Harmonizome 3.0

clock circadian regulator

The protein encoded by this gene plays a central role in the regulation of circadian rhythms. The protein encodes a transcription factor of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family and contains DNA binding histone acetyltransferase activity. The encoded protein forms a heterodimer with ARNTL (BMAL1) that binds E-box enhancer elements upstream of Period (PER1, PER2, PER3) and Cryptochrome (CRY1, CRY2) genes and activates transcription of these genes. PER and CRY proteins heterodimerize and repress their own transcription by interacting in a feedback loop with CLOCK/ARNTL complexes. Polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with behavioral changes in certain populations and with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

CLOCK-interacting pacemaker

Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription and negative regulation of circadian rhythm. Located in cytosol; nucleolus; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

period circadian clock 3

This gene is a member of the Period family of genes and is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. This gene is upregulated by CLOCK/ARNTL heterodimers but then represses this upregulation in a feedback loop using PER/CRY heterodimers to interact with CLOCK/ARNTL. Polymorphisms in this gene have been linked to sleep disorders. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

period circadian clock 2

This gene is a member of the Period family of genes and is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. This gene is upregulated by CLOCK/ARNTL heterodimers but then represses this upregulation in a feedback loop using PER/CRY heterodimers to interact with CLOCK/ARNTL. Polymorphisms in this gene may increase the risk of getting certain cancers and have been linked to sleep disorders. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

period circadian clock 1

This gene is a member of the Period family of genes and is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. This gene is upregulated by CLOCK/ARNTL heterodimers but then represses this upregulation in a feedback loop using PER/CRY heterodimers to interact with CLOCK/ARNTL. Polymorphisms in this gene may increase the risk of getting certain cancers. Alternative splicing has been observed in this gene; however, these variants have not been fully described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

period circadian clock 3 pseudogene

cryptochrome circadian clock 2

This gene encodes a flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding protein that is a key component of the circadian core oscillator complex, which regulates the circadian clock. This gene is upregulated by CLOCK/ARNTL heterodimers but then represses this upregulation in a feedback loop using PER/CRY heterodimers to interact with CLOCK/ARNTL. Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with altered sleep patterns. The encoded protein is widely conserved across plants and animals. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

timeless circadian clock

The protein encoded by this gene is highly conserved and is involved in cell survival after damage or stress, increase in DNA polymerase epsilon activity, maintenance of telomere length, and epithelial cell morphogenesis. The encoded protein also plays a role in the circadian rhythm autoregulatory loop, interacting with the PERIOD genes (PER1, PER2, and PER3) and others to downregulate activation of PER1 by CLOCK/ARNTL. Changes in this gene or its expression may promote prostate cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and mental disorders. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

cryptochrome circadian clock 1

This gene encodes a flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding protein that is a key component of the circadian core oscillator complex, which regulates the circadian clock. This gene is upregulated by CLOCK/ARNTL heterodimers but then represses this upregulation in a feedback loop using PER/CRY heterodimers to interact with CLOCK/ARNTL. Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with altered sleep patterns. The encoded protein is widely conserved across plants and animals. Loss of the related gene in mouse results in a shortened circadian cycle in complete darkness. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 14

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 13

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 12

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 10

translationally-controlled tumor protein pseudogene

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 9

translationally-controlled tumor protein pseudogene

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 6

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1

This gene encodes a protein that is a regulator of cellular growth and proliferation. Its mRNA is highly structured and contains an oligopyrimidine tract (5'-TOP) in its 5' untranslated region that functions to repress its translation under quiescent conditions. The encoded protein is involved in a variety of cellular pathways, including apoptosis, protein synthesis and cell division. It binds to and stabilizes microtubules, and removal of this protein through phosphorylation is required for progression through mitotic and meiotic cell divisions. This gene is known to play a role in carcinogenesis, and is upregulated in some cancer cells. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 8

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in apoptotic process. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 5

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 4

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 3

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 2

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 1

ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homolog (C. elegans)

This gene encodes a large coiled coil domain-containing protein that functions in autophagy during starvation conditions. Mutations in this gene cause Vici syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

beclin 1, autophagy related

This gene encodes a protein that regulates autophagy, a catabolic process of degradation induced by starvation. The encoded protein is a component of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) complex which mediates vesicle-trafficking processes. This protein is thought to play a role in multiple cellular processes, including tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration and apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 2

