Harmonizome 3.0

vesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs 1B pseudogene 1

vesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs 1B pseudogene 2

vesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs 1A

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the family of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein-attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) that function in intracellular trafficking. This family member is involved in vesicular transport between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. It is a vesicle-associated SNARE (v-SNARE) that interacts with target membrane SNAREs (t-SNAREs). Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with binocular function, and also with susceptibility to colorectal and lung cancers. A recurrent rearrangement has been found between this gene and the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene in colorectal cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

vesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs 1B

Enables SNARE binding activity and chloride channel inhibitor activity. Involved in regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane. Located in several cellular components, including endosome membrane; lysosomal membrane; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

USO1 vesicle transport factor

The protein encoded by this gene is a peripheral membrane protein which recycles between the cytosol and the Golgi apparatus during interphase. It is regulated by phosphorylation: dephosphorylated protein associates with the Golgi membrane and dissociates from the membrane upon phosphorylation. Ras-associated protein 1 recruits this protein to coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles during budding from the endoplasmic reticulum, where it interacts with a set of COPII vesicle-associated SNAREs to form a cis-SNARE complex that promotes targeting to the Golgi apparatus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

vesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs 1B pseudogene 4

vesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs 1B pseudogene 3

vesicle amine transport 1

Synaptic vesicles are responsible for regulating the storage and release of neurotransmitters in the nerve terminal. The protein encoded by this gene is an abundant integral membrane protein of cholinergic synaptic vesicles and is thought to be involved in vesicular transport. It belongs to the quinone oxidoreductase subfamily of zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vesicle amine transport 1-like

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity and zinc ion binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate-associated protein 1 (glutamate binding)

Predicted to enable calcium channel activity. Predicted to be involved in apoptotic signaling pathway; negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors; and negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis and negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. Located in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

clathrin interactor 1

This gene encodes a protein with similarity to the epsin family of endocytic adapter proteins. The encoded protein interacts with clathrin, the adapter protein AP-1 and phosphoinositides. This protein may be involved in the formation of clathrin coated vesicles and trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes. Mutations in this gene are associated with a susceptibility to schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

clathrin, light chain A pseudogene

clathrin, heavy chain-like 1

This gene is a member of the clathrin heavy chain family and encodes a major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles. Chromosomal aberrations involving this gene are associated with meningioma, DiGeorge syndrome, and velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

clathrin heavy chain linker domain containing 1

sodium channel and clathrin linker 1

This gene encodes an adaptor protein. Studies of a related gene in rat suggest that the encoded protein functions to link clathrin to the sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha protein. The encoded protein has also been identified as a component of distal appendages of centrioles that is necessary for ciliogenesis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

clathrin, light chain A

Clathrin is a large, soluble protein composed of heavy and light chains. It functions as the main structural component of the lattice-type cytoplasmic face of coated pits and vesicles which entrap specific macromolecules during receptor-mediated endocytosis. This gene encodes one of two clathrin light chain proteins which are believed to function as regulatory elements. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 8 and 12. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

clathrin, heavy chain (Hc)

Clathrin is a major protein component of the cytoplasmic face of intracellular organelles, called coated vesicles and coated pits. These specialized organelles are involved in the intracellular trafficking of receptors and endocytosis of a variety of macromolecules. The basic subunit of the clathrin coat is composed of three heavy chains and three light chains. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

clathrin, light chain B

Clathrin is a large, soluble protein composed of heavy and light chains. It functions as the main structural component of the lattice-type cytoplasmic face of coated pits and vesicles which entrap specific macromolecules during receptor-mediated endocytosis. This gene encodes one of two clathrin light chain proteins which are believed to function as regulatory elements. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

clathrin, light chain A pseudogene

phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein

This gene encodes a clathrin assembly protein, which recruits clathrin and adaptor protein complex 2 (AP2) to cell membranes at sites of coated-pit formation and clathrin-vesicle assembly. The protein may be required to determine the amount of membrane to be recycled, possibly by regulating the size of the clathrin cage. The protein is involved in AP2-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis at the neuromuscular junction. A chromosomal translocation t(10;11)(p13;q14) leading to the fusion of this gene and the MLLT10 gene is found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia and malignant lymphomas. The polymorphisms of this gene are associated with the risk of Alzheimer disease. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

clathrin binding box of aftiphilin containing 1

Predicted to enable clathrin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in intracellular transport. Predicted to be part of AP-1 adaptor complex. Predicted to be active in trans-Golgi network membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vesicle-trafficking protein SEC22b-like

synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A

The protein encoded by this gene is one of three related synaptic vesicle proteins. The encoded protein may interact with synaptotagmin to enhance low frequency neurotransmission in quiescent neurons. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016]

synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including chemical synaptic transmission; neurotransmitter transport; and regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane and synaptic vesicle. Predicted to be active in dopaminergic synapse and synaptic vesicle membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2B

This gene encodes a member of the synaptic vesicle proteins 2 (SV2) family and major facilitator superfamily of proteins. This protein and other members of the family are localized to synaptic vesicles and may function in the regulation of vesicle trafficking and exocytosis. Studies in mice suggest that the encoded protein may act as a protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin E in neurons, and that this protein may be important for the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. This gene shows reduced expression in areas of synaptic loss in the hippocampus of human temporal lobe epilepsy patients. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

acrosomal vesicle protein 1

This gene encodes a testis-specific, differentiation antigen, acrosomal vesicle protein 1, that arises within the acrosomal vesicle during spermatogenesis, and is associated with the acrosomal membranes and matrix of mature sperm. The acrosomal vesicle protein 1 may be involved in sperm-zona binding or penetration. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

