Harmonizome 3.0

RNA 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH ligase

Enables RNA ligase (GTP) activity and vinculin binding activity. Involved in tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Sep (O-phosphoserine) tRNA:Sec (selenocysteine) tRNA synthase

The amino acid selenocysteine is the only amino acid that does not have its own tRNA synthetase. Instead, this amino acid is synthesized on its cognate tRNA in a three step process. The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the third step in the process, the conversion of O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) to selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec).[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables protein heterodimerization activity; protein methyltransferase activity; and tRNA methyltransferase activator activity. Involved in macromolecule methylation and positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process. Located in nucleoplasm and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 1

asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 2

tRNA methyltransferase 44 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is a putative tRNA methyltransferase found in the cytoplasm. Defects in this gene may be a cause of partial epilepsy with pericentral spikes (PEPS), but that has not been proven definitively. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

tRNA phosphotransferase 1

Predicted to enable tRNA 2'-phosphotransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation. Predicted to act upstream of or within regulation of protein kinase activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

methionyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene produces a mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA synthetase protein that is encoded by the nuclear genome and imported to the mitochondrion. This protein likely functions as a monomer and is predicted to localize to the mitochondrial matrix. Mutations in this gene are associated with the autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease spastic ataxia-3 (SPAX3). [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 14 (tRNA-guanine transglycosylase)

This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-specific processing (UBP) family of proteases that is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) with His and Cys domains. This protein is located in the cytoplasm and cleaves the ubiquitin moiety from ubiquitin-fused precursors and ubiquitinylated proteins. Mice with a mutation that results in reduced expression of the ortholog of this protein are retarded for growth, develop severe tremors by 2 to 3 weeks of age followed by hindlimb paralysis and death by 6 to 10 weeks of age. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene 1

tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 2 pseudogene 1

alanyl-tRNA synthetase

The human alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS) belongs to a family of tRNA synthases, of the class II enzymes. Class II tRNA synthases evolved early in evolution and are highly conserved. This is reflected by the fact that 498 of the 968-residue polypeptide human AARS shares 41% identity witht the E.coli protein. tRNA synthases are the enzymes that interpret the RNA code and attach specific aminoacids to the tRNAs that contain the cognate trinucleotide anticodons. They consist of a catalytic domain which interacts with the amino acid acceptor-T psi C helix of the tRNA, and a second domain which interacts with the rest of the tRNA structure. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tRNA 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate methyltransferase

This nuclear gene encodes a mitochondrial tRNA-modifying enzyme. The encoded protein catalyzes the 2-thiolation of uridine on the wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu), and tRNA(Gln), resulting in the formation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine moieties. Mutations in this gene may cause transient infantile liver failure. Polymorphisms in this gene may also influence the severity of deafness caused by mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA mutations. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative)

This gene encodes a putative member of the class I family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. This protein is encoded by the nuclear genome but is likely to be imported to the mitochondrion where it is thought to catalyze the ligation of cysteine to tRNA molecules. A splice-site mutation in this gene has been associated with a novel progressive myoclonic epilepsy disease with similar symptoms to MERRF syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2017]

valyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, which catalyzes the attachment of valine to tRNA(Val) for mitochondrial translation. Mutations in this gene cause combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-20, and are also associated with early-onset mitochondrial encephalopathies. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2014]

peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a mitochondrial protein with two putative domains, an N-terminal mitochondrial localization sequence, and a UPF0099 domain. In vitro assays suggest that this protein possesses peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase activity, to release the peptidyl moiety from tRNA, thereby preventing the accumulation of dissociated peptidyl-tRNA that could reduce the efficiency of translation. This protein also plays a role regulating cell survival and death. It promotes survival as part of an integrin-signaling pathway for cells attached to the extracellular matrix (ECM), but also promotes apoptosis in cells that have lost their attachment to the ECM, a process called anoikos. After loss of cell attachment to the ECM, this protein is phosphorylated, is released from the mitochondria into the cytosol, and promotes caspase-independent apoptosis through interactions with transcriptional regulators. This gene has been implicated in the development and progression of tumors, and mutations in this gene have been associated with an infantile multisystem neurologic, endocrine, and pancreatic disease (INMEPD) characterized by intellectual disability, postnatal microcephaly, progressive cerebellar atrophy, hearing impairment, polyneuropathy, failure to thrive, and organ fibrosis with exocrine pancreas insufficiency (PMID: 25574476). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase activity. Involved in rescue of stalled ribosome. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glycyl-tRNA synthetase

