Harmonizome 3.0

fibroblast growth factor receptor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and throughout evolution. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution. A full-length representative protein consists of an extracellular region, composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The extracellular portion of the protein interacts with fibroblast growth factors, setting in motion a cascade of downstream signals, ultimately influencing mitogenesis and differentiation. This particular family member binds both acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors and is involved in limb induction. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Pfeiffer syndrome, Jackson-Weiss syndrome, Antley-Bixler syndrome, osteoglophonic dysplasia, and autosomal dominant Kallmann syndrome 2. Chromosomal aberrations involving this gene are associated with stem cell myeloproliferative disorder and stem cell leukemia lymphoma syndrome. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described; however, not all variants have been fully characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

FGFR1 oncogene partner

This gene encodes a largely hydrophilic centrosomal protein that is required for anchoring microtubules to subcellular structures. A t(6;8)(q27;p11) chromosomal translocation, fusing this gene and the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene, has been found in cases of myeloproliferative disorder. The resulting chimeric protein contains the N-terminal leucine-rich region of this encoded protein fused to the catalytic domain of FGFR1. Alterations in this gene may also be associated with Crohn's disease, Graves' disease, and vitiligo. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different proteins have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

FGFR1 oncogene partner 2

Predicted to enable identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in response to wounding. Predicted to act upstream of or within wound healing. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

FGFR1 oncogene partner 2 pseudogene 1

FGFR1 oncogene partner 2 pseudogene

FGFR1 oncogene partner 2 pseudogene

rearranged L-myc fusion

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity and DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of heterochromatin formation. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene forms a complex with two other proteins, nuclear protein localization-4 and valosin-containing protein, and this complex is necessary for the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. In addition, this complex controls the disassembly of the mitotic spindle and the formation of a closed nuclear envelope after mitosis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Catch 22 syndrome as well as cardiac and craniofacial defects. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 18. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1

Ubiquitin is a highly conserved nuclear and cytoplasmic protein that has a major role in targeting cellular proteins for degradation by the 26S proteosome. It is also involved in the maintenance of chromatin structure, the regulation of gene expression, and the stress response. Ubiquitin is synthesized as a precursor protein consisting of either polyubiquitin chains or a single ubiquitin moiety fused to an unrelated protein. This gene encodes a fusion protein consisting of ubiquitin at the N terminus and ribosomal protein L40 at the C terminus, a C-terminal extension protein (CEP). Multiple processed pseudogenes derived from this gene are present in the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene

lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 4

This gene is a member of the lipoma HMGIC fusion partner (LHFP) gene family, which is a subset of the superfamily of tetraspan transmembrane protein encoding genes. Mutations in one LHFP-like gene result in deafness in humans and mice, and a second LHFP-like gene is fused to a high-mobility group gene in a translocation-associated lipoma. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 5

This gene is a member of the lipoma HMGIC fusion partner (LHFP) gene family, which is a subset of the superfamily of tetraspan transmembrane protein encoding genes. Mutations in this gene result in deafness in humans, and a mutation in a similar gene in mice results in deafness and vestibular dysfunction with severe degeneration of the organ of Corti. It is proposed to function in hair bundle morphogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 1

This gene is a member of the lipoma HMGIC fusion partner (LHFP) gene family, which is a subset of the superfamily of tetraspan transmembrane protein encoding genes. Mutations in one LHFP-like gene result in deafness in humans and mice, and a second LHFP-like gene is fused to a high-mobility group gene in a translocation-associated lipoma. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found, but their biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 2

This gene is a member of the lipoma HMGIC fusion partner (LHFP) gene family, which is a subset of the superfamily of tetraspan transmembrane protein encoding genes. Mutations in one LHFP-like gene result in deafness in humans and mice, and a second LHFP-like gene is fused to a high-mobility group gene in a translocation-associated lipoma. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found, but their biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 8

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 9

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 4

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 6

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 7

lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 3

This gene is a member of the lipoma HMGIC fusion partner (LHFP) gene family, which is a subset of the superfamily of tetraspan transmembrane protein encoding genes. Mutations in one LHFP-like gene result in deafness in humans and mice, and a second LHFP-like gene is fused to a high-mobility group gene in a translocation-associated lipoma. A partial gene fragment named LHFPL4 corresponds to a portion of the first exon of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 5

ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like (yeast) pseudogene

CHRNA7 (cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 7, exons 5-10) and FAM7A (family with sequence similarity 7A, exons A-E) fusion

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are members of a superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast signal transmission at synapses. The family member CHRNA7, which is located on chromosome 15 in a region associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders, is partially duplicated and forms a hybrid with a novel gene from the family with sequence similarity 7 (FAM7A). Alternative splicing has been observed, and two variants exist, for this hybrid gene. The N-terminally truncated products predicted by the largest open reading frames for each variant would lack the majority of the neurotransmitter-gated ion-channel ligand binding domain but retain the transmembrane region that forms the ion channel. Although current evidence supports transcription of this hybrid gene, translation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-like protein-encoding open reading frames has not been confirmed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

SET domain and mariner transposase fusion gene

This gene encodes a fusion protein that contains an N-terminal histone-lysine N-methyltransferase domain and a C-terminal mariner transposase domain. The encoded protein binds DNA and functions in DNA repair activities including non-homologous end joining and double strand break repair. The SET domain portion of this protein specifically methylates histone H3 lysines 4 and 36. This gene exists as a fusion gene only in anthropoid primates, other organisms lack mariner transposase domain. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