SEC22 vesicle trafficking protein homolog C (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a member of the SEC22 family of vesicle trafficking proteins. The encoded protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and may play a role in the early stages of ER-Golgi protein trafficking. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

SEC22 vesicle trafficking protein homolog B (S. cerevisiae) (gene/pseudogene)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SEC22 family of vesicle trafficking proteins. It seems to complex with SNARE and it is thought to play a role in the ER-Golgi protein trafficking. This protein has strong similarity to Mus musculus and Cricetulus griseus proteins.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

SEC22 vesicle trafficking protein homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the member of the SEC22 family of vesicle trafficking proteins. This protein has similarity to rat SEC22 and may act in the early stages of the secretory pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein)-associated protein B and C

The protein encoded by this gene is a type IV membrane protein found in plasma and intracellular vesicle membranes. The encoded protein is found as a homodimer and as a heterodimer with VAPA. This protein also can interact with VAMP1 and VAMP2 and may be involved in vesicle trafficking. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein)-associated protein A, 33kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a type IV membrane protein. It is present in the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles. It may also be associated with the cytoskeleton. This protein may function in vesicle trafficking, membrane fusion, protein complex assembly and cell motility. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vesicle (multivesicular body) trafficking 1 pseudogene 2

vesicle-trafficking protein SEC22b-like

vesicle-associated membrane protein 1 (synaptobrevin 1)

Synapotobrevins, syntaxins, and the synaptosomal-associated protein SNAP25 are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal dominant spastic ataxia 1. Multiple alternative splice variants have been described, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 3

Synaptobrevins/VAMPs, syntaxins, and the 25-kD synaptosomal-associated protein are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. This gene is a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family. Because of its high homology to other known VAMPs, its broad tissue distribution, and its subcellular localization, the protein encoded by this gene was shown to be the human equivalent of the rodent cellubrevin. In platelets the protein resides on a compartment that is not mobilized to the plasma membrane on calcium or thrombin stimulation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (synaptobrevin 2)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family. Synaptobrevins/VAMPs, syntaxins, and the 25-kD synaptosomal-associated protein SNAP25 are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. This gene is thought to participate in neurotransmitter release at a step between docking and fusion. The protein forms a stable complex with syntaxin, synaptosomal-associated protein, 25 kD, and synaptotagmin. It also forms a distinct complex with synaptophysin. It is a likely candidate gene for familial infantile myasthenia (FIMG) because of its map location and because it encodes a synaptic vesicle protein of the type that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of FIMG. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 5

Synaptobrevins/VAMPs, syntaxins, and the 25-kD synaptosomal-associated protein are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of vesicles and cell membranes. The VAMP5 gene is a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family and the SNARE superfamily. This VAMP family member may participate in vesicle trafficking events that are associated with myogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 4

Synaptobrevins/VAMPs, syntaxins, and the 25-kD synaptosomal-associated protein SNAP25 are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family. This protein may play a role in trans-Golgi network-to-endosome transport. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 7

This gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is a member of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) family. The encoded protein localizes to late endosomes and lysosomes and is involved in the fusion of transport vesicles to their target membranes. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 8

This gene encodes an integral membrane protein that belongs to the synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane protein subfamily of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). The encoded protein is involved in the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

vesicle (multivesicular body) trafficking 1

C6ORF55 encodes a protein involved in trafficking of the multivesicular body, an endosomal compartment involved in sorting membrane proteins for degradation in lysosomes (Ward et al., 2005 [PubMed 15644320]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

CaM kinase-like vesicle-associated

Predicted to enable calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity and calmodulin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to be located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane and plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm; glutamatergic synapse; and postsynapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vesicle-trafficking protein SEC22b-like

plasmalemma vesicle associated protein

Predicted to enable identical protein binding activity. Involved in MAPK cascade; positive regulation of cellular extravasation; and tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. Located in caveola and cell surface. Implicated in congenital diarrhea. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

LPS-responsive vesicle trafficking, beach and anchor containing

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the WDL-BEACH-WD (WBW) gene family. Its expression is induced in B cells and macrophages by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The encoded protein associates with protein kinase A and may be involved in leading intracellular vesicles to activated receptor complexes, which aids in the secretion and/or membrane deposition of immune effector molecules. Defects in this gene are associated with the disorder common variable immunodeficiency-8 with autoimmunity. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

trans-golgi network vesicle protein 23 homolog C (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in protein secretion and vesicle-mediated transport. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

trans-golgi network vesicle protein 23 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in protein secretion and vesicle-mediated transport. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

trans-golgi network vesicle protein 23 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a membrane protein associated with the Golgi apparatus, which plays a crucial role in intracellular vesicular transport. The encoded protein is likely associated with the late (trans) Golgi compartments, which are involved in the delivery of secretory and membrane proteins to the endosome, lysosome or the plasma membrane. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

synaptic vesicle 2-related protein

neuronal vesicle trafficking associated 2

Predicted to enable clathrin light chain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in clathrin coat assembly and endosomal transport. Located in Golgi apparatus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

intraflagellar transport 81

The protein encoded by this gene, together with IFT74, forms a tubulin-binding module of intraflagellar transport complex B. This module is involved in transport of tubulin within the cilium, and the encoded protein is required for ciliogenesis. Mutations in this gene are a cause of short-rib polydactyly syndromes. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

intraflagellar transport 88

This gene encodes a member of the tetratrico peptide repeat (TPR) family. The encoded protein is involved in cilium biogenesis. Mutations of a similar gene in mouse can cause polycystic kidney disease. Several transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

intraflagellar transport 43

This gene encodes a subunit of the intraflagellar transport complex A (IFT-A). IFT-A is a multiprotein complex that plays an important role in cilia assembly and maintenance by mediating retrograde ciliary transport. Mutations in this gene are a cause of cranioectodermal dysplasia-3 (CED3), also known as Sensenbrenner syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

intraflagellar transport 46

Predicted to be involved in cilium assembly; intraciliary transport; and protein stabilization. Predicted to act upstream of or within smoothened signaling pathway. Located in cytoplasm. Part of intraciliary transport particle B. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 8