This gene encodes glycyl-tRNA synthetase, one of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The encoded enzyme is an (alpha)2 dimer which belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. It has been shown to be a target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune diseases, polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

tRNA methyltransferase 11 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

arginyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Arginyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is a multifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that catalyzes the aminoacylation of glutamic acid and proline tRNA species. Alternative splicing has been observed for this gene, but the full-length nature and biological validity of the variant have not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

histidyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytoplasmic enzyme which belongs to the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of histidyl-transfer RNA, which is essential for the incorporation of histidine into proteins. The gene is located in a head-to-head orientation with HARSL on chromosome five, where the homologous genes share a bidirectional promoter. The gene product is a frequent target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune disease polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

alanyl-tRNA synthetase domain containing 1

Predicted to enable Ser-tRNA(Ala) hydrolase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of translational fidelity. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

aspartyl-tRNA synthetase

This gene encodes a member of a multienzyme complex that functions in mediating the attachment of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. The encoded protein ligates L-aspartate to tRNA(Asp). Mutations in this gene have been found in patients showing hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 1

glycyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 1

phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, beta subunit pseudogene 1

threonyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative)

This gene encodes a member of the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The encoded protein is a mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

exportin, tRNA (nuclear export receptor for tRNAs) pseudogene

tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is of unknown function. However, it is orthologous to the mouse Trmt2a gene and contains an RNA methyltransferase domain. Expression of this gene varies during the cell cycle, with aberrant expression being a possible biomarker in certain breast cancers. Several transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a homolog of the TRM2 gene in S. cerevisiae. The yeast gene encodes a tRNA methyltransferase that plays a role in tRNA maturation. The yeast protein also has endo-exonuclease activity and may be involved in DNA double strand break repair. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcripts encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

prolyl-tRNA synthetase associated domain containing 1, pseudogene

Predicted to enable aminoacyl-tRNA editing activity. Predicted to be involved in aminoacyl-tRNA metabolism involved in translational fidelity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1

This gene encodes a protein responsible for the methylation of aspartic acid transfer RNA, specifically at the cytosine-38 residue in the anticodon loop. This enzyme also possesses residual DNA-(cytosine-C5) methyltransferase activity. While similar in sequence and structure to DNA cytosine methyltransferases, this gene is distinct and highly conserved in its function among taxa. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

mitochondrial tRNA translation optimization 1

This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein thought to be involved in mitochondrial tRNA modification. The encoded protein may also play a role in the expression of the non-syndromic and aminoglycoside-induced deafness phenotypes associated with a specific mutation in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 1 homolog pseudogene 1

tRNA

tRNA

lysyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Lysyl-tRNA synthetase is a homodimer localized to the cytoplasm which belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. It has been shown to be a target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune diseases, polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

D-tyrosyl-tRNA deacylase 2 (putative)

Enables Ala-tRNA(Thr) hydrolase activity. Involved in aminoacyl-tRNA metabolism involved in translational fidelity. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form, named WARS, and a mitochondrial form, named WARS2. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS) catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with tryptophan and is induced by interferon. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Four transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

threonyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

histidyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme belonging to the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Functioning in the synthesis of histidyl-transfer RNA, the enzyme plays an accessory role in the regulation of protein biosynthesis. The gene is located in a head-to-head orientation with HARS on chromosome five, where the homologous genes likely share a bidirectional promoter. Mutations in this gene are associated with the pathogenesis of Perrault syndrome, which involves ovarian dysgenesis and sensorineural hearing loss. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

tRNA glycine1 (anticodon CCC)

glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase, subunit B

Contributes to glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity. Involved in glutaminyl-tRNAGln biosynthesis via transamidation and mitochondrial translation. Located in mitochondrion. Part of glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex. Implicated in combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 41. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase, subunit C