CHRNA7-FAM7A fusion protein

lipoma HMGIC fusion partner

This gene is a member of the lipoma HMGIC fusion partner (LHFP) gene family, which is a subset of the superfamily of tetraspan transmembrane protein encoding genes. This gene is fused to a high-mobility group gene in a translocation-associated lipoma. Mutations in another LHFP-like gene result in deafness in humans and mice. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found; however, their full-length nature is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

leukemia NUP98 fusion partner 1

izumo sperm-egg fusion 1

The sperm-specific protein Izumo, named for a Japanese shrine dedicated to marriage, is essential for sperm-egg plasma membrane binding and fusion (Inoue et al., 2005 [PubMed 15759005]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

TCF3 (E2A) fusion partner (in childhood Leukemia)

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Involved in several processes, including apoptotic signaling pathway; chromatin remodeling; and regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of Ino80 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

POM121 and ZP3 fusion

This gene appears to have resulted from a fusion of DNA sequences derived from 2 distinct loci, specifically through the duplication of two internal exons from the POM121 gene and four 3' exons from the ZP3 gene. The 5' end of this gene is similar to the 5` coding region of the POM121 gene which encodes an integral nuclear pore membrane protein. However, the protein encoded by this gene lacks the nuclear pore localization motif. The 3' end of this gene is similar to the last 4 exons of the zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (ZP3) gene and the encoded protein retains one zona pellucida domain. Multiple protein isoforms are encoded by transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

rearranged L-myc fusion pseudogene 1

DISC1 fusion partner 1 (non-protein coding)

PALM2 and AKAP2 fusion

This gene belongs to the paralemmin downstream gene (PDG) family defined in PMID:22855693. Paralemmin downstream genes may have evolved contiguously with the paralemmin genes and are associated with other paralemmin paralogs in humans and several other taxa. The gene encodes three distinct protein isoforms, the PALM2 isoform, the AKAP2 isoform and the PALM2-AKAP2 isoform. The biological significance of the PALM2-AKAP2 isoforms is yet unknown. Earlier, PALM2 and AKAP2 were annotated as separate genes and PALM2-AKAP2 was annotated as a readthrough gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2019]

Frey regulator of sperm-oocyte fusion 1

Predicted to enable protein-macromolecule adaptor activity. Predicted to be involved in fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization; maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum; and sperm-egg recognition. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including protein modification process; protein stabilization; and spermatid development. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myomaker, myoblast fusion factor

Involved in myoblast fusion. Located in plasma membrane. Implicated in Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sperm-oocyte fusion factor 1

Predicted to be involved in fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phospholipase A2, group VI (cytosolic, calcium-independent)

The protein encoded by this gene is an A2 phospholipase, a class of enzyme that catalyzes the release of fatty acids from phospholipids. The encoded protein may play a role in phospholipid remodelling, arachidonic acid release, leukotriene and prostaglandin synthesis, fas-mediated apoptosis, and transmembrane ion flux in glucose-stimulated B-cells. Several transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been described, but the full-length nature of only three of them have been determined to date. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1D, member 1, pseudogene

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. This gene has been inactivated by mutation and is nonfunctional in humans. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

Lymphocyte cytosolic protein, molecular weight 20kD

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 3, pseudogene

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IB

Cytosolic 5-prime nucleotidases, such as NT5C1B, catalyze production of adenosine, which regulates diverse physiologic processes (Sala-Newby and Newby, 2001 [PubMed 11690631]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IA

Cytosolic nucleotidases, such as NT5C1A, dephosphorylate nucleoside monophosphates (Hunsucker et al., 2001 [PubMed 11133996]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 2A, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-preferring, member 1

This gene encodes a member of the sulfotransferase family. Sulfotransferases aid in the metabolism of drugs and endogenous compounds by converting these substances into more hydrophilic water-soluble sulfate conjugates that can be easily excreted. This protein catalyzes the sulfation of steroids and bile acids in the liver and adrenal glands, and may have a role in the inherited adrenal androgen excess in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

cytidine monophosphate (UMP-CMP) kinase 1, cytosolic pseudogene

prostaglandin E synthase 3 (cytosolic)

This gene encodes an enzyme that converts prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This protein functions as a co-chaperone with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), localizing to response elements in DNA and disrupting transcriptional activation complexes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene on several different chromosomes. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

phospholipase A2, group IVC (cytosolic, calcium-independent)

This gene encodes a protein which is a member of the phospholipase A2 enzyme family which hydrolyzes glycerophospholipids to produce free fatty acids and lysophospholipids, both of which serve as precursors in the production of signaling molecules. The encoded protein has been shown to be a calcium-independent and membrane bound enzyme. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]

phospholipase A2, group IVB (cytosolic)

This gene encodes a member of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 protein family. Phospholipase A2 enzymes hydrolyze the sn-2 bond of phospholipids, releasing lysophospholipids and fatty acids. This enzyme may be associated with mitochondria and early endosomes. Most tissues also express read-through transcripts from the upstream gene into this gene, some of which may encode fusion proteins combining the N-terminus of the upstream gene including its JmjC domain with the almost complete coding region of this gene, including the C2 and cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 domains. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phospholipase A2, group IVA (cytosolic, calcium-dependent)

This gene encodes a member of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 group IV family. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids to release arachidonic acid which is subsequently metabolized into eicosanoids. Eicosanoids, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, are lipid-based cellular hormones that regulate hemodynamics, inflammatory responses, and other intracellular pathways. The hydrolysis reaction also produces lysophospholipids that are converted into platelet-activating factor. The enzyme is activated by increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels and phosphorylation, resulting in its translocation from the cytosol and nucleus to perinuclear membrane vesicles. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

phospholipase A2, group IVD (cytosolic)