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 2

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 6

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 7

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 4

Beta-amino acids, renal transport of

transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 7

Predicted to be involved in Golgi organization; endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport; and intracellular protein transport. Located in Golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 6

Predicted to be involved in Golgi organization; endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport; and intracellular protein transport. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicle; Golgi apparatus; and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 5

Involved in Golgi ribbon formation. Located in cis-Golgi network; endoplasmic reticulum exit site; and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 4

Involved in positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicle; Golgi apparatus; and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 3

Predicted to be involved in Golgi organization; endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport; and intracellular protein transport. Located in Golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 1

This gene belongs to the TMED (transmembrane emp24 domain-containing) protein family, which is involved in the vesicular trafficking of proteins. The protein encoded by this gene was identified by its interaction with interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL1RL1) and may play a role in innate immunity. This protein lacks any similarity to other interleukin 1 ligands. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 9

This gene is a member of a family of genes encoding transport proteins located in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. A similar gene in mouse is the target of microRNA miR-296, which is part of an imprinted cluster. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 8

chromate resistance; sulfate transport

intraflagellar transport 20 homolog (Chlamydomonas) pseudogene

tricarboxylate transport protein, mitochondrial pseudogene

intraflagellar transport 57 homolog (Chlamydomonas) pseudogene

golgi transport 1B

Involved in positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

golgi transport 1A

Predicted to be involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport. Located in Golgi apparatus subcompartment; endoplasmic reticulum; and nuclear envelope. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ChaC, cation transport regulator homolog 2 (E. coli)

The protein encoded by this gene is a gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase that catalyzes the conversion of glutathione to 5-oxoproline and cysteinylglycine. It is thought that this gene is upregulated in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and that the glutathione depletion enhances apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

intraflagellar transport 80 homolog (Chlamydomonas) pseudogene

intraflagellar transport 52

This gene encodes a conserved proline-rich protein that is a component of the intraflagellar transport-B (IFT-B) core complex. The encoded protein is essential for the integrity of the IFT-B core complex, and for biosynthesis and maintenance of cilia. Mutations in this gene are associated with ciliopathy that affects the skeleton. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

intraflagellar transport 57

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Acts upstream of or within apoptotic process; positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity; and regulation of apoptotic process. Located in ciliary base and photoreceptor connecting cilium. Part of intraciliary transport particle B. Implicated in orofaciodigital syndrome XVIII. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 6

This gene encodes a member of the FXYD family of transmembrane proteins. This particular protein encodes phosphohippolin, which likely affects the activity of Na,K-ATPase. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been described. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 10 and X. Read-through transcripts have been observed between this locus and the downstream sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma (FXYD2, GeneID 486) locus.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 7

This reference sequence was derived from multiple replicate ESTs and validated by similar human genomic sequence. This gene encodes a member of a family of small membrane proteins that share a 35-amino acid signature sequence domain, beginning with the sequence PFXYD and containing 7 invariant and 6 highly conserved amino acids. The approved human gene nomenclature for the family is FXYD-domain containing ion transport regulator. Transmembrane topology has been established for two family members (FXYD1 and FXYD2), with the N-terminus extracellular and the C-terminus on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. FXYD2, also known as the gamma subunit of the Na,K-ATPase, regulates the properties of that enzyme. FXYD1 (phospholemman), FXYD2 (gamma), FXYD3 (MAT-8), FXYD4 (CHIF), and FXYD5 (RIC) have been shown to induce channel activity in experimental expression systems. This gene product, FXYD7, is novel and has not been characterized as a protein. [RefSeq curation by Kathleen J. Sweadner, Ph.D., sweadner@helix.mgh.harvard.edu., Dec 2000]

FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 4

This gene encodes a member of a family of small membrane proteins that share a 35-amino acid signature sequence domain, beginning with the sequence PFXYD and containing 7 invariant and 6 highly conserved amino acids. The approved human gene nomenclature for the family is FXYD-domain containing ion transport regulator. FXYD4, originally named CHIF for channel-inducing factor, has been shown to modulate the properties of the Na,K-ATPase, as has FXYD2, also known as the gamma subunit of the Na,K-ATPase, and FXYD7. Transmembrane topology has been established for FXYD4 and two family members (FXYD1 and FXYD2), with the N-terminus extracellular and the C-terminus on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 5

This gene encodes a member of a family of small membrane proteins that share a 35-amino acid signature sequence domain, beginning with the sequence PFXYD and containing 7 invariant and 6 highly conserved amino acids. The approved human gene nomenclature for the family is FXYD-domain containing ion transport regulator. Mouse FXYD5 has been termed RIC (Related to Ion Channel). FXYD2, also known as the gamma subunit of the Na,K-ATPase, regulates the properties of that enzyme. FXYD1 (phospholemman), FXYD2 (gamma), FXYD3 (MAT-8), FXYD4 (CHIF), and FXYD5 (RIC) have been shown to induce channel activity in experimental expression systems. Transmembrane topology has been established for two family members (FXYD1 and FXYD2), with the N-terminus extracellular and the C-terminus on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. This gene product, FXYD5, is a glycoprotein that functions in the up-regulation of chemokine production, and it is involved in the reduction of cell adhesion via its ability to down-regulate E-cadherin. It also promotes metastasis, and has been linked to a variety of cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [RefSeq curation by Kathleen J. Sweadner, Ph.D., sweadner@helix.mgh.harvard.edu., Sep 2009]

FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 2

This gene encodes a member of the FXYD family of transmembrane proteins. This particular protein encodes the sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Renal Hypomagnesemia-2. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. Read-through transcripts have been observed between this locus and the upstream FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 6 (FXYD6, GeneID 53826) locus.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 3

This gene belongs to a small family of FXYD-domain containing regulators of Na+/K+ ATPases which share a 35-amino acid signature sequence domain, beginning with the sequence PFXYD, and containing 7 invariant and 6 highly conserved amino acids. This gene encodes a cell membrane protein that may regulate the function of ion-pumps and ion-channels. This gene may also play a role in tumor progression. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 1

This gene encodes a member of a family of small membrane proteins that share a 35-amino acid signature sequence domain, beginning with the sequence PFXYD and containing 7 invariant and 6 highly conserved amino acids. The approved human gene nomenclature for the family is FXYD-domain containing ion transport regulator. Mouse FXYD5 has been termed RIC (Related to Ion Channel). FXYD2, also known as the gamma subunit of the Na,K-ATPase, regulates the properties of that enzyme. FXYD1 (phospholemman), FXYD2 (gamma), FXYD3 (MAT-8), FXYD4 (CHIF), and FXYD5 (RIC) have been shown to induce channel activity in experimental expression systems. Transmembrane topology has been established for two family members (FXYD1 and FXYD2), with the N-terminus extracellular and the C-terminus on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The protein encoded by this gene is a plasma membrane substrate for several kinases, including protein kinase A, protein kinase C, NIMA kinase, and myotonic dystrophy kinase. It is thought to form an ion channel or regulate ion channel activity. Transcript variants with different 5' UTR sequences have been described in the literature. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ANKH inorganic pyrophosphate transport regulator

This gene encodes a multipass transmembrane protein that is expressed in joints and other tissues and controls pyrophosphate levels in cultured cells. Progressive ankylosis-mediated control of pyrophosphate levels has been suggested as a possible mechanism regulating tissue calcification and susceptibility to arthritis in higher animals. Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal dominant craniometaphyseal dysplasia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

intraflagellar transport 122

This gene encodes a member of the WD repeat protein family. WD repeats are minimally conserved regions of approximately 40 amino acids typically bracketed by gly-his and trp-asp (GH-WD), which may facilitate formation of heterotrimeric or multiprotein complexes. Members of this family are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. This cytoplasmic protein contains seven WD repeats and an AF-2 domain which function by recruiting coregulatory molecules and in transcriptional activation. Mutations in this gene cause cranioectodermal dysplasia-1. A related pseudogene is located on chromosome 3. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

intraflagellar transport 80

The protein encoded by this gene is part of the intraflagellar transport complex B and is necessary for the function of motile and sensory cilia. Defects in this gene are a cause of asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy 2 (ATD2). Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

nuclear transport factor 2-like export factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene contains a nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2) domain, which plays an important role in the trafficking of macromolecules, ions, and small molecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus. This protein may also have a role in mRNA nuclear export. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

nuclear transport factor 2-like export factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is located in the nuclear envelope. It has protein similarity to nuclear transport factor 2. This protein functions as a nuclear export factor in both RAN (Ras-related nuclear protein)- and CRM1 (required for chromosome region maintenance)-dependent pathways. It is found to stimulate the export of U1 snRNA in RAN- and CRM1-dependent pathways and the export of tRNA and mRNA in a CRM1-independent pathway. The encoded protein heterodimerizes with Tap protein and may regulate the ability of Tap protein to mediate nuclear mRNA export. The use of alternate polyadenylation sites has been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

MIT, microtubule interacting and transport, domain containing 1

Abscission, the separation of daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis, is effected by endosomal sorting complexes required for transport III (ESCRT-III). The protein encoded by this gene functions as a homodimer, with the N-termini binding to a subset of ESCRT-III subunits and the C-termini binding to membranes. The encoded protein regulates ESCRT-III activity and is required for proper cytokinesis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

intraflagellar transport 172

This gene encodes a subunit of the intraflagellar transport subcomplex IFT-B. Subcomplexes IFT-A and IFT-B are necessary for ciliary assembly and maintenance. Mutations in this gene have been associated with skeletal ciliopathies, with or without polydactyly, such as such short-rib thoracic dysplasias 1, 9 or 10. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

intraflagellar transport 57 homolog (Chlamydomonas) pseudogene

intraflagellar transport 74

This gene encodes a core intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein which belongs to a multi-protein complex involved in the transport of ciliary proteins along axonemal microtubules. IFT proteins are found at the base of the cilium as well as inside the cilium, where they assemble into long arrays between the ciliary base and tip. This protein, together with intraflagellar transport protein 81, binds and transports tubulin within cilia and is required for ciliogenesis. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis--frontotemporal dementia and Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

transport and golgi organization 6 homolog (Drosophila)

Predicted to be involved in protein secretion. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transport and golgi organization 2 homolog (Drosophila)

