Harmonizome 3.0

BST2 interferon stimulated positive regulator (non-protein coding)

thymocyte expressed, positive selection associated 1

Predicted to enable phospholipase binding activity and signaling receptor binding activity. Predicted to be involved in COP9 signalosome assembly; positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus; and positive regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within TCR signalosome assembly. Located in cytosol. Part of COP9 signalosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

gastric adenocarcinoma associated, positive CD44 regulator, long intergenic non-coding RNA

muscular dystrophy, congenital, merosin-positive

growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer-like

Acts upstream of or within kidney development. Predicted to be located in membrane. Implicated in autosomal dominant nonsyndromic deafness 80 and renal agenesis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

regulation of nuclear pre-mRNA domain containing 1A

This gene encodes a cell-cycle and transcription regulatory protein. The encoded protein interacts with the cell cycle inhibitor cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B and may function as a negative regulator of G(1)/S phase progression. This protein also forms homo- and hetrodimers with the protein, regulation of nuclear pre-mRNA domain-containing protein 1B, to form a scaffold that interacts with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II subunit B1 and regulates several aspects of transcription. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 16. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

regulation of nuclear pre-mRNA domain containing 1B

Enables RNA polymerase II complex binding activity and identical protein binding activity. Involved in several processes, including RNA polymerase II promoter clearance; positive regulation of cell population proliferation; and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of transcription preinitiation complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

regulation of nuclear pre-mRNA domain containing 2

Predicted to enable RNA polymerase II complex binding activity. Predicted to be involved in mRNA 3'-end processing. Part of transcription preinitiation complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer 1

This gene is an estrogen-responsive gene that is an early response gene in the estrogen receptor-regulated pathway. It is thought to play an important role in hormone-responsive tissues and cancer. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulation of nuclear pre-mRNA domain containing 1A pseudogene

plaque enriched lncRNA in atherosclerotic and inflammatory bowel macrophage regulation

p53 regulation associated lncRNA

zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (sperm receptor) pseudogene

binder of sperm protein homolog 1

Predicted to enable heparin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in sperm capacitation. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in cell surface. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm protein associated with the nucleus, X-linked, family member A1

Temporally regulated transcription and translation of several testis-specific genes is required to initiate the series of molecular and morphological changes in the male germ cell lineage necessary for the formation of mature spermatozoa. This gene is a member of the SPANX family of cancer/testis-associated genes, which are located in a cluster on chromosome X. The SPANX genes encode differentially expressed testis-specific proteins that localize to various subcellular compartments. This particular gene maps to chromosome X in a head-to-head orientation with SPANX family member A2, which appears to be a duplication of the A1 locus. The protein encoded by this gene targets to the nucleus where it associates with nuclear vacuoles and the redundant nuclear envelope. Based on its association with these poorly characterized regions of the sperm nucleus, this protein provides a biochemical marker to study unique structures in spermatazoa while attempting to further define its role in spermatogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sperm flagellar 1

Enables actin binding activity. Involved in filopodium assembly and lamellipodium assembly. Located in several cellular components, including basolateral plasma membrane; lamellipodium; and microvillus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm flagellar 2

Involved in sperm axoneme assembly. Located in sperm flagellum. Implicated in spermatogenic failure 43. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm protein associated with the nucleus on the X chromosome B/F

nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein (histone-binding)

This gene encodes a H1 histone binding protein that is involved in transporting histones into the nucleus of dividing cells. Multiple isoforms are encoded by transcript variants of this gene. The somatic form is expressed in all mitotic cells, is localized to the nucleus, and is coupled to the cell cycle. The testicular form is expressed in embryonic tissues, tumor cells, and the testis. In male germ cells, this protein is localized to the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes, the nucleus of spermatids, and the periacrosomal region of mature spermatozoa. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 3

ODF3 is a component of sperm flagella outer dense fibers, which add stiffness, elastic recoil, and protection against shearing forces during sperm movement.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 2

The outer dense fibers are cytoskeletal structures that surround the axoneme in the middle piece and principal piece of the sperm tail. The fibers function in maintaining the elastic structure and recoil of the sperm tail as well as in protecting the tail from shear forces during epididymal transport and ejaculation. Defects in the outer dense fibers lead to abnormal sperm morphology and infertility. This gene encodes one of the major outer dense fiber proteins. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. The longer transcripts, also known as 'Cenexins', encode proteins with a C-terminal extension that are differentially targeted to somatic centrioles and thought to be crucial for the formation of microtubule organizing centers. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 1