The phospholipase A2 enzyme family, including PLA2G4D, catalyze the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids at the sn-2 position and then liberate free fatty acids and lysophospholipids (Chiba et al., 2004 [PubMed 14709560]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2009]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 2B, member 1

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene sulfates dehydroepiandrosterone but not 4-nitrophenol, a typical substrate for the phenol and estrogen sulfotransferase subfamilies. Two alternatively spliced variants that encode different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 5, pseudogene

Predicted to enable several functions, including ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and ATP-dependent protein folding chaperone. Predicted to be involved in protein folding. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytidine monophosphate (UMP-CMP) kinase 1, cytosolic

This gene encodes one of the enzymes required for cellular nucleic acid biosynthesis. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to CMP, UMP, or dCMP, to form the corresponding diphosphate nucleotide. Alternate splicing results in both coding and non-coding transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 2, pseudogene

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to heat; protein folding; and protein stabilization. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 (SH2 domain containing leukocyte protein of 76kDa)

This gene encodes an adapter protein that acts as a substrate of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-activated protein tyrosine kinase pathway. The encoded protein associates with growth factor receptor bound protein 2, and is thought to play a role TCR-mediated intracellular signal transduction. A similar protein in mouse plays a role in normal T-cell development and activation. Mice lacking this gene show subcutaneous and intraperitoneal fetal hemorrhaging, dysfunctional platelets and impaired viability. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1 (L-plastin)

Plastins are a family of actin-binding proteins that are conserved throughout eukaryote evolution and expressed in most tissues of higher eukaryotes. In humans, two ubiquitous plastin isoforms (L and T) have been identified. Plastin 1 (otherwise known as Fimbrin) is a third distinct plastin isoform which is specifically expressed at high levels in the small intestine. The L isoform is expressed only in hemopoietic cell lineages, while the T isoform has been found in all other normal cells of solid tissues that have replicative potential (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, melanocytes, etc.). However, L-plastin has been found in many types of malignant human cells of non-hemopoietic origin suggesting that its expression is induced accompanying tumorigenesis in solid tissues. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 1

Involved in iron-sulfur cluster assembly and protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer. Located in cytoplasm. Part of MMXD complex and cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 3

Enables 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate binding activity and sulfotransferase activity. Involved in 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate metabolic process; cholesterol metabolic process; and xenobiotic metabolic process. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 2

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the SULT1 subfamily, responsible for transferring a sulfo moiety from PAPS to phenol-containing compounds. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 4

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the SULT1 subfamily, responsible for transferring a sulfo moiety from PAPS to phenol-containing compounds. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 2, pseudogene

HSP90 proteins are highly conserved molecular chaperones that have key roles in signal transduction, protein folding, protein degradation, and morphologic evolution. HSP90 proteins normally associate with other cochaperones and play important roles in folding newly synthesized proteins or stabilizing and refolding denatured proteins after stress. HSP90AA2 is a cytosolic HSP90 protein. Other HSP90 proteins are found in endoplasmic reticulum (HSP90B1; MIM 191175) and mitochondria (TRAP1; MIM 606219) (Chen et al., 2005 [PubMed 16269234]). See HSP90AA1 (MIM 140571) for further information on HSP90 proteins.[supplied by OMIM, Aug 2008]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 7, pseudogene

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 6B, member 1

Predicted to enable sulfotransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in sulfation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

branched chain amino-acid transaminase 1, cytosolic

This gene encodes the cytosolic form of the enzyme branched-chain amino acid transaminase. This enzyme catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain alpha-keto acids to branched-chain L-amino acids essential for cell growth. Two different clinical disorders have been attributed to a defect of branched-chain amino acid transamination: hypervalinemia and hyperleucine-isoleucinemia. As there is also a gene encoding a mitochondrial form of this enzyme, mutations in either gene may contribute to these disorders. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

5', 3'-nucleotidase, cytosolic

This gene encodes a nucleotidase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the 5' deoxyribonucleotides (dNTP) and 2'(3')-dNTP and ribonucleotides, but not 5' ribonucleotides. Of the different forms of nucleotidases characterized, this enzyme is unique in its preference for 5'-dNTP. It may be one of the enzymes involved in regulating the size of dNTP pools in cells. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIA pseudogene

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II

This gene encodes a hydrolase that serves as an important role in cellular purine metabolism by acting primarily on inosine 5'-monophosphate and other purine nucleotides. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

5',3'-nucleotidase, cytosolic pseudogene 1

5',3'-nucleotidase, cytosolic pseudogene 2

5',3'-nucleotidase, cytosolic pseudogene 3

sialidase 2 (cytosolic sialidase)

This gene belongs to a family of glycohydrolytic enzymes which remove sialic acid residues from glycoproteins and glycolipids. Expression studies in COS7 cells confirmed that this gene encodes a functional sialidase. Its cytosolic localization was demonstrated by cell fractionation experiments. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 4, pseudogene

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to heat; protein folding; and protein stabilization. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be part of protein-containing complex. Predicted to be active in cytosol; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-preferring, member 4

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes a phenol sulfotransferase with thermolabile enzyme activity. Four sulfotransferase genes are located on the p arm of chromosome 16, this gene and SULT1A3 arose from a segmental duplication. Read-through transcription exists between this gene and the upstream SLX1B (SLX1 structure-specific endonuclease subunit homolog B) gene that encodes a protein containing GIY-YIG domains. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-preferring, member 1