This gene belongs to the transport and Golgi organization family, whose members are predicted to play roles in secretory protein loading in the endoplasmic reticulum. Depletion of this gene in Drosophila S2 cells causes fusion of the Golgi with the ER. In mouse tissue culture cells, this protein co-localizes with a mitochondrially targeted mCherry protein and displays very low levels of co-localization with Golgi and peroxisomes. Allelic variants of this gene are associated with rhabdomyolysis, metabolic crises with encephalopathy, and cardiac arrhythmia. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

high L-leucine transport

intraflagellar transport 140

This gene encodes one of the subunits of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex A. Intraflagellar transport is involved in the genesis, resorption and signaling of primary cilia. The primary cilium is a microtubule-based sensory organelle at the surface of most quiescent mammalian cells, that receives signals from its environment, such as the flow of fluid, light or odors, and transduces those signals to the nucleus. Loss of the corresponding protein in mouse results in renal cystic disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

intraflagellar transport 122 homolog (Chlamydomonas) pseudogene

intraflagellar transport 27

This gene encodes a GTP-binding protein that is a core component of the intraflagellar transport complex B. Characterization of the similar Chlamydomonas protein indicates a function in cell cycle control. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

intraflagellar transport 20

This gene encodes a intraflagellar transport protein important for intracellular transport. The encoded protein forms part of a complex involved in trafficking of proteins from the Golgi body, including recycling of immune signalling components (Finetti et al., PubMed: 19855387). This gene is part of a complex set of sense-antisense loci that may be co-regulated. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 14.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

intraflagellar transport 22

Predicted to enable GTPase activity. Predicted to be involved in intracellular protein transport. Part of intraciliary transport particle B. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 6 pseudogene 2

FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 6 pseudogene 3

Predicted to enable sodium channel regulator activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of sodium ion export across plasma membrane. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 6 pseudogene 1

nuclear transport factor 2

This gene encodes a cytosolic factor that facilitates protein transport into the nucleus. The encoded protein is required for nuclear import of the small Ras-like GTPase, Ran which is involved in numerous cellular processes. This protein also interacts with the nuclear pore complex glycoprotein p62. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

RGP1 retrograde golgi transport homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity and small GTPase binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of protein catabolic process; positive regulation of GTPase activity; and retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi. Located in cytosol and plasma membrane. Part of Ric1-Rgp1 guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cyclin and CBS domain divalent metal cation transport mediator 1

This gene encodes a member of the ancient conserved domain protein family. The encoded protein may bind copper. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

cyclin and CBS domain divalent metal cation transport mediator 3

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in magnesium ion homeostasis. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cyclin and CBS domain divalent metal cation transport mediator 2

This gene encodes a member of the ancient conserved domain containing protein family. Members of this protein family contain a cyclin box motif and have structural similarity to the cyclins. The encoded protein may play an important role in magnesium homeostasis by mediating the epithelial transport and renal reabsorption of Mg2+. Mutations in this gene are associated with renal hypomagnesemia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

cyclin and CBS domain divalent metal cation transport mediator 4

This gene encodes a member of the ancient conserved domain containing protein family. Members of this protein family contain a cyclin box motif and have structural similarity to the cyclins. The encoded protein may play a role in metal ion transport. Mutations in this gene are associated with Jalili syndrome which consists of cone-rod dystrophy and amelogenesis imperfecta. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 11, pseudogene

RNA transcription, translation and transport factor

Enables RNA binding activity; RNA polymerase II complex binding activity; and identical protein binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of protein kinase activity; positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; and tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation. Located in microtubule cytoskeleton; nucleoplasm; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

collectrin, amino acid transport regulator

This gene encodes a type 1 transmembrane protein that is important for trafficking amino acid transporters to the apical brush border of proximal tubules. The encoded protein binds to amino acid transporters and regulates their expression on the plasma membrane. It also plays a role in controlling insulin exocytosis by regulating formation of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptor) complex in pancreatic beta cells. The extracellular domain of the encoded protein may be cleaved and shed from the plasma membrane specifically in pancreatic beta cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

intraflagellar transport associated protein

This gene encodes a protein that was identified as a cellular interacting partner of non-structural protein 10 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The encoded protein may function as a negative regulator of transcription. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

intraflagellar transport 70A

Predicted to enable intraciliary transport particle B binding activity. Predicted to be involved in intraciliary transport. Predicted to be located in centrosome. Predicted to be part of intraciliary transport particle B. Predicted to be active in axonemal microtubule. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

intraflagellar transport 70B

Predicted to enable intraciliary transport particle B binding activity. Predicted to be involved in intraciliary transport. Part of intraciliary transport particle B. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small transmembrane regulator of ion transport 1

Predicted to enable enzyme activator activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of calcium ion transport and regulation of striated muscle contraction. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity and positive regulation of calcium ion import. Predicted to be located in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lipid transport auxiliary protein 1

intraflagellar transport 54

The protein encoded by this gene interacts with TNF receptor-associated factor 3, tethering it to cytoskeletal microtubules. The encoded protein is also an inhibitor of the innate type I IFN response. Defects in this gene are a cause of Senior-Loken syndrome 9. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

intraflagellar transport 38

The protein encoded by this gene contains a single coiled-coil region. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

solute carrier family 17 (vesicular glutamate transporter), member 6

Enables L-glutamate uniporter activity. Involved in L-glutamate import and phosphate ion homeostasis. Located in synaptic vesicle membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 17 (vesicular glutamate transporter), member 7