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity and glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity. Involved in glutaminyl-tRNAGln biosynthesis via transamidation and mitochondrial translation. Located in mitochondrion. Part of glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex. Implicated in combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 42. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form, named WARS, and a mitochondrial form, named WARS2. This gene encodes the mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. Two alternative transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tRNA methyltransferase 10 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the tRNA (Guanine-1)-methyltransferase family. A similar gene in yeast modifies several different tRNA species. Mutations in this gene are associated with microcephaly, short stature, and impaired glucose metabolism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

tRNA methyltransferase 10 homolog C (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes the precursor of a subunit of the mitochondrial ribonuclease P, which is involved in 5' processing of mitochondrial tRNAs. The encoded protein may confer RNA-binding capacity to mitochondrial ribonuclease P and may be essential for transcript processing, RNA modification, translation and mitochondrial respiration. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

tRNA methyltransferase 10 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Enables tRNA (guanosine(9)-N1)-methyltransferase activity. Involved in protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane. Located in cytosol. Part of TIM22 mitochondrial import inner membrane insertion complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

exportin, tRNA

This gene encodes a protein belonging to the RAN-GTPase exportin family that mediates export of tRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Translocation of tRNA to the cytoplasm occurs once exportin has bound both tRNA and GTP-bound RAN. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase domain containing 1

This gene encodes a subunit of tRNA-guanine transglycosylase. tRNA-guanine transglycosylase is a heterodimeric enzyme complex that plays a critical role in tRNA modification by synthesizing the 7-deazaguanosine queuosine, which is found in tRNAs that code for asparagine, aspartic acid, histidine, and tyrosine. The encoded protein may play a role in the queuosine 5'-monophosphate salvage pathway. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

alanyl-tRNA synthetase domain containing 1 pseudogene

phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a protein that transfers phenylalanine to its cognate tRNA. This protein localizes to the mitochondrion and plays a role in mitochondrial protein translation. Mutations in this gene can cause combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 14 (Alpers encephalopathy). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, beta subunit

This gene encodes a highly conserved enzyme that belongs to the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase class IIc subfamily. This enzyme comprises the regulatory beta subunits that form a tetramer with two catalytic alpha subunits. In the presence of ATP, this tetramer is responsible for attaching L-phenylalanine to the terminal adenosine of the appropriate tRNA. A pseudogene located on chromosome 10 has been identified. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, alpha subunit

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. This gene encodes a product which is similar to the catalytic subunit of prokaryotic and Saccharomyces cerevisiae phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases (PheRS). This gene product has been shown to be expressed in a tumor-selective and cell cycle stage- and differentiation-dependent manner, the first member of the tRNA synthetase gene family shown to exhibit this type of regulated expression [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

alanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases play critical roles in mRNA translation by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The encoded protein is a mitochondrial enzyme that specifically aminoacylates alanyl-tRNA. Mutations in this gene are a cause of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 8. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

tRNA methyltransferase 11 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

tRNA nucleotidyl transferase, CCA-adding, 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a CCA-adding enzyme which belongs to the tRNA nucleotidyltransferase/poly(A) polymerase family. This essential enzyme functions by catalyzing the addition of the conserved nucleotide triplet CCA to the 3' terminus of tRNA molecules. Mutations in this gene result in sideroblastic anemia with B-cell immunodeficiency, periodic fevers, and developmental delay. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)-like 1

Contributes to glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity. Involved in glutaminyl-tRNAGln biosynthesis via transamidation and mitochondrial translation. Located in mitochondrion. Part of glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex. Implicated in combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 40. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phosphoseryl-tRNA kinase

Predicted to enable kinase activity and tRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in translation. Predicted to act upstream of or within selenocysteine incorporation. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adenosine deaminase, tRNA-specific 1