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes one of two phenol sulfotransferases with thermostable enzyme activity. Multiple alternatively spliced variants that encode two isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-preferring, member 3

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes a phenol sulfotransferase with thermolabile enzyme activity. Four sulfotransferase genes are located on the p arm of chromosome 16; this gene and SULT1A4 arose from a segmental duplication. This gene is the most centromeric of the four sulfotransferase genes. Read-through transcription exists between this gene and the upstream SLX1A (SLX1 structure-specific endonuclease subunit homolog A) gene that encodes a protein containing GIY-YIG domains. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-preferring, member 2

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes one of two phenol sulfotransferases with thermostable enzyme activity. Two alternatively spliced variants that encode the same protein have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

prostaglandin E synthase 3 (cytosolic)-like

Predicted to enable Hsp90 protein binding activity and protein-folding chaperone binding activity. Predicted to be involved in chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly and protein folding. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neutrophil cytosolic factor 1C pseudogene

The neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) gene encodes the 47 kDa cytosolic subunit of neutrophil NADPH oxidase, which produces superoxide anion. The NCF1 gene is located in close proximity to two highly similar, multi-exon pseudogenes at chromosome 7q11.23, corresponding to this gene record and GeneID:654816. The two pseudogenes contain a dinucleotide deletion (delta-GT) in exon 2 that results in a frameshift and truncation of the open reading frame, and neither pseudogene is likely to express a protein. Recombination events between the pseudogenes and the functional NCF1 gene can inactivate the NCF1 gene and result in chronic granulomatous disease. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

neutrophil cytosolic factor 1B pseudogene

Predicted to enable superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in respiratory burst and superoxide anion generation. Predicted to be part of NADPH oxidase complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neutrophil cytosolic factor 2

This gene encodes neutrophil cytosolic factor 2, the 67-kilodalton cytosolic subunit of the multi-protein NADPH oxidase complex found in neutrophils. This oxidase produces a burst of superoxide which is delivered to the lumen of the neutrophil phagosome. Mutations in this gene, as well as in other NADPH oxidase subunits, can result in chronic granulomatous disease, a disease that causes recurrent infections by catalase-positive organisms. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

neutrophil cytosolic factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a 47 kDa cytosolic subunit of neutrophil NADPH oxidase. This oxidase is a multicomponent enzyme that is activated to produce superoxide anion. Mutations in this gene have been associated with chronic granulomatous disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

neutrophil cytosolic factor 4, 40kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytosolic regulatory component of the superoxide-producing phagocyte NADPH-oxidase, a multicomponent enzyme system important for host defense. This protein is preferentially expressed in cells of myeloid lineage. It interacts primarily with neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2/p67-phox) to form a complex with neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1/p47-phox), which further interacts with the small G protein RAC1 and translocates to the membrane upon cell stimulation. This complex then activates flavocytochrome b, the membrane-integrated catalytic core of the enzyme system. The PX domain of this protein can bind phospholipid products of the PI(3) kinase, which suggests its role in PI(3) kinase-mediated signaling events. The phosphorylation of this protein was found to negatively regulate the enzyme activity. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 2 pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 4, pseudogene

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to heat; protein folding; and protein stabilization. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be part of protein-containing complex. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including myelin sheath; neuronal cell body; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 3, pseudogene

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to heat; protein folding; and protein stabilization. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic

This gene encodes a cytosolic, NADP-dependent enzyme that generates NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis. The activity of this enzyme, the reversible oxidative decarboxylation of malate, links the glycolytic and citric acid cycles. The regulation of expression for this gene is complex. Increased expression can result from elevated levels of thyroid hormones or by higher proportions of carbohydrates in the diet. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIA pseudogene 1

cytosolic thiouridylase subunit 1 homolog (S. pombe) pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1

This gene encodes a member of the heat shock protein 90 family; these proteins are involved in signal transduction, protein folding and degradation and morphological evolution. This gene encodes the constitutive form of the cytosolic 90 kDa heat-shock protein and is thought to play a role in gastric apoptosis and inflammation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes have been identified on multiple chromosomes. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

cytosolic thiouridylase subunit 2 homolog (S. pombe)

This gene encodes a protein which is involved in the post-transcriptional modification of transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The encoded protein plays a role in thiolation of uridine residue present at the wobble position in a subset of tRNAs, resulting in enhanced codon reading accuracy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

cytosolic thiouridylase subunit 1

Predicted to enable tRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in tRNA wobble position uridine thiolation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be part of cytosolic tRNA wobble base thiouridylase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIA

This gene encodes a member of the 5'-nucleotidase family of enzymes that catalyze the dephosphorylation of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. The encoded protein is the type 1 isozyme of pyrimidine 5' nucleotidase and catalyzes the dephosphorylation of pyrimidine 5' monophosphates. Mutations in this gene are a cause of hemolytic anemia due to uridine 5-prime monophosphate hydrolase deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and pseudogenes of this gene are located on the long arm of chromosomes 3 and 4. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIB

Predicted to enable 5'-nucleotidase activity. Predicted to be involved in nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 2 pseudogene 1

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 6, pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is an inducible molecular chaperone that functions as a homodimer. The encoded protein aids in the proper folding of specific target proteins by use of an ATPase activity that is modulated by co-chaperones. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 6, pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 5, pseudogene

prostaglandin E synthase 3 (cytosolic) pseudogene 3

prostaglandin E synthase 3 (cytosolic) pseudogene 1

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1B, member 1

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. However, the total genomic length of this gene is greater than that of other SULT1 genes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 2B