The protein encoded by this gene is a vesicle-bound, sodium-dependent phosphate transporter that is specifically expressed in the neuron-rich regions of the brain. It is preferentially associated with the membranes of synaptic vesicles and functions in glutamate transport. The protein shares 82% identity with the differentiation-associated Na-dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter and they appear to form a distinct class within the Na+/Pi cotransporter family. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, delta 2 (Grid2) interacting protein

Glutamate receptor delta-2 (GRID2; MIM 602368) is predominantly expressed at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell postsynapses and plays crucial roles in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. GRID2IP1 interacts with GRID2 and may control GRID2 signaling in Purkinje cells (Matsuda et al., 2006 [PubMed 16835239]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

glutamate-ammonia ligase

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 4

Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. These receptors are heteromeric protein complexes composed of multiple subunits, arranged to form ligand-gated ion channels. The classification of glutamate receptors is based on their activation by different pharmacologic agonists. The subunit encoded by this gene belongs to a family of AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate)-sensitive glutamate receptors, and is subject to RNA editing (AGA->GGA; R->G). Alternative splicing of this gene results in transcript variants encoding different isoforms, which may vary in their signal transduction properties. Some haplotypes of this gene show a positive association with schizophrenia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 17 (vesicular glutamate transporter), member 8

This gene encodes a vesicular glutamate transporter. The encoded protein transports the neurotransmitter glutamate into synaptic vesicles before it is released into the synaptic cleft. Mutations in this gene are the cause of autosomal-dominant nonsyndromic type 25 deafness. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl-D-aspartate 3A

This gene encodes a subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which belong to the superfamily of glutamate-regulated ion channels, and function in physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system. This subunit shows greater than 90% identity to the corresponding subunit in rat. Studies in the knockout mouse deficient in this subunit suggest that this gene may be involved in the development of synaptic elements by modulating NMDA receptor activity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl-D-aspartate 3B

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The encoded protein is found primarily in motor neurons, where it forms a heterotetramer with GRIN1 to create an excitatory glycine receptor. Variations in this gene have been proposed to be linked to schizophrenia. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 4

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 7

SH3 domain binding glutamate-rich protein like

Enables protein-RNA adaptor activity and ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in positive regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation and proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene

glutamate-rich 6B

glutamate receptor, metabotropic 5 pseudogene

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a critical subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, members of the glutamate receptor channel superfamily which are heteromeric protein complexes with multiple subunits arranged to form a ligand-gated ion channel. These subunits play a key role in the plasticity of synapses, which is believed to underlie memory and learning. Cell-specific factors are thought to control expression of different isoforms, possibly contributing to the functional diversity of the subunits. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate-rich 6

glutamate-rich 5

glutamate-rich 4

glutamate-rich 3

Involved in cilium assembly. Located in cytoplasm and non-motile cilium. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamate-rich 2

glutamate-rich 1

PAXIP1 associated glutamate-rich protein 1

Enables nuclear estrogen receptor binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition; positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway; and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleus. Part of MLL3/4 complex. Biomarker of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SH3 domain binding glutamate-rich protein

Predicted to enable SH3 domain binding activity. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 3

Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. These receptors are heteromeric protein complexes composed of multiple subunits, arranged to form ligand-gated ion channels. The classification of glutamate receptors is based on their activation by different pharmacologic agonists. The subunit encoded by this gene belongs to a family of AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate)-sensitive glutamate receptors, and is subject to RNA editing (AGA->GGA; R->G). Alternative splicing at this locus results in different isoforms, which may vary in their signal transduction properties. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate-rich WD repeat containing 1

This gene encodes a glutamate-rich protein that contains five WD-repeat motifs. The encoded protein may play a critical role in ribosome biogenesis and may also play a role in histone methylation through interactions with CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin E3 ligase. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 1

Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. This gene product belongs to the kainate family of glutamate receptors, which are composed of four subunits and function as ligand-activated ion channels. The subunit encoded by this gene is subject to RNA editing (CAG->CGG; Q->R) within the second transmembrane domain, which is thought to alter the properties of ion flow. Alternative splicing, resulting in transcript variants encoding different isoforms, has been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 2

Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. This gene product belongs to the kainate family of glutamate receptors, which are composed of four subunits and function as ligand-activated ion channels. The subunit encoded by this gene is subject to RNA editing at multiple sites within the first and second transmembrane domains, which is thought to alter the structure and function of the receptor complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have also been described for this gene. Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal recessive cognitive disability. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 3

Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. This gene product belongs to the kainate family of glutamate receptors, which are composed of four subunits and function as ligand-activated ion channels. It is not certain if the subunit encoded by this gene is subject to RNA editing as the other 2 family members (GRIK1 and GRIK2). A Ser310Ala polymorphism has been associated with schizophrenia, and there are conflicting reports of its association with the pathogenesis of delirium tremens in alcoholics. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 4

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the glutamate-gated ionic channel family. Glutamate functions as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system through activation of ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled membrane receptors. The protein encoded by this gene forms functional heteromeric kainate-preferring ionic channels with the subunits encoded by related gene family members. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 5

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the glutamate-gated ionic channel family. Glutamate functions as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system through activation of ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled membrane receptors. The protein encoded by this gene forms functional heteromeric kainate-preferring ionic channels with the subunits encoded by related gene family members. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

glutamate receptor interacting protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the glutamate receptor interacting protein family. The encoded scaffold protein binds to and mediates the trafficking and membrane organization of a number of transmembrane proteins. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

glutamate receptor interacting protein 2

Predicted to enable glutamate receptor binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including neurotransmitter receptor transport, endosome to postsynaptic membrane; positive regulation of AMPA glutamate receptor clustering; and positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential. Predicted to act upstream of or within Notch signaling pathway; artery smooth muscle contraction; and positive regulation of blood pressure. Predicted to be located in dendritic shaft. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse and postsynaptic density, intracellular component. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier: glutamate), member 22