This gene encodes a protein that is similar to a serine/threonine kinase in C. elegans which is involved in axonal elongation. The structure of this protein is similar to the C. elegans protein in that both proteins have an N-terminal kinase domain, a central proline/serine rich (PS) domain, and a C-terminal (C) domain. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1

Enables identical protein binding activity; protein serine/threonine kinase activity; and small GTPase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including protein phosphorylation; regulation of autophagy; and regulation of protein lipidation. Located in bounding membrane of organelle; cytosol; and phagophore assembly site membrane. Part of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex and phagophore assembly site. Is active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

suppressor of glucose, autophagy associated 1

Involved in chromosome segregation. Located in extracellular space; microtubule; and midbody. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

beclin 1, autophagy related, pseudogene 2

autophagy related 4C, cysteine peptidase

Autophagy is the process by which endogenous proteins and damaged organelles are destroyed intracellularly. Autophagy is postulated to be essential for cell homeostasis and cell remodeling during differentiation, metamorphosis, non-apoptotic cell death, and aging. Reduced levels of autophagy have been described in some malignant tumors, and a role for autophagy in controlling the unregulated cell growth linked to cancer has been proposed. This gene encodes a member of the autophagin protein family. The encoded protein is also designated as a member of the C-54 family of cysteine proteases. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding the same protein, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

autophagy related 4B, cysteine peptidase

Autophagy is the process by which endogenous proteins and damaged organelles are destroyed intracellularly. Autophagy is postulated to be essential for cell homeostasis and cell remodeling during differentiation, metamorphosis, non-apoptotic cell death, and aging. Reduced levels of autophagy have been described in some malignant tumors, and a role for autophagy in controlling the unregulated cell growth linked to cancer has been proposed. This gene encodes a member of the autophagin protein family. The encoded protein is also designated as a member of the C-54 family of cysteine proteases. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

autophagy related 4A, cysteine peptidase

Autophagy is the process by which endogenous proteins and damaged organelles are destroyed intracellularly. Autophagy is postulated to be essential for cell homeostasis and cell remodeling during differentiation, metamorphosis, non-apoptotic cell death, and aging. Reduced levels of autophagy have been described in some malignant tumors, and a role for autophagy in controlling the unregulated cell growth linked to cancer has been proposed. This gene encodes a member of the autophagin protein family. The encoded protein is also designated as a member of the C-54 family of cysteine proteases. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

autophagy related 4D, cysteine peptidase

Autophagy is the process by which endogenous proteins and damaged organelles are destroyed intracellularly. Autophagy is postulated to be essential for cell homeostasis and cell remodeling during differentiation, metamorphosis, non-apoptotic cell death, and aging. Reduced levels of autophagy have been described in some malignant tumors, and a role for autophagy in controlling the unregulated cell growth linked to cancer has been proposed. This gene belongs to the autophagy-related protein 4 (Atg4) family of C54 endopeptidases. Members of this family encode proteins that play a role in the biogenesis of autophagosomes, which sequester the cytosol and organelles for degradation by lysosomes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

autophagy related 101

Enables identical protein binding activity. Involved in autophagosome assembly; negative regulation of cell population proliferation; and regulation of protein lipidation. Located in phagophore assembly site. Part of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex. Biomarker of cholangiocarcinoma; colon cancer; and hepatocellular carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 1 pseudogene

autophagy related 16-like 1 (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is part of a large protein complex that is necessary for autophagy, the major process by which intracellular components are targeted to lysosomes for degradation. Defects in this gene are a cause of susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease type 10 (IBD10). Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

autophagy related 16-like 2 (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in autophagosome assembly. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative stranded viral RNA replication. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

autophagy related 3 pseudogene 1

DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 1

This gene is regulated as part of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway. The gene encodes a lysosomal membrane protein that is required for the induction of autophagy by the pathway. Decreased transcriptional expression of this gene is associated with various tumors. This gene has a pseudogene on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 2

The protein encoded by this gene binds microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 and is required for autophagy. Defects in this gene are a cause of retinal dystrophy. In addition, two microRNAs (microRNA 125b-1 and microRNA 144) can bind to the mRNA of this gene and produce the disease state. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

autophagy related 10

Autophagy is a process for the bulk degradation of cytosolic compartments by lysosomes. ATG10 is an E2-like enzyme involved in 2 ubiquitin-like modifications essential for autophagosome formation: ATG12 (MIM 609608)-ATG5 (MIM 604261) conjugation and modification of a soluble form of MAP-LC3 (MAP1LC3A; MIM 601242), a homolog of yeast Apg8, to a membrane-bound form (Nemoto et al., 2003 [PubMed 12890687]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