Involved in chromosome segregation; iron-sulfur cluster assembly; and protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer. Located in cytosol; nucleoplasm; and spindle. Part of MMXD complex and cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 2A

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. Involved in iron-sulfur cluster assembly and protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 3

Predicted to enable 4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding activity and metal ion binding activity. Involved in several processes, including intracellular oxygen homeostasis; iron-sulfur cluster assembly; and response to hypoxia. Part of cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunit 2

Enables identical protein binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of TORC1 signaling. Located in GATOR2 complex and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunit 1

Enables several functions, including arginine binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and protein sequestering activity. Involved in cellular response to L-arginine; cellular response to amino acid starvation; and regulation of TORC1 signaling. Located in GATOR2 complex and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small G protein signaling modulator 3

Enables GTPase activator activity and small GTPase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including Rap protein signal transduction; positive regulation of GTPase activity; and regulation of Rab protein signal transduction. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1

This gene encodes a member of the dickkopf family of proteins. Members of this family are secreted proteins characterized by two cysteine-rich domains that mediate protein-protein interactions. The encoded protein binds to the LRP6 co-receptor and inhibits beta-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling. This gene plays a role in embryonic development and may be important in bone formation in adults. Elevated expression of this gene has been observed in numerous human cancers and this protein may promote proliferation, invasion and growth in cancer cell lines. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2017]

SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1

Enables protein kinase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization; regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity; and substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading. Located in actin cytoskeleton and cytoplasm. Is active in glutamatergic synapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

golgi-associated, olfactory signaling regulator

Predicted to be involved in sensory perception of smell. Predicted to act upstream of or within non-motile cilium assembly and protein localization to non-motile cilium. Predicted to be located in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 pseudogene 5

regulator of G-protein signaling 4

Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family members are regulatory molecules that act as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) for G alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. RGS proteins are able to deactivate G protein subunits of the Gi alpha, Go alpha and Gq alpha subtypes. They drive G proteins into their inactive GDP-bound forms. Regulator of G protein signaling 4 belongs to this family. All RGS proteins share a conserved 120-amino acid sequence termed the RGS domain. Regulator of G protein signaling 4 protein is 37% identical to RGS1 and 97% identical to rat Rgs4. This protein negatively regulate signaling upstream or at the level of the heterotrimeric G protein and is localized in the cytoplasm. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulator of G-protein signaling 5

This locus represents naturally occurring readthrough transcription between the neighboring LOC127814295 (uncharacterized LOC127814295) and RGS5 (regulator of G-protein signaling 5) genes on chromosome 1. Some variants of the readthrough transcript encode novel proteins with unique N-termini. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2022]

regulator of G-protein signaling 6

This gene encodes a member of the RGS (regulator of G protein signaling) family of proteins, which are defined by the presence of a RGS domain that confers the GTPase-activating activity of these proteins toward certain G alpha subunits. This protein also belongs to a subfamily of RGS proteins characterized by the presence of DEP and GGL domains, the latter a G beta 5-interacting domain. The RGS proteins negatively regulate G protein signaling, and may modulate neuronal, cardiovascular, lymphocytic activities, and cancer risk. Many alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms with long or short N-terminal domains, complete or incomplete GGL domains, and distinct C-terminal domains, have been described for this gene, however, the full-length nature of some of these variants is not known.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

regulator of G-protein signaling 7

Enables G-protein alpha-subunit binding activity; G-protein beta-subunit binding activity; and GTPase activator activity. Involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; and positive regulation of GTPase activity. Located in cytosol. Is active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

regulator of G-protein signaling 1

This gene encodes a member of the regulator of G-protein signalling family. This protein is located on the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane and contains a conserved, 120 amino acid motif called the RGS domain. The protein attenuates the signalling activity of G-proteins by binding to activated, GTP-bound G alpha subunits and acting as a GTPase activating protein (GAP), increasing the rate of conversion of the GTP to GDP. This hydrolysis allows the G alpha subunits to bind G beta/gamma subunit heterodimers, forming inactive G-protein heterotrimers, thereby terminating the signal. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulator of G-protein signaling 2

Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family members are regulatory molecules that act as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) for G alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. RGS proteins are able to deactivate G protein subunits of the Gi alpha, Go alpha and Gq alpha subtypes. They drive G proteins into their inactive GDP-bound forms. Regulator of G protein signaling 2 belongs to this family. The protein acts as a mediator of myeloid differentiation and may play a role in leukemogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

regulator of G-protein signaling 3

This gene encodes a member of the regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) family. This protein is a GTPase-activating protein that inhibits G-protein-mediated signal transduction. Alternative splicing and the use of alternative promoters results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Long isoforms are largely cytosolic and plasma membrane-associated with a function in Wnt signaling and in the epithelial mesenchymal transition, while shorter N-terminally-truncated isoforms can be nuclear. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

regulator of G-protein signaling 8

This gene is a member of the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family and encodes a protein with a single RGS domain. Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins are regulatory and structural components of G protein-coupled receptor complexes. They accelerate transit through the cycle of GTP binding and hydrolysis to GDP, thereby terminating signal transduction, but paradoxically, also accelerate receptor-stimulated activation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulator of G-protein signaling 9

This gene encodes a member of the RGS family of GTPase activating proteins that function in various signaling pathways by accelerating the deactivation of G proteins. This protein is anchored to photoreceptor membranes in retinal cells and deactivates G proteins in the rod and cone phototransduction cascades. Mutations in this gene result in bradyopsia. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

small G protein signaling modulator 1 pseudogene

twisted gastrulation BMP signaling modulator 1

Enables transforming growth factor beta binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation; negative regulation of cytokine production; and positive regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 6 pseudogene

signaling threshold regulating transmembrane adaptor 1

Enables kinase binding activity. Involved in regulation of T cell activation. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 4