The outer dense fibers are cytoskeletal structures that surround the axoneme in the middle piece and principal piece of the sperm tail. The fibers function in maintaining the elastic structure and recoil of the sperm tail as well as in protecting the tail from shear forces during epididymal transport and ejaculation. Defects in the outer dense fibers lead to abnormal sperm morphology and infertility. The human outer dense fibers contains at least 10 major proteins and this gene encodes the main protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 4

This gene encodes a protein that is localized in the outer dense fibers of the tails of mature sperm. This protein is thought to have some important role in the sperm tail. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 2-like

Involved in negative regulation of cilium assembly. Located in centriolar satellite and ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

zona pellucida glycoprotein 1 (sperm receptor)

The zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix that surrounds the oocyte and early embryo. It is composed primarily of three or four glycoproteins with various functions during fertilization and preimplantation development. The protein encoded by this gene ensures the structural integrity of the zona pellucida. Mutations in this gene are a cause of oocyte maturation defect and infertility. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (sperm receptor)

The zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix that surrounds the oocyte and early embryo. It is composed primarily of three or four glycoproteins with various functions during fertilization and preimplantation development. The protein encoded by this gene is a structural component of the zona pellucida and functions in primary binding and induction of the sperm acrosome reaction. The nascent protein contains a N-terminal signal peptide sequence, a conserved ZP domain, a C-terminal consensus furin cleavage site, and a transmembrane domain. It is hypothesized that furin cleavage results in release of the mature protein from the plasma membrane for subsequent incorporation into the zona pellucida matrix. However, the requirement for furin cleavage in this process remains controversial based on mouse studies. A variation in the last exon of this gene has previously served as the basis for an additional ZP3 locus; however, sequence and literature review reveals that there is only one full-length ZP3 locus in the human genome. Another locus encoding a bipartite transcript designated POMZP3 contains a duplication of the last four exons of ZP3, including the above described variation, and maps closely to this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

zona pellucida glycoprotein 2 (sperm receptor)

The zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix that surrounds the oocyte and early embryo. It is composed of three glycoproteins with various functions during fertilization and preimplantation development. The glycosylated mature peptide is one of the structural components of the zona pellucida and functions in secondary binding and penetration of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa. Female mice lacking this gene do not form a stable zona matrix and are sterile. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

sperm associated antigen 11B

This gene encodes several androgen-dependent, epididymis-specific secretory proteins. The specific functions of these proteins have not been determined, but they are thought to be involved in sperm maturation. Some of the isoforms contain regions of similarity to beta-defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides. The gene is located on chromosome 8p23 near the defensin gene cluster. Alternative splicing of this gene results in seven transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Two different N-terminal and five different C-terminal protein sequences are encoded by the splice variants. Two additional variants have been described, but their full length sequences have not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sperm associated antigen 11A

Involved in antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm specific antigen 2

Enables actin filament binding activity. Located in cytosol; nucleoplasm; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm antigen with calponin homology and coiled-coil domains 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the cytospin-A family. It is localized in the nucleus, and highly expressed in testis and some cancer cell lines. A chromosomal translocation involving this gene and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, beta gene (PDGFRB) may be a cause of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (sperm receptor) pseudogene

sperm acrosome associated 5B

Predicted to enable lysozyme activity. Predicted to be involved in fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in acrosomal vesicle and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm associated antigen 8

The correlation of anti-sperm antibodies with cases of unexplained infertility implicates a role for these antibodies in blocking fertilization. Improved diagnosis and treatment of immunologic infertility, as well as identification of proteins for targeted contraception, are dependent on the identification and characterization of relevant sperm antigens. The protein encoded by this gene is recognized by sperm agglutinating antibodies from an infertile woman. This protein is localized in germ cells of the testis at all stages of spermatogenesis and is localized to the acrosomal region of mature spermatozoa. This protein interacts with ACT (activator of CREM in testis) and may play a role in CREM (cAMP response element modulator)-ACT-mediated gene transcription during spermatogenesis. This protein may also play a role in spermatogenesis by regulating microtubule formation and cell division. Alternatively spliced variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described but the full-length sequences of only two have been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

sperm associated antigen 9

This gene encodes a member of the cancer testis antigen gene family. The encoded protein functions as a scaffold protein that structurally organizes mitogen-activated protein kinases and mediates c-Jun-terminal kinase signaling. This protein also binds to kinesin-1 and may be involved in microtubule-based membrane transport. This protein may play a role in tumor growth and development. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

