependent anion channel 2 pseudogene 1

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 12

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 13

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 10

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene 11

solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1B1

This gene encodes a liver-specific member of the organic anion transporter family. The encoded protein is a transmembrane receptor that mediates the sodium-independent uptake of numerous endogenous compounds including bilirubin, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol and leukotriene C4. This protein is also involved in the removal of drug compounds such as statins, bromosulfophthalein and rifampin from the blood into the hepatocytes. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding this protein are associated with impaired transporter function. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 4C1

SLCO4C1 belongs to the organic anion transporter (OATP) family. OATPs are involved in the membrane transport of bile acids, conjugated steroids, thyroid hormone, eicosanoids, peptides, and numerous drugs in many tissues (Mikkaichi et al., 2004 [PubMed 14993604]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/urate transporter), member 13

This gene encodes a member of the organic-cation transporter family. It is located in a gene cluster with another member of the family, organic cation transporter like 4. The encoded protein is a transmembrane protein involved in the transport of small molecules. This protein can function to mediate urate uptake and is a high affinity nicotinate exchanger in the kidneys and the intestine. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]

voltage-dependent anion channel 1 pseudogene

solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 3A1

Enables organic anion transmembrane transporter activity and prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity. Involved in positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; positive regulation of protein phosphorylation; and prostaglandin transport. Located in basal plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

voltage-dependent anion channel 2 pseudogene

solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1B3

This gene encodes a liver-specific member of the organic anion transporter family. The encoded protein is a transmembrane receptor that mediates the sodium-independent uptake of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds and plays a critical role in bile acid and bilirubin transport. Mutations in this gene are a cause of Rotor type hyperbilirubinemia. Alternative splicing of this gene and the use of alternative promoters results in transcript variants encoding different isoforms that differ in their tissue specificity. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1B7 (non-functional)

Predicted to enable bile acid transmembrane transporter activity and sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in bile acid and bile salt transport and sodium-independent organic anion transport. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in basolateral plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

voltage-dependent anion channel 3 pseudogene

solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/urate transporter), member 12

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the organic anion transporter (OAT) family, and it acts as a urate transporter to regulate urate levels in blood. This protein is an integral membrane protein primarily found in epithelial cells of the proximal tubule of the kidney. An elevated level of serum urate, hyperuricemia, is associated with increased incidences of gout, and mutations in this gene cause renal hypouricemia type 1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/urate transporter), member 11

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the sodium-independent transport and excretion of organic anions, some of which are potentially toxic. The encoded protein is an integral membrane protein and is found mainly in the kidney and in the placenta, where it may act to prevent potentially harmful organic anions from reaching the fetus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 4A1

Enables organic anion transmembrane transporter activity and prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in sodium-independent organic anion transport. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in basolateral plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

voltage-dependent anion channel 2 pseudogene

solute carrier family 22 (organic anion transporter), member 8

This gene encodes a protein involved in the sodium-independent transport and excretion of organic anions, some of which are potentially toxic. The encoded protein is an integral membrane protein and appears to be localized to the basolateral membrane of the kidney. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

voltage-dependent anion channel 2 pseudogene

voltage-dependent anion channel 3

This gene encodes a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), and belongs to the mitochondrial porin family. VDACs are small, integral membrane proteins that traverse the outer mitochondrial membrane and conduct ATP and other small metabolites. They are known to bind several kinases of intermediary metabolism, thought to be involved in translocation of adenine nucleotides, and are hypothesized to form part of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, which results in the release of cytochrome c at the onset of apoptotic cell death. Alternatively transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

voltage-dependent anion channel 2

This gene encodes a member of the voltage-dependent anion channel pore-forming family of proteins that are considered the main pathway for metabolite diffusion across the mitochondrial outer membrane. The encoded protein is also thought to be involved in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway via regulation of BCL2-antagonist/killer 1 protein activity. Pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 12 and 21, and alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

voltage-dependent anion channel 1

This gene encodes a voltage-dependent anion channel protein that is a major component of the outer mitochondrial membrane. The encoded protein facilitates the exchange of metabolites and ions across the outer mitochondrial membrane and may regulate mitochondrial functions. This protein also forms channels in the plasma membrane and may be involved in transmembrane electron transport. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Multiple pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 1, 2 3, 6, 9, 12, X and Y.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]