autophagy related 12

Autophagy is a process of bulk protein degradation in which cytoplasmic components, including organelles, are enclosed in double-membrane structures called autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation. ATG12 is the human homolog of a yeast protein involved in autophagy (Mizushima et al., 1998 [PubMed 9852036]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

autophagy related 13

The protein encoded by this gene is an autophagy factor and a target of the TOR kinase signaling pathway. The encoded protein is essential for autophagosome formation and mitophagy. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

autophagy related 14

Enables GTPase binding activity; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor activity; and protein-membrane adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including early endosome to late endosome transport; macroautophagy; and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction. Acts upstream of or within endosome to lysosome transport. Located in autophagosome and phagophore assembly site membrane. Is extrinsic component of omegasome membrane and extrinsic component of phagophore assembly site membrane. Part of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class III. Is active in phagophore assembly site. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

autophagy/beclin-1 regulator 1

Enables enzyme binding activity; protein phosphatase activator activity; and ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including macroautophagy; positive regulation of free ubiquitin chain polymerization; and positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction. Located in cytosol. Part of Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Is active in cytoskeleton; mitochondrion; and nucleus. Biomarker of multiple system atrophy. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

autophagy related 9A

Enables phospholipid scramblase activity. Involved in autophagosome assembly. Located in several cellular components, including Golgi apparatus; endosome; and phagophore assembly site. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

autophagy related 9B

This gene functions in the regulation of autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway. This gene also functions as an antisense transcript in the posttranscriptional regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 gene, which has 3' overlap with this gene on the opposite strand. Mutations in this gene and disruption of the autophagy process have been associated with multiple cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2012]

autophagy related 2A

Enables lipid transfer activity. Involved in autophagosome assembly and positive regulation of autophagosome assembly. Is active in organelle membrane contact site. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

autophagy related 2B

This gene encodes a protein required for autophagy. The encoded protein is involved in autophagosome formation. A germline duplication of a region that includes this gene is associated with predisposition to myeloid malignancies. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

autophagy related 12 pseudogene 1

autophagy related 12 pseudogene 2

autophagy related 3

This gene encodes a ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme and is a component of ubiquitination-like systems involved in autophagy, the process of degradation, turnover and recycling of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells. This protein is known to play a role in regulation of autophagy during cell death. A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 20. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

autophagy related 7

This gene encodes an E1-like activating enzyme that is essential for autophagy and cytoplasmic to vacuole transport. The encoded protein is also thought to modulate p53-dependent cell cycle pathways during prolonged metabolic stress. It has been associated with multiple functions, including axon membrane trafficking, axonal homeostasis, mitophagy, adipose differentiation, and hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

autophagy related 5

The protein encoded by this gene, in combination with autophagy protein 12, functions as an E1-like activating enzyme in a ubiquitin-like conjugating system. The encoded protein is involved in several cellular processes, including autophagic vesicle formation, mitochondrial quality control after oxidative damage, negative regulation of the innate antiviral immune response, lymphocyte development and proliferation, MHC II antigen presentation, adipocyte differentiation, and apoptosis. Several transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

endosome-lysosome associated apoptosis and autophagy regulator 1

Expression of this gene is induced by estrogen and the encoded protein has been characterized as a transmembrane protein. The encoded protein has been found in to correlate with survival in certain carcinomas (PMID: 21102415) and may be important for cellular response to stress (PMID: 21072319). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

rubicon autophagy regulator

The protein encoded by this gene is a negative regulator of autophagy and endocytic trafficking and controls endosome maturation. This protein contains two conserved domains, an N-terminal RUN domain and a C-terminal DUF4206 domain. The RUN domain is involved in Ras-like GTPase signaling, and the DUF4206 domain contains a diacylglycerol (DAG) binding-like motif. Mutation in this gene results in deletion of the DAG binding-like motif and causes a recessive ataxia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

rubicon like autophagy enhancer

This gene encodes a cysteine-rich protein that contains a putative zinc-RING and/or ribbon domain. The encoded protein is related to Run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein, which plays a role in endocytic trafficking and autophagy. In cervical cancer cell lines, this gene is expressed at low levels and may function as a tumor suppressor. Promoter hypermethylation of this gene is observed in cervical cancer cell lines and tissue derived from human patients. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