sperm associated antigen 6

The correlation of anti-sperm antibodies with cases of unexplained infertility implicates a role for these antibodies in blocking fertilization. Improved diagnosis and treatment of immunologic infertility, as well as identification of proteins for targeted contraception, are dependent on the identification and characterization of relevant sperm antigens. The protein expressed by this gene is recognized by anti-sperm antibodies from an infertile man. This protein localizes to the tail of permeabilized human sperm and contains eight contiguous armadillo repeats, a motif known to mediate protein-protein interactions. Studies in mice suggest that this protein is involved in sperm flagellar motility and maintenance of the structural integrity of mature sperm. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

sperm associated antigen 5

This gene encodes a protein associated with the mitotic spindle apparatus. The encoded protein may be involved in the functional and dynamic regulation of mitotic spindles. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sperm associated antigen 1

The correlation of anti-sperm antibodies with cases of unexplained infertility implicates a role for these antibodies in blocking fertilization. Improved diagnosis and treatment of immunologic infertility, as well as identification of proteins for targeted contraception, are dependent on the identification and characterization of relevant sperm antigens. The protein expressed by this gene is recognized by anti-sperm agglutinating antibodies from an infertile woman. Furthermore, immunization of female rats with the recombinant human protein reduced fertility. This protein localizes to the plasma membrane of germ cells in the testis and to the post-acrosomal plasma membrane of mature spermatozoa. Recombinant polypeptide binds GTP and exhibits GTPase activity. Thus, this protein may regulate GTP signal transduction pathways involved in spermatogenesis and fertilization. Two transcript variants of this gene encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 3-like 2

Located in cytoplasmic microtubule. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 3-like 1

Predicted to be active in cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm acrosome associated 6, pseudogene

Predicted to be involved in fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization. Predicted to be located in acrosomal membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm acrosome associated 4

Involved in binding activity of sperm to zona pellucida. Located in inner acrosomal membrane and outer acrosomal membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm acrosome associated 5

Predicted to enable lysozyme activity. Predicted to be involved in fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in acrosomal vesicle and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm acrosome associated 7

Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of cell adhesion and single fertilization. Located in acrosomal vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm acrosome associated 1

The correlation of anti-sperm antibodies with cases of unexplained infertility implicates a role for these antibodies in blocking fertilization. Improved diagnosis and treatment of immunologic infertility, as well as identification of proteins for targeted contraception, are dependent on the identification and characterization of relevant sperm antigens. The protein expressed by this gene is recognized by anti-sperm antibodies from infertile males. Furthermore, antibodies generated against the recombinant protein block in vitro fertilization. This protein localizes to the acrosomal membrane of spermatids and mature spermatozoa where it is thought to play a role in acrosomal morphogenesis and in sperm-egg binding and fusion, respectively. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sperm acrosome associated 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a sperm surface protein that may be involved in adhesion to the egg prior to fertilization. While the encoded protein has significant similarity to lysozyme at the amino acid level, it has no detectable bacteriocidal activity. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

fertility associated sperm antigen

sperm antigen with calponin homology and coiled-coil domains 1 pseudogene

sperm antigen with calponin homology and coiled-coil domains 1-like

This gene encodes a coiled-coil domain containing protein. The encoded protein may play a critical role in actin-cytoskeletal reorganization during facial morphogenesis. Mutations in this gene are a cause of oblique facial clefting-1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. A read-through transcript composed of SPECC1L (sperm antigen with calponin homology and coiled-coil domains 1-like) and the downstream ADORA2A (adenosine A2a receptor) gene sequence has been identified, but it is thought to be non-coding. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 3B

Predicted to be located in motile cilium. Predicted to be active in cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

epididymal sperm binding protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the sperm-coating protein family of epididymal origin. This protein and its canine homolog are the first known examples of proteins with four tandemly arranged fibronectin type 2 (Fn2) domains in the Fn2-module protein family. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sperm equatorial segment protein 1

The encoded protein is a human alloantigen involved in sperm-egg binding and fusion. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

sperm adhesion molecule 1 (PH-20 hyaluronidase, zona pellucida binding)