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. The secreted protein contains two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its interactions with the Wnt signaling pathway. Activity of this protein is modulated by binding to the Wnt co-receptor and the co-factor kremen 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 3

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. The secreted protein contains two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its interactions with the Wnt signaling pathway. The expression of this gene is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may function as a tumor suppressor gene. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulator of G-protein signaling like 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

regulator of G-protein signaling 16

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the 'regulator of G protein signaling' family. It inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits. It also may play a role in regulating the kinetics of signaling in the phototransduction cascade. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulator of G-protein signaling 17

This gene encodes a member of the regulator of G-protein signaling family. This protein contains a conserved, 120 amino acid motif called the RGS domain and a cysteine-rich region. The protein attenuates the signaling activity of G-proteins by binding to activated, GTP-bound G alpha subunits and acting as a GTPase activating protein (GAP), increasing the rate of conversion of the GTP to GDP. This hydrolysis allows the G alpha subunits to bind G beta/gamma subunit heterodimers, forming inactive G-protein heterotrimers, thereby terminating the signal. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulator of G-protein signaling 14

This gene encodes a member of the regulator of G-protein signaling family. This protein contains one RGS domain, two Raf-like Ras-binding domains (RBDs), and one GoLoco domain. The protein attenuates the signaling activity of G-proteins by binding, through its GoLoco domain, to specific types of activated, GTP-bound G alpha subunits. Acting as a GTPase activating protein (GAP), the protein increases the rate of conversion of the GTP to GDP. This hydrolysis allows the G alpha subunits to bind G beta/gamma subunit heterodimers, forming inactive G-protein heterotrimers, thereby terminating the signal. Alternate transcriptional splice variants of this gene have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulator of G-protein signaling 12

This gene encodes a member of the 'regulator of G protein signaling' (RGS) gene family. The encoded protein may function as a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)-activating protein as well as a transcriptional repressor. This protein may play a role in tumorigenesis. Multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. Other alternative splice variants have been described but their biological nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulator of G-protein signaling 13

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family. RGS family members share similarity with S. cerevisiae SST2 and C. elegans egl-10 proteins, which contain a characteristic conserved RGS domain. RGS proteins accelerate GTPase activity of G protein alpha-subunits, thereby driving G protein into their inactive GDP-bound form, thus negatively regulating G protein signaling. RGS proteins have been implicated in the fine tuning of a variety of cellular events in response to G protein-coupled receptor activation. The biological function of this gene, however, is unknown. Two transcript variants encoding the same isoform exist. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulator of G-protein signaling 10

Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family members are regulatory molecules that act as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) for G alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. RGS proteins are able to deactivate G protein subunits of the Gi alpha, Go alpha and Gq alpha subtypes. They drive G proteins into their inactive GDP-bound forms. Regulator of G protein signaling 10 belongs to this family. All RGS proteins share a conserved 120-amino acid sequence termed the RGS domain. This protein associates specifically with the activated forms of the two related G-protein subunits, G-alphai3 and G-alphaz but fails to interact with the structurally and functionally distinct G-alpha subunits. Regulator of G protein signaling 10 protein is localized in the nucleus. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulator of G-protein signaling 11

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the RGS (regulator of G protein signaling) family. Members of the RGS family act as GTPase-activating proteins on the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric, signal-transducing G proteins. This protein inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and four transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

regulator of G-protein signaling 18

This gene encodes a member of the regulator of G-protein signaling family. This protein is contains a conserved, 120 amino acid motif called the RGS domain. The protein attenuates the signaling activity of G-proteins by binding to activated, GTP-bound G alpha subunits and acting as a GTPase activating protein (GAP), increasing the rate of conversion of the GTP to GDP. This hydrolysis allows the G alpha subunits to bind G beta/gamma subunit heterodimers, forming inactive G-protein heterotrimers, thereby terminating the signal. Alternate transcriptional splice variants of this gene have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulator of G-protein signaling 19

G proteins mediate a number of cellular processes. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the RGS (regulators of G-protein signaling) family and specifically interacts with G protein, GAI3. This protein is a guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein that functions to down-regulate Galpha i/Galpha q-linked signaling. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein isoform have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TOR signaling pathway regulator

TIPRL is an inhibitory regulator of protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) (see PPP2CA; MIM 176915), PP4 (see PPP4C; MIM 602035), and PP6 (see PPP6C; MIM 612725) (McConnell et al., 2007 [PubMed 17384681]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]

canopy FGF signaling regulator 4

Predicted to enable signaling receptor binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

canopy FGF signaling regulator 3

This gene encodes a protein that binds members of the toll-like receptor protein family and functions as a chaperone to aid in folding and export of these proteins. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Naturally occuring readthrough transcription occurs between this locus and the downstream GNMT (glycine N-methyltransferase) gene and is represented with GeneID:107080644. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

canopy FGF signaling regulator 2

Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

canopy FGF signaling regulator 1

Cnpy1 is expressed in the midbrain-hindbrain (MHB) boundary in zebrafish, binds FGFR1 (MIM 136350), and plays a role in FGF signaling (Hirate and Okamoto, 2006 [PubMed 16488878]).[supplied by OMIM, Dec 2008]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 pseudogene 2

suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 pseudogene 3

suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 pseudogene 1

suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 pseudogene 4

agouti signaling protein

In mice, the agouti gene encodes a paracrine signaling molecule that causes hair follicle melanocytes to synthesize pheomelanin, a yellow pigment, instead of the black or brown pigment, eumelanin. Pleiotropic effects of constitutive expression of the mouse gene include adult-onset obesity, increased tumor susceptibility, and premature infertility. This gene is highly similar to the mouse gene and encodes a secreted protein that may (1) affect the quality of hair pigmentation, (2) act as a pharmacological antagonist of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, (3) play a role in neuroendocrine aspects of melanocortin action, and (4) have a functional role in regulating lipid metabolism in adipocytes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein

This gene encodes an intermediary protein necessary in the virus-triggered beta interferon signaling pathways. It is required for activation of transcription factors which regulate expression of beta interferon and contributes to antiviral innate immunity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

germinal center-associated, signaling and motility-like

This gene encodes a protein thought to be a signaling molecule associated with germinal centers, the sites of proliferation and differentiation of mature B lymphocytes. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 2

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. The secreted protein contains two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its interactions with the Wnt signaling pathway. It can act as either an agonist or antagonist of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, depending on the cellular context and the presence of the co-factor kremen 2. Activity of this protein is also modulated by binding to the Wnt co-receptor LDL-receptor related protein 6 (LRP6). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 pseudogene

regulator of G-protein signaling 17 pseudogene 1

NMDA receptor synaptonuclear signaling and neuronal migration factor

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in guidance of olfactory axon projections and migration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Defects in this gene are a cause of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 2

Enables several functions, including ATP binding activity; magnesium ion binding activity; and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Involved in several processes, including apoptotic chromosome condensation; negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and rRNA catabolic process. Located in cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1

This gene encodes the transmembrane protein kinase inositol-requiring enzyme 1. The encoded protein contains two functional catalytic domains, a serine/threonine-protein kinase domain and an endoribonuclease domain. This protein functions as a sensor of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and triggers an intracellular signaling pathway termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is an ER stress response that is conserved from yeast to mammals and activates genes involved in degrading misfolded proteins, regulating protein synthesis and activating molecular chaperones. This protein specifically mediates the splicing and activation of the stress response transcription factor X-box binding protein 1. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

regulator of G-protein signaling 7 binding protein

This gene encodes a protein that binds to all members of the R7 subfamily of regulators of G protein signaling and regulates their translocation between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. The encoded protein could be regulated by reversible palmitoylation, which anchors it to the plasma membrane. Depalmitoylation localizes the protein to the nucleus. Polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with risk of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2

This gene encodes a member of the WNT1 inducible signaling pathway (WISP) protein subfamily, which belongs to the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) family. WNT1 is a member of a family of cysteine-rich, glycosylated signaling proteins that mediate diverse developmental processes. The CTGF family members are characterized by four conserved cysteine-rich domains: insulin-like growth factor-binding domain, von Willebrand factor type C module, thrombospondin domain and C-terminal cystine knot-like (CT) domain. The encoded protein lacks the CT domain which is implicated in dimerization and heparin binding. It is 72% identical to the mouse protein at the amino acid level. This gene may be downstream in the WNT1 signaling pathway that is relevant to malignant transformation. Its expression in colon tumors is reduced while the other two WISP members are overexpressed in colon tumors. It is expressed at high levels in bone tissue, and may play an important role in modulating bone turnover. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 3

This gene encodes a member of the WNT1 inducible signaling pathway (WISP) protein subfamily, which belongs to the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) family. WNT1 is a member of a family of cysteine-rich, glycosylated signaling proteins that mediate diverse developmental processes. The CTGF family members are characterized by four conserved cysteine-rich domains: insulin-like growth factor-binding domain, von Willebrand factor type C module, thrombospondin domain and C-terminal cystine knot-like domain. This gene is overexpressed in colon tumors. It may be downstream in the WNT1 signaling pathway that is relevant to malignant transformation. Mutations of this gene are associated with progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia, an autosomal recessive skeletal disorder, indicating that the gene is essential for normal postnatal skeletal growth and cartilage homeostasis. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the WNT1 inducible signaling pathway (WISP) protein subfamily, which belongs to the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) family. WNT1 is a member of a family of cysteine-rich, glycosylated signaling proteins that mediate diverse developmental processes. The CTGF family members are characterized by four conserved cysteine-rich domains: insulin-like growth factor-binding domain, von Willebrand factor type C module, thrombospondin domain and C-terminal cystine knot-like domain. This gene may be downstream in the WNT1 signaling pathway that is relevant to malignant transformation. It is expressed at a high level in fibroblast cells, and overexpressed in colon tumors. The encoded protein binds to decorin and biglycan, two members of a family of small leucine-rich proteoglycans present in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue, and possibly prevents the inhibitory activity of decorin and biglycan in tumor cell proliferation. It also attenuates p53-mediated apoptosis in response to DNA damage through activation of the Akt kinase. It is 83% identical to the mouse protein at the amino acid level. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

WNT signaling pathway activating non-coding RNA

regulator of G protein signaling 9 binding protein

The protein encoded by this gene functions as a regulator of G protein-coupled receptor signaling in phototransduction. Studies in bovine and mouse show that this gene is expressed only in the retina, and is localized in the rod outer segment membranes. This protein is associated with a heterotetrameric complex, specifically interacting with the regulator of G-protein signaling 9, and appears to function as the membrane anchor for the other largely soluble interacting partners. Mutations in this gene are associated with prolonged electroretinal response suppression (PERRS), also known as bradyopsia. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

small G protein signaling modulator 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a GTPase activator with activity towards RAB32 and RAB33B, which are regulators of membrane trafficking. The encoded protein inactivates RAB32 and can bind RAB9A-GTP, a protein required for RAB32 activation. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

small G protein signaling modulator 1

Enables GTPase activator activity and small GTPase binding activity. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1

