Harmonizome 3.0

carboxylesterase 1 pseudogene 2

carboxylesterase 1 pseudogene 1

This gene is a member of the carboxylesterase (CES) gene family. The family members are responsible for the hydrolysis or transesterification of various xenobiotics, such as cocaine and heroin, and endogenous substrates with ester, thioester, or amide bonds. They may participate in fatty acyl and cholesterol ester metabolism, and may play a role in the blood-brain barrier system. This gene does not encode a protein and the sequence is similar to the CES1 gene, so represents a pseudogene of the CES1 gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

carboxylesterase 5A pseudogene 1

carboxylesterase 5A

This gene encodes a member of the carboxylesterase large family. The family members are responsible for the hydrolysis or transesterification of various xenobiotics, such as cocaine and heroin, and endogenous substrates with ester, thioester, or amide bonds. They also participate in fatty acyl and cholesterol ester metabolism, and may play a role in the blood-brain barrier system. This gene, also called CES5, is predominantly expressed in peripheral tissues, including brain, kidney, lung and testis. It encodes a secreted enzyme. Because of high levels in the urine of male domestic cats, this enzyme is also called cauxin (carboxylesterase-like urinary excreted protein). The enzyme functions in regulating the production of a pheromone precursor and may contribute to lipid and cholesterol transfer processes within male reproductive fluids. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

carboxylesterase 1

This gene encodes a member of the carboxylesterase large family. The family members are responsible for the hydrolysis or transesterification of various xenobiotics, such as cocaine and heroin, and endogenous substrates with ester, thioester, or amide bonds. They may participate in fatty acyl and cholesterol ester metabolism, and may play a role in the blood-brain barrier system. This enzyme is the major liver enzyme and functions in liver drug clearance. Mutations of this gene cause carboxylesterase 1 deficiency. Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

carboxylesterase 3

This gene encodes a member of the carboxylesterase large family. The family members are responsible for the hydrolysis or transesterification of various xenobiotics, such as cocaine and heroin, and endogenous substrates with ester, thioester, or amide bonds. They may participate in fatty acyl and cholesterol ester metabolism, and may play a role in the blood-brain barrier system. This gene is expressed in several tissues, particularly in colon, trachea and in brain, and the protein participates in colon and neural drug metabolism. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported, but the biological validity and/or full-length nature of some variants have not been determined.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

carboxylesterase 2

This gene encodes a member of the carboxylesterase large family. The family members are responsible for the hydrolysis or transesterification of various xenobiotics, such as cocaine and heroin, and endogenous substrates with ester, thioester, or amide bonds. They may participate in fatty acyl and cholesterol ester metabolism, and may play a role in the blood-brain barrier system. The protein encoded by this gene is the major intestinal enzyme and functions in intestine drug clearance. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

carboxylesterase 4A

This gene encodes a member of the carboxylesterase large family. The family members are responsible for the hydrolysis or transesterification of various xenobiotics, such as cocaine and heroin, and endogenous substrates with ester, thioester, or amide bonds. They also participate in fatty acyl and cholesterol ester metabolism, and may play a role in the blood-brain barrier system. This gene, also called CES6, encodes a secreted enzyme, and may play a role in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics in neural and other tissues of the body and in the cerebrospinal fluid. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been reported, but the full-length nature and/or biological validity of some variants have not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

short stature homeobox 2

This gene is a member of the homeobox family of genes that encode proteins containing a 60-amino acid residue motif that represents a DNA binding domain. Homeobox genes have been characterized extensively as transcriptional regulators involved in pattern formation in both invertebrate and vertebrate species. Several human genetic disorders are caused by aberrations in human homeobox genes. This locus represents a pseudoautosomal homeobox gene that is thought to be responsible for idiopathic short stature, and it is implicated in the short stature phenotype of Turner syndrome patients. This gene is considered to be a candidate gene for Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 5

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 2

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. This gene represents a haplotype-specific family member that encodes a protein with a short cytoplasmic tail. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

short coiled-coil protein pseudogene 1

short stature homeobox

This gene belongs to the paired homeobox family and is located in the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) of X and Y chromosomes. Defects in this gene are associated with idiopathic growth retardation and in the short stature phenotype of Turner syndrome patients. This gene is highly conserved across species from mammals to fish to flies. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

short coiled-coil protein pseudogene

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 4

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 3

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 1

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

opsin 1 (cone pigments), short-wave-sensitive

This gene belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family, opsin subfamily. It encodes the blue cone pigment gene which is one of three types of cone photoreceptors responsible for normal color vision. Defects in this gene are the cause of tritan color blindness (tritanopia). Affected individuals lack blue and yellow sensory mechanisms while retaining those for red and green. Defective blue vision is characteristic. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, three domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 1

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). The gene content of the KIR gene cluster varies among haplotypes, although several `framework` genes are found in all haplotypes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DL4, KIR3DL2). The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. The ligands for several KIR proteins are subsets of HLA class I molecules; thus, KIR proteins are thought to play an important role in regulation of the immune response. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1-like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5B

This gene encodes a member of the semaphorin protein family which regulates axon growth during development of the nervous system. The encoded protein has a characteristic Sema domain near the N-terminus, through which semaphorins bind to plexin, and five thrombospondin type 1 repeats in the C-terminal region of the protein. The protein product may be cleaved and exist as a secreted molecule (PMID: 19463192). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1-like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5A