Hyaluronidase degrades hyaluronic acid, a major structural proteoglycan found in extracellular matrices and basement membranes. Six members of the hyaluronidase family are clustered into two tightly linked groups on chromosome 3p21.3 and 7q31.3. This gene was previously referred to as HYAL1 and HYA1 and has since been assigned the official symbol SPAM1; another family member on chromosome 3p21.3 has been assigned HYAL1. This gene encodes a GPI-anchored enzyme located on the human sperm surface and inner acrosomal membrane. This multifunctional protein is a hyaluronidase that enables sperm to penetrate through the hyaluronic acid-rich cumulus cell layer surrounding the oocyte, a receptor that plays a role in hyaluronic acid induced cell signaling, and a receptor that is involved in sperm-zona pellucida adhesion. Abnormal expression of this gene in tumors has implicated this protein in degradation of basement membranes leading to tumor invasion and metastasis. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

cation channel, sperm associated 2 pseudogene

equatorin, sperm acrosome associated

Predicted to be involved in acrosomal vesicle exocytosis; endocytosis; and fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization. Predicted to act upstream of or within establishment of localization in cell. Predicted to be located in early endosome and nucleus. Predicted to be active in inner acrosomal membrane; outer acrosomal membrane; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm associated antigen 16

Cilia and flagella are comprised of a microtubular backbone, the axoneme, which is organized by the basal body and surrounded by plasma membrane. SPAG16 encodes 2 major proteins that associate with the axoneme of sperm tail and the nucleus of postmeiotic germ cells, respectively (Zhang et al., 2007 [PubMed 17699735]).[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2008]

sperm associated antigen 17

This gene encodes a central pair protein present in the axonemes of cells with a `9 + 2` organization of microtubules. The encoded protein is required for the proper function of the axoneme. Mutations in the orthologous gene in mice lead to primary ciliary dyskinesia characterized by immotile nasal and tracheal cilia, reduced clearance of nasal mucus, profound respiratory distress, hydrocephalus, and neonatal lethality within twelve hours of birth due to impaired airway mucociliary clearance. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene are associated with human height and targeted mutations lead to skeletal malformations affecting the limbs in mice, suggesting a role for this gene in skeletal development. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

motile sperm domain containing 3

This gene encodes a multi-pass membrane protein with a major sperm protein (MSP) domain. The deletion of a similar mouse gene is associated with defective cardiac development and neonatal lethality. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

izumo sperm-egg fusion 1

The sperm-specific protein Izumo, named for a Japanese shrine dedicated to marriage, is essential for sperm-egg plasma membrane binding and fusion (Inoue et al., 2005 [PubMed 15759005]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

cation channel, sperm associated 4

Predicted to enable voltage-gated calcium channel activity. Predicted to be involved in flagellated sperm motility; sodium ion transport; and sperm capacitation. Predicted to act upstream of or within establishment of localization in cell. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of CatSper complex. Predicted to be active in acrosomal vesicle and sperm principal piece. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cation channel, sperm associated 1

Calcium ions play a primary role in the regulation of sperm motility. This gene belongs to a family of putative cation channels that are specific to spermatozoa and localize to the flagellum. The protein family features a single repeat with six membrane-spanning segments and a predicted calcium-selective pore region. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cation channel, sperm associated 2

This gene encodes a member of a family of cation channel proteins that localize to the flagellum of spermatozoa. Defects at this locus causes male infertility. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed at this locus. Readthrough transcription originates upstream of this locus in diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinase 1 pseudogene 1 and is represented by GeneID:110006325. Related pseudogenes are found next to this locus on chromosome 15 and on chromosome 5. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

cation channel, sperm associated 3

Predicted to enable voltage-gated calcium channel activity. Predicted to be involved in flagellated sperm motility; sodium ion transport; and sperm capacitation. Predicted to act upstream of or within establishment of localization in cell. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of CatSper complex. Predicted to be active in acrosomal vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cation channel, sperm associated 2 pseudogene 1

Catsper genes belong to a family of putative cation channels that are specific to spermatozoa and localize to the flagellum. This gene is part of a tandem repeat on chromosome 15q15; this copy of the gene is thought to be a pseudogene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

sperm associated antigen 7

Predicted to enable nucleic acid binding activity. Predicted to be located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm associated antigen 4

The mammalian sperm flagellum contains two cytoskeletal structures associated with the axoneme: the outer dense fibers surrounding the axoneme in the midpiece and principal piece and the fibrous sheath surrounding the outer dense fibers in the principal piece of the tail. Defects in these structures are associated with abnormal tail morphology, reduced sperm motility, and infertility. In the rat, the protein encoded by this gene associates with an outer dense fiber protein via a leucine zipper motif and localizes to the microtubules of the manchette and axoneme during sperm tail development. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

sperm-tail PG-rich repeat containing 2

sperm-tail PG-rich repeat containing 1

Involved in positive regulation of apoptotic process and positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process. Predicted to be located in mitochondrion and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm autoantigenic protein 17