DEPP autophagy regulator 1

The expression of this gene is induced by fasting as well as by progesterone. The protein encoded by this gene contains a t-synaptosome-associated protein receptor (SNARE) coiled-coil homology domain and a peroxisomal targeting signal. Production of the encoded protein leads to phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor ELK1. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

endosome-lysosome associated apoptosis and autophagy regulator family member 2

Predicted to enable BMP receptor binding activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of nervous system development; positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway; and positive regulation of epidermis development. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

alkaline phosphatase, liver/bone/kidney

This gene encodes a member of the alkaline phosphatase family of proteins. There are at least four distinct but related alkaline phosphatases: intestinal, placental, placental-like, and liver/bone/kidney (tissue non-specific). The first three are located together on chromosome 2, while the tissue non-specific form is located on chromosome 1. The product of this gene is a membrane bound glycosylated enzyme that is not expressed in any particular tissue and is, therefore, referred to as the tissue-nonspecific form of the enzyme. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate the mature enzyme. This enzyme may play a role in bone mineralization. Mutations in this gene have been linked to hypophosphatasia, a disorder that is characterized by hypercalcemia and skeletal defects. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

Aneurysmal bone cysts

Split-hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency 3

bone mineral density quantiative trait locus 8

Bone mineral density QTL 9

Bone mineral density QTL 6

Bone mineral density variation QTL 5

Bone mineral density variation 2

Bone mineral density variability 3

Bone size QTL

Telopeptide lysyl hydroxylase, bone-specific

Paget disease of bone 6

Paget disease of bone 4

Paget disease of bone 5

Paget disease of bone 1

proteoglycan 2, bone marrow (natural killer cell activator, eosinophil granule major basic protein)

The protein encoded by this gene is the predominant constituent of the crystalline core of the eosinophil granule. High levels of the proform of this protein are also present in placenta and pregnancy serum, where it exists as a complex with several other proteins including pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), angiotensinogen (AGT), and C3dg. This protein may be involved in antiparasitic defense mechanisms as a cytotoxin and helminthotoxin, and in immune hypersensitivity reactions. The encoded protein contains a peptide that displays potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. It is directly implicated in epithelial cell damage, exfoliation, and bronchospasm in allergic diseases. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

bone morphogenetic protein 7

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer, which plays a role in bone, kidney and brown adipose tissue development. Additionally, this protein induces ectopic bone formation and may promote fracture healing in human patients. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

bone morphogenetic protein 6

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer. This protein regulates a wide range of biological processes including iron homeostasis, fat and bone development, and ovulation. Differential expression of this gene may be associated with progression of breast and prostate cancer. Mutations in this gene may be associated with iron overload in human patients. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

bone morphogenetic protein 5

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer, which plays a role in bone and cartilage development. Polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with osteoarthritis in human patients. This gene is differentially regulated in multiple human cancers. This gene encodes distinct protein isoforms that may be similarly proteolytically processed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

bone morphogenetic protein 4

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer. This protein regulates heart development and adipogenesis. Mutations in this gene are associated with orofacial cleft and microphthalmia in human patients. The encoded protein may also be involved in the pathology of multiple cardiovascular diseases and human cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

bone morphogenetic protein 3

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer. This protein suppresses osteoblast differentiation, and negatively regulates bone density, by modulating TGF-beta receptor availability to other ligands. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

bone morphogenetic protein 2

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer, which plays a role in bone and cartilage development. Duplication of a regulatory region downstream of this gene causes a form of brachydactyly characterized by a malformed index finger and second toe in human patients. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

bone morphogenetic protein 1

This gene encodes a protein that is capable of inducing formation of cartilage in vivo. Although other bone morphogenetic proteins are members of the TGF-beta superfamily, this gene encodes a protein that is not closely related to other known growth factors. This gene is expressed as alternatively spliced variants that share an N-terminal protease domain but differ in their C-terminal region. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

Split-hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency 1

bone morphogenetic protein/retinoic acid inducible neural-specific 3

This gene is overexpressed in pituitary tumors but is underexpressed in tongue squamous cell carcinomas, ulcerative colitis, and peri-implantitis. Polymorphisms that increase expression of this gene have been shown to increase vascular inflammation, and an association of this gene with myocardial infarction has been demonstrated. Finally, hypermethylation of this gene may find usefulness as a biomarker for gastric cancer. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

bone morphogenetic protein/retinoic acid inducible neural-specific 2

Predicted to be involved in cellular response to retinoic acid; central nervous system neuron differentiation; and negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle. Predicted to act upstream of or within locomotion and nervous system development. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm; dendrite; and neuronal cell body. Implicated in oral squamous cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

bone morphogenetic protein/retinoic acid inducible neural-specific 1

This gene is located within a chromosomal region that shows loss of heterozygosity in some bladder cancers. It contains a 5' CpG island that may be a frequent target of hypermethylation, and it may undergo hypermethylation-based silencing in some bladder cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Bone mineral density QTL 10