Enables several functions, including SH2 domain binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and virus receptor activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of CD40 signaling pathway; negative regulation of cytokine production; and positive regulation of MAPK cascade. Located in extracellular exosome. Is active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

regulator of G-protein signaling 22

Enables G-protein alpha-subunit binding activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of signal transduction. Located in actin cytoskeleton; cytosol; and fibrillar center. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

regulator of G-protein signaling 21

Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins are regulatory and structural components of G protein-coupled receptor complexes. RGS proteins are GTPase-activating proteins for Gi (see GNAI1; MIM 139310) and Gq (see GNAQ; MIM 600998) class G-alpha proteins. They accelerate transit through the cycle of GTP binding and hydrolysis and thereby accelerate signaling kinetics and termination.[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2008]

regulator of G-protein signaling 20

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins, which are regulatory and structural components of G protein-coupled receptor complexes. RGS proteins inhibit signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound forms. This protein selectively binds to G(z)-alpha and G(alpha)-i2 subunits, and regulates their signaling activities. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 5

The protein encoded by this gene contains a SH2 domain and a SOCS BOX domain. The protein thus belongs to the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family, also known as STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI) protein family. SOCS family members are known to be cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The specific function of this protein has not yet been determined. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding an identical protein have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 4

The protein encoded by this gene contains a SH2 domain and a SOCS BOX domain. The protein thus belongs to the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS), also known as STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI), protein family. SOCS family members are known to be cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 7

Predicted to enable phosphorylation-dependent protein binding activity; signaling adaptor activity; and ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Predicted to be involved in insulin receptor signaling pathway; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and regulation of neuron migration. Predicted to act upstream of or within brain development; fat cell differentiation; and protein ubiquitination. Located in cytosol. Is active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 6

The protein encoded by this gene contains a SH2 domain and a CIS homolog domain. The protein thus belongs to the cytokine-induced STAT inhibitor (CIS), also known as suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) or STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI), protein family. CIS family members are known to be cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The expression of this gene can be induced by GM-CSF and EPO in hematopoietic cells. A high expression level of this gene was found in factor-independent chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and erythroleukemia (HEL) cell lines. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 1

This gene encodes a member of the STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI), also known as suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS), family. SSI family members are cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The expression of this gene can be induced by a subset of cytokines, including IL2, IL3 erythropoietin (EPO), CSF2/GM-CSF, and interferon (IFN)-gamma. The protein encoded by this gene functions downstream of cytokine receptors, and takes part in a negative feedback loop to attenuate cytokine signaling. Knockout studies in mice suggested the role of this gene as a modulator of IFN-gamma action, which is required for normal postnatal growth and survival. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 3

This gene encodes a member of the STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI), also known as suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS), family. SSI family members are cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The expression of this gene is induced by various cytokines, including IL6, IL10, and interferon (IFN)-gamma. The protein encoded by this gene can bind to JAK2 kinase, and inhibit the activity of JAK2 kinase. Studies of the mouse counterpart of this gene suggested the roles of this gene in the negative regulation of fetal liver hematopoiesis, and placental development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 2

This gene encodes a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family. SOCS family members are cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine receptor signaling via the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activation of transcription pathway (the JAK/STAT pathway). SOCS family proteins interact with major molecules of signaling complexes to block further signal transduction, in part, by proteasomal depletion of receptors or signal-transducing proteins via ubiquitination. The expression of this gene can be induced by a subset of cytokines, including erythropoietin, GM-CSF, IL10, interferon (IFN)-gamma and by cytokine receptors such as growth horomone receptor. The protein encoded by this gene interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) and is thought to be involved in the regulation of IGF1R mediated cell signaling. This gene has pseudogenes on chromosomes 20 and 22. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 pseudogene

G-protein signaling modulator 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a family of proteins that modulate activation of G proteins, which transduce extracellular signals received by cell surface receptors into integrated cellular responses. The N-terminal half of this protein contains 10 copies of leu-gly-asn (LGN) repeat, and the C-terminal half contains 4 GoLoco motifs, which are involved in guanine nucleotide exchange. This protein may play a role in neuroblast division and in the development of normal hearing. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal recessive nonsyndromic deafness (DFNB82). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

G-protein signaling modulator 3

Predicted to enable GTPase regulator activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of inflammatory response. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response and positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

G-protein signaling modulator 1

G-protein signaling modulators (GPSMs) play diverse functional roles through their interaction with G-protein subunits. This gene encodes a receptor-independent activator of G protein signaling, which is one of several factors that influence the basal activity of G-protein signaling systems. The protein contains seven tetratricopeptide repeats in its N-terminal half and four G-protein regulatory (GPR) motifs in its C-terminal half. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 6 pseudogene

germinal center-associated, signaling and motility

This gene encodes a protein which may function in signal transduction pathways and whose expression is elevated in germinal cell lymphomas. It contains a putative PDZ-interacting domain, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), and two putative SH2 binding sites. In B cells, its expression is specifically induced by interleukin-4. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sprouty homolog 1, antagonist of FGF signaling (Drosophila)

Involved in negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway. Located in Golgi apparatus; cytosol; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 pseudogene 1

suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 pseudogene 2

adipose secreted signaling protein

Enables protein phosphatase 1 binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction and positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lncRNA induced by TGF-beta and antagonizes TGF-beta signaling 1