This gene encodes a protein present at the cell surface. The N-terminus has sequence similarity to human cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) type II alpha regulatory subunit (RIIa) while the C-terminus has an IQ calmodulin-binding motif. The central portion of the protein has carbohydrate binding motifs and likely functions in cell-cell adhesion. The protein was initially characterized by its involvement in the binding of sperm to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. Recent studies indicate that it is also involved in additional cell-cell adhesion functions such as immune cell migration and metastasis. A retrotransposed pseudogene is present on chromosome 10q22.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

sperm mitochondria-associated cysteine-rich protein

Sperm mitochondria differ in morphology and subcellular localization from those of somatic cells. They are elongated, flattened, and arranged circumferentially to form a helical coiled sheath in the midpiece of the sperm flagellum. The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the capsule associated with the mitochondrial outer membranes and is thought to function in the organization and stabilization of the helical structure of the sperm's mitochondrial sheath. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Deafness, cataract, retinitis pigmentosa, and sperm abnormalities

nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein pseudogene 1

cylicin, basic protein of sperm head cytoskeleton 1

This gene encodes a sperm head cytoskeletal protein. The encoded protein is associated with the calyx of spermatozoa and spermatids. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

cylicin, basic protein of sperm head cytoskeleton 2

Cylicin II (CYCL2) is specifically expressed in testis and is part of the cytoskeletal calyx of mammalian sperm heads. Cylicin II may play a role in the morphogenesis of the sperm head. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sperm autoantigenic protein 17 pseudogene 1

motile sperm domain containing 2

Enables FFAT motif binding activity. Involved in lipid droplet formation; positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis; and protein homooligomerization. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane; endoplasmic reticulum-endosome membrane contact site; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

motile sperm domain containing 1

Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in nucleus and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm acrosome associated 9

Enables microtubule binding activity. Involved in axoneme assembly. Located in axonemal microtubule. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm acrosome associated 6

Predicted to be involved in fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization. Predicted to be located in acrosomal membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm acrosome developmental regulator

Involved in spermatid development. Located in acrosomal vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Frey regulator of sperm-oocyte fusion 1

Predicted to enable protein-macromolecule adaptor activity. Predicted to be involved in fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization; maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum; and sperm-egg recognition. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including protein modification process; protein stabilization; and spermatid development. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm-tail PG-rich repeat containing 4

Predicted to enable chromatin binding activity and histone binding activity. Predicted to be involved in epigenetic programing of male pronucleus. Predicted to act upstream of or within pyrimidine-containing compound catabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Predicted to be active in female pronucleus; germinal vesicle; and male pronucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm-tail PG-rich repeat containing 3

Predicted to be active in cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm microtubule inner protein 3

sperm microtubule inner protein 8

Predicted to be involved in flagellated sperm motility. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm; cytoskeleton; and motile cilium. Predicted to be active in axonemal A tubule inner sheath and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm microtubule associated protein 2

This gene is specifically expressed in the nucleus of haploid male germ cells. The orthologous gene in mice encodes a protein that may play a role in protein assembly through interactions with T-complex protein 1 subunit epsilon. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

sperm microtubule inner protein 6

This gene encodes a nuclear- or perinuclear-localized protein with no predicted domains or similarity to other known proteins. Expression of this gene is induced during the differentiation of bronchial epithelial cells, and the encoded protein may play a role in ciliogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

sperm microtubule inner protein 2

sperm microtubule inner protein 9

Predicted to be involved in flagellated sperm motility. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm microtubule inner protein 7

Predicted to be involved in spermatogenesis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm microtubule inner protein 5

Predicted to be involved in flagellated sperm motility. Predicted to be located in several cellular components, including cytoskeleton; motile cilium; and nucleus. Predicted to be active in axonemal A tubule inner sheath and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm microtubule inner protein 10

Predicted to be involved in flagellated sperm motility. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm; cytoskeleton; and motile cilium. Predicted to be active in axonemal B tubule inner sheath and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm microtubule inner protein 1

sperm microtubule inner protein 11

Predicted to be involved in flagellated sperm motility. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm; cytoskeleton; and sperm flagellum. Predicted to be active in axonemal A tubule inner sheath. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm microtubule associated protein 2 like

sperm microtubule inner protein 4

sperm microtubule associated protein 1

sperm-associated antigen 11B-like

sperm-oocyte fusion factor 1

Predicted to be involved in fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]