This gene encodes a mitochondrial glutamate carrier. Mutations in this gene are associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

glutamate receptor, metabotropic 8

L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate receptor, metabotropic 4

L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

glutamate receptor, metabotropic 5

This gene encodes a member of the G-protein coupled receptor 3 protein family. The encoded protein is a metabatropic glutamate receptor, whose signaling activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. This protein may be involved in the regulation of neural network activity and synaptic plasticity. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. A pseudogene of this gene has been defined on chromosome 11. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

glutamate receptor, metabotropic 6

L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Mutations in this gene result in congenital stationary night blindness type 1B. [provided by RefSeq, May 2018]

glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7

L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and it activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors that have been divided into three groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5, and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3, while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1

This gene encodes a metabotropic glutamate receptor that functions by activating phospholipase C. L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The canonical alpha isoform of the encoded protein is a disulfide-linked homodimer whose activity is mediated by a G-protein-coupled phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. This gene may be associated with many disease states, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and breast cancer. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

glutamate receptor, metabotropic 2

L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

glutamate receptor, metabotropic 3

L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa)

This gene encodes one of several forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. The enzyme encoded is responsible for catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the human pancreas since it has been identified as an autoantigen and an autoreactive T cell target in insulin-dependent diabetes. This gene may also play a role in the stiff man syndrome. Deficiency in this enzyme has been shown to lead to pyridoxine dependency with seizures. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two products, the predominant 67-kD form and a less-frequent 25-kD form. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate decarboxylase 2 (pancreatic islets and brain, 65kDa)

This gene encodes one of several forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. The enzyme encoded is responsible for catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the human pancreas since it has been identified as an autoantibody and an autoreactive T cell target in insulin-dependent diabetes. This gene may also play a role in the stiff man syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2B

This gene encodes a member of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor family within the ionotropic glutamate receptor superfamily. The encoded protein is a subunit of the NMDA receptor ion channel which acts as an agonist binding site for glutamate. The NMDA receptors mediate a slow calcium-permeable component of excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. The NMDA receptors are heterotetramers of seven genetically encoded, differentially expressed subunits including NR1 (GRIN1), NR2 (GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2C, or GRIN2D) and NR3 (GRIN3A or GRIN3B). The early expression of this gene in development suggests a role in brain development, circuit formation, synaptic plasticity, and cellular migration and differentiation. Naturally occurring mutations within this gene are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2C

This gene encodes a subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which is a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. NMDA receptors are found in the central nervous system, are permeable to cations and have an important role in physiological processes such as learning, memory, and synaptic development. The receptor is a tetramer of different subunits (typically heterodimer of subunit 1 with one or more of subunits 2A-D), forming a channel that is permeable to calcium, potassium, and sodium, and whose properties are determined by subunit composition. Alterations in the subunit composition of the receptor are associated with pathophysiological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and schizophrenia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2A

This gene encodes a member of the glutamate-gated ion channel protein family. The encoded protein is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit. NMDA receptors are both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent, and are involved in long-term potentiation, an activity-dependent increase in the efficiency of synaptic transmission thought to underlie certain kinds of memory and learning. These receptors are permeable to calcium ions, and activation results in a calcium influx into post-synaptic cells, which results in the activation of several signaling cascades. Disruption of this gene is associated with focal epilepsy and speech disorder with or without cognitive disability. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2D

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a class of ionotropic glutamate receptors. NMDA channel has been shown to be involved in long-term potentiation, an activity-dependent increase in the efficiency of synaptic transmission thought to underlie certain kinds of memory and learning. NMDA receptor channels are heteromers composed of the key receptor subunit NMDAR1 (GRIN1) and 1 or more of the 4 NMDAR2 subunits: NMDAR2A (GRIN2A), NMDAR2B (GRIN2B), NMDAR2C (GRIN2C), and NMDAR2D (GRIN2D). [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

glutamate receptor, metabotropic 8 pseudogene

SH3 domain binding glutamate-rich protein like 3 pseudogene

proline, glutamate and leucine rich protein 1

This gene encodes a transcription factor which coactivates transcription of estrogen receptor responsive genes and corepresses genes activated by other hormone receptors or sequence-specific transcription factors. Expression of this gene is regulated by both members of the estrogen receptor family. This gene may be involved in the progression of several types of cancer. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D-like

glutamate decarboxylase-like 1

Predicted to enable carboxy-lyase activity. Predicted to be involved in carboxylic acid metabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 2

Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. This gene product belongs to a family of glutamate receptors that are sensitive to alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA), and function as ligand-activated cation channels. These channels are assembled from 4 related subunits, GRIA1-4. The subunit encoded by this gene (GRIA2) is subject to RNA editing (CAG->CGG; Q->R) within the second transmembrane domain, which is thought to render the channel impermeable to Ca(2+). Human and animal studies suggest that pre-mRNA editing is essential for brain function, and defective GRIA2 RNA editing at the Q/R site may be relevant to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) etiology. Alternative splicing, resulting in transcript variants encoding different isoforms, (including the flip and flop isoforms that vary in their signal transduction properties), has been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 1

Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. These receptors are heteromeric protein complexes with multiple subunits, each possessing transmembrane regions, and all arranged to form a ligand-gated ion channel. The classification of glutamate receptors is based on their activation by different pharmacologic agonists. This gene belongs to a family of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