This gene belongs to the semaphorin gene family that encodes membrane proteins containing a semaphorin domain and several thrombospondin type-1 repeats. Members of this family are involved in axonal guidance during neural development. This gene has been implicated as an autism susceptibility gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

short coiled-coil protein

This gene encodes a short coiled-coiled domain-containing protein that localizes to the Golgi apparatus. The encoded protein interacts with ADP-ribosylation factor-like proteins. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 1 and 14. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]

Hirschsprung disease, short-segment, 3

Hirschsprung disease, short-segment, 2

Mental retardation, X-linked, with short stature

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3A

This gene is a member of the semaphorin family and encodes a protein with an Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain, a PSI domain and a Sema domain. This secreted protein can function as either a chemorepulsive agent, inhibiting axonal outgrowth, or as a chemoattractive agent, stimulating the growth of apical dendrites. In both cases, the protein is vital for normal neuronal pattern development. Increased expression of this protein is associated with schizophrenia and is seen in a variety of human tumor cell lines. Also, aberrant release of this protein is associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3C

This gene encodes a secreted glycoprotein that belongs to the semaphorin class 3 family of neuronal guidance cues. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal sema domain, integrin and immunoglobulin-like domains, and a C-terminal basic domain. Homodimerization and proteolytic cleavage of the C-terminal propeptide are necessary for the function of the encoded protein. It binds a neuropilin co-receptor before forming a heterotrimeric complex with an associated plexin. An increase in the expression of this gene correlates with an increase in cancer cell invasion and adhesion. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene are associated with Hirschsprung disease. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3B

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class-3 semaphorin/collapsin family, whose members function in growth cone guidance during neuronal development. This family member inhibits axonal extension and has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor by inducing apoptosis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3E

Semaphorins are a large family of conserved secreted and membrane associated proteins which possess a semaphorin (Sema) domain and a PSI domain (found in plexins, semaphorins and integrins) in the N-terminal extracellular portion. Based on sequence and structural similarities, semaphorins are put into eight classes: invertebrates contain classes 1 and 2, viruses have class V, and vertebrates contain classes 3-7. Semaphorins serve as axon guidance ligands via multimeric receptor complexes, some (if not all) containing plexin proteins. This gene encodes a class 4 semaphorin. This gene encodes a class 3 semaphorin. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3D

This gene encodes a member of the semaphorin III family of secreted signaling proteins that are involved in axon guidance during neuronal development. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal Sema domain, an immunoglobulin like domain and a C-terminal basic domain. The protein encoded by this gene binds neuropilin and plays an important role in cardiovascular development. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3G

The transcription of this gene is activated by PPAR-gamma, and the resulting protein product plays a role in endothelial cell migration. Expression of this gene also inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3F

This gene encodes a member of the semaphorin III family of secreted signaling proteins that are involved in axon guidance during neuronal development. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal Sema domain, an immunoglobulin loop and a C-terminal basic domain. This gene is expressed by the endothelial cells where it was found to act in an autocrine fashion to induce apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation and survival, and function as an anti-tumorigenic agent. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1-like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5A pseudogene

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4A

This gene encodes a member of the semaphorin family of soluble and transmembrane proteins. Semaphorins are involved in numerous functions, including axon guidance, morphogenesis, carcinogenesis, and immunomodulation. The encoded protein is a single-pass type I membrane protein containing an immunoglobulin-like C2-type domain, a PSI domain and a sema domain. It inhibits axonal extension by providing local signals to specify territories inaccessible for growing axons. It is an activator of T-cell-mediated immunity and suppresses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated endothelial cell migration and proliferation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Mutations in this gene are associated with retinal degenerative diseases including retinitis pigmentosa type 35 (RP35) and cone-rod dystrophy type 10 (CORD10). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4B

Predicted to enable chemorepellent activity; neuropilin binding activity; and semaphorin receptor binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including axon guidance; neural crest cell migration; and semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in membrane and synapse. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse and postsynaptic density membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4C

Predicted to enable chemorepellent activity; neuropilin binding activity; and semaphorin receptor binding activity. Involved in muscle cell differentiation and positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade. Located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4D

Enables identical protein binding activity; semaphorin receptor binding activity; and transmembrane signaling receptor activity. Involved in several processes, including ossification involved in bone maturation; positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction; and regulation of neuron projection development. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4F

This gene encodes a transmembrane class IV semaphorin family protein, which plays a role in neural development. This gene may be involved in neurogenesis in prostate cancer, the development of neurofibromas, and breast cancer tumorigenesis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 4G

Semaphorins are a large family of conserved secreted and membrane associated proteins which possess a semaphorin (Sema) domain and a PSI domain (found in plexins, semaphorins and integrins) in the N-terminal extracellular portion. Based on sequence and structural similarities, semaphorins are put into eight classes: invertebrates contain classes 1 and 2, viruses have class V, and vertebrates contain classes 3-7. Semaphorins serve as axon guidance ligands via multimeric receptor complexes, some (if not all) containing plexin proteins. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

short transmembrane mitochondrial protein 1

Involved in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Is active in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

short transmembrane mitochondrial protein 1-like