Bone mineral density QTL 11

Bone mineral density QTL 13

Bone mineral density QTL 14

Bone size quantitative trait locus 3

Bone size QTL

bone morphogenetic protein 8a

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer. This protein may play a role in development of the reproductive system. This gene may have arose from a gene duplication event and its gene duplicate is also present on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

bone morphogenetic protein 8b

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer. The encoded protein stimulates thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Expression of this gene may be downregulated in pancreatic cancer. This gene may have arose from a gene duplication event and its gene duplicate is also present on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) protein

This gene encodes a highly abundant bone protein secreted by osteoblasts that regulates bone remodeling and energy metabolism. The encoded protein contains a Gla (gamma carboxyglutamate) domain, which functions in binding to calcium and hydroxyapatite, the mineral component of bone. Serum osteocalcin levels may be negatively correlated with metabolic syndrome. Read-through transcription exists between this gene and the neighboring upstream gene, PMF1 (polyamine-modulated factor 1), but the encoded protein only shows sequence identity with the upstream gene product. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2015]

bone mineral density quantiative trait locus 7

Bone mineral density variation QTL 4

bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA pseudogene 1

bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA pseudogene 2

bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II (serine/threonine kinase)

This gene encodes a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor family of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. The ligands of this receptor are members of the TGF-beta superfamily. BMPs are involved in endochondral bone formation and embryogenesis. These proteins transduce their signals through the formation of heteromeric complexes of two different types of serine (threonine) kinase receptors: type I receptors of about 50-55 kD and type II receptors of about 70-80 kD. Mutations in this gene have been associated with primary pulmonary hypertension, both familial and fenfluramine-associated, and with pulmonary venoocclusive disease. [provided by RefSeq, May 2020]

bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1

Bone marrow stromal cell antigen-1 is a stromal cell line-derived glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored molecule that facilitates pre-B-cell growth. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits 33% similarity with CD38. BST1 expression is enhanced in bone marrow stromal cell lines derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The polyclonal B-cell abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis may be, at least in part, attributed to BST1 overexpression in the stromal cell population. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2

Bone marrow stromal cells are involved in the growth and development of B-cells. The specific function of the protein encoded by the bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 is undetermined; however, this protein may play a role in pre-B-cell growth and in rheumatoid arthritis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

bone morphogenetic protein 10

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protein, which binds to the activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) and plays important roles in cardiovascular development including cardiomyocyte proliferation and regulation of heart size, closure of the ductus arteriosus, angiogenesis and ventricular trabeculation. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

bone morphogenetic protein 15

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate subunits of a disulfide-linked homodimer, or alternatively, a heterodimer, with the related protein, growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9). This protein plays a role in oocyte maturation and follicular development, through activation of granulosa cells. Defects in this gene are the cause of ovarian dysgenesis and are associated with premature ovarian failure. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

bone morphogenetic protein 6 pseudogene 1

bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors are a family of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases that include the type I receptors BMPR1A and BMPR1B and the type II receptor BMPR2. These receptors are also closely related to the activin receptors, ACVR1 and ACVR2. The ligands of these receptors are members of the TGF-beta superfamily. TGF-betas and activins transduce their signals through the formation of heteromeric complexes with 2 different types of serine (threonine) kinase receptors: type I receptors of about 50-55 kD and type II receptors of about 70-80 kD. Type II receptors bind ligands in the absence of type I receptors, but they require their respective type I receptors for signaling, whereas type I receptors require their respective type II receptors for ligand binding. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IB

This gene encodes a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor family of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. The ligands of this receptor are BMPs, which are members of the TGF-beta superfamily. BMPs are involved in endochondral bone formation and embryogenesis. These proteins transduce their signals through the formation of heteromeric complexes of 2 different types of serine (threonine) kinase receptors: type I receptors of about 50-55 kD and type II receptors of about 70-80 kD. Type II receptors bind ligands in the absence of type I receptors, but they require their respective type I receptors for signaling, whereas type I receptors require their respective type II receptors for ligand binding. Mutations in this gene have been associated with primary pulmonary hypertension. Several transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

bone marrow associated non-coding RNA