SH3 domain binding glutamate-rich protein like 3

Involved in cytoskeleton organization. Located in cytosol; nuclear body; and ruffle membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SH3 domain binding glutamate-rich protein like 2

Predicted to enable SH3 domain binding activity. Located in nuclear membrane and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamate dehydrogenase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is localized to the mitochondrion and acts as a homohexamer to recycle glutamate during neurotransmission. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate. This gene is intronless.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

glutamate dehydrogenase 1

This gene encodes glutamate dehydrogenase, which is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia. This enzyme has an important role in regulating amino acid-induced insulin secretion. It is allosterically activated by ADP and inhibited by GTP and ATP. Activating mutations in this gene are a common cause of congenital hyperinsulinism. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. The related glutamate dehydrogenase 2 gene on the human X-chromosome originated from this gene via retrotransposition and encodes a soluble form of glutamate dehydrogenase. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 10, 18 and X. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 5

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 3

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 8

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 9

glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier subunit

Glutamate-cysteine ligase, also known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, is the first rate limiting enzyme of glutathione synthesis. The enzyme consists of two subunits, a heavy catalytic subunit and a light regulatory subunit. Gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency has been implicated in some forms of hemolytic anemia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit

Glutamate-cysteine ligase, also known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase is the first rate-limiting enzyme of glutathione synthesis. The enzyme consists of two subunits, a heavy catalytic subunit and a light regulatory subunit. This locus encodes the catalytic subunit, while the regulatory subunit is derived from a different gene located on chromosome 1p22-p21. Mutations at this locus have been associated with hemolytic anemia due to deficiency of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and susceptibility to myocardial infarction.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

solute carrier family 25 (aspartate/glutamate carrier), member 13

This gene is a member of the mitochondrial carrier family. The encoded protein contains four EF-hand Ca(2+) binding motifs in the N-terminal domain, and localizes to mitochondria. The protein catalyzes the exchange of aspartate for glutamate and a proton across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and is stimulated by calcium on the external side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mutations in this gene result in citrullinemia, type II. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2009]

solute carrier family 25 (aspartate/glutamate carrier), member 12

This gene encodes a calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein. The encoded protein localizes to the mitochondria and is involved in the exchange of aspartate for glutamate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with autism, and mutations in this gene may also be a cause of global cerebral hypomyelination. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

solute carrier family 25 (glutamate carrier), member 18

Enables amino acid:proton symporter activity. Involved in L-glutamate transmembrane transport. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

arginine and glutamate rich 1

Enables nuclear receptor coactivator activity and pre-mRNA binding activity. Involved in regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Located in cytosol; mitochondrion; and nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 1

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 2

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 3

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 4

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 5

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 6

leucine, glutamate and lysine rich 1

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, delta 1

This gene encodes a subunit of glutamate receptor channels. These channels mediate most of the fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and play key roles in synaptic plasticity.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, delta 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors which are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain. The encoded protein is a multi-pass membrane protein that is expressed selectively in cerebellar Purkinje cells. A point mutation in the mouse ortholog, associated with the phenotype named 'lurcher', in the heterozygous state leads to ataxia resulting from selective, cell-autonomous apoptosis of cerebellar Purkinje cells during postnatal development. Mice homozygous for this mutation die shortly after birth from massive loss of mid- and hindbrain neurons during late embryogenesis. This protein also plays a role in synapse organization between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Mutations in this gene cause cerebellar ataxia in humans. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

solute carrier family 1 (glutamate/neutral amino acid transporter), member 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter for alanine, serine, cysteine, and threonine. Defects in this gene have been associated with developmental delay, microcephaly, and intellectual disability. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

solute carrier family 1 (high affinity aspartate/glutamate transporter), member 6

Enables L-aspartate transmembrane transporter activity; L-glutamate transmembrane transporter activity; and glutamate:sodium symporter activity. Involved in L-aspartate import across plasma membrane; L-glutamate import across plasma membrane; and neurotransmitter uptake. Located in intermediate filament cytoskeleton and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 1 (glutamate transporter), member 7

Enables glutamate:sodium symporter activity. Involved in neurotransmitter uptake. Predicted to be located in photoreceptor cell terminal bouton. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse; postsynaptic membrane; and presynaptic membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 1 (neuronal/epithelial high affinity glutamate transporter, system Xag), member 1

This gene encodes a member of the high-affinity glutamate transporters that play an essential role in transporting glutamate across plasma membranes. In brain, these transporters are crucial in terminating the postsynaptic action of the neurotransmitter glutamate, and in maintaining extracellular glutamate concentrations below neurotoxic levels. This transporter also transports aspartate, and mutations in this gene are thought to cause dicarboxylicamino aciduria, also known as glutamate-aspartate transport defect. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2

This gene encodes a member of a family of solute transporter proteins. The membrane-bound protein is the principal transporter that clears the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate from the extracellular space at synapses in the central nervous system. Glutamate clearance is necessary for proper synaptic activation and to prevent neuronal damage from excessive activation of glutamate receptors. Improper regulation of this gene is thought to be associated with several neurological disorders. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2017]

solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 3

This gene encodes a member of a member of a high affinity glutamate transporter family. This gene functions in the termination of excitatory neurotransmission in central nervous system. Mutations are associated with episodic ataxia, Type 6. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

coiled-coil glutamate-rich protein 1

coiled-coil glutamate-rich protein 2

Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

D-glutamate cyclase

Predicted to enable D-glutamate cyclase activity. Predicted to be involved in glutamate metabolic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]