This gene is a member of the ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) family. Using site-specific adenosine modification, proteins encoded by these genes participate in the pre-mRNA editing of nuclear transcripts. The protein encoded by this gene, tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1, is responsible for the deamination of adenosine 37 to inosine in eukaryotic tRNA. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

adenosine deaminase, tRNA-specific 3

This gene encodes a subunit of a tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase. This heterodimeric enzyme converts adenosine to inosine in the tRNA anticodon. A mutation in this gene causes a syndrome characterized by intellectual disability and strabismus. This gene shares its 5' exon with the overlapping gene, secretory carrier membrane protein 4 (Gene ID: 113178). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

adenosine deaminase, tRNA-specific 2

Predicted to enable tRNA-specific adenosine-34 deaminase activity. Predicted to be involved in tRNA wobble adenosine to inosine editing. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

seryl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes the mitochondrial seryl-tRNA synthethase precursor, a member of the class II tRNA synthetase family. The mature enzyme catalyzes the ligation of Serine to tRNA(Ser) and participates in the biosynthesis of selenocysteinyl-tRNA(sec) in mitochondria. The enzyme contains an N-terminal tRNA binding domain and a core catalytic domain. It functions in a homodimeric form, which is stabilized by tRNA binding. This gene is regulated by a bidirectional promoter that also controls the expression of mitochondrial ribosomal protein S12. Both genes are within the critical interval for the autosomal dominant deafness locus DFNA4 and might be linked to this disease. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

exportin, tRNA (nuclear export receptor for tRNAs) pseudogene

tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog B (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

valyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family and is located in the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

seryl-tRNA synthetase

This gene belongs to the class II amino-acyl tRNA family. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the transfer of L-serine to tRNA (Ser) and is related to bacterial and yeast counterparts. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described but the biological validity of all variants is unknown. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAS, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Isoleucine-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family and has been identified as a target of autoantibodies in the autoimmune disease polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

tRNA methionine elongator pseudogene 1

glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)-like 1 pseudogene 2

glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)-like 1 pseudogene 3

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 1 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Wybutosine is a hypermodified guanosine found in phenylalanine tRNA. Wybutosine functions to stabilize codon-anticodon interactions during ribosome decoding and therefore supports the maintenance of the reading frame. In yeast, the homolog of this gene is essential for the synthesis of wybutosine. The human genome contains two closely related genes that putatively function in wybutosine synthesis. The open reading frame of this locus is disrupted in some individuals. Thus, this locus appears to be an evolving pseudogene, but may still be functional in some members of the population. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

leucyl-tRNA synthetase

This gene encodes a cytosolic leucine-tRNA synthetase, a member of the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of L-leucine to tRNA(Leu). It is found in the cytoplasm as part of a multisynthetase complex and interacts with the arginine tRNA synthetase through its C-terminal domain. A mutation in this gene was found in affected individuals with infantile liver failure syndrome 1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

leucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a class 1 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase. Each of the twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyzes the aminoacylation of a specific tRNA or tRNA isoaccepting family with the cognate amino acid. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

eukaryotic elongation factor, selenocysteine-tRNA-specific

Enables GTPase activity. Involved in selenocysteine incorporation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Predicted to be part of ribonucleoprotein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)-like 1 pseudogene 1

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 1 pseudogene 1

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 1 pseudogene 2

exportin, tRNA pseudogene 1

tRNA methyltransferase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

tRNA methyltransferase 12 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Wybutosine (yW) is a hypermodified guanosine at the 3-prime position adjacent to the anticodon of phenylalanine tRNA that stabilizes codon-anticodon interactions during decoding on the ribosome. TRMT12 is the human homolog of a yeast gene essential for yW synthesis (Noma and Suzuki, 2006).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. In metazoans, 9 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for glutamine (gln), glutamic acid (glu), and 7 other amino acids are associated within a multienzyme complex. Although present in eukaryotes, glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (QARS) is absent from many prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in which Gln-tRNA(Gln) is formed by transamidation of the misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln). Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

tRNA methyltransferase 61A

Enables mRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity. Involved in mRNA processing. Part of tRNA (m1A) methyltransferase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA methyltransferase 61B

Enables mRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity; rRNA (adenine) methyltransferase activity; and tRNA (adenine(58)-N1)-methyltransferase activity. Involved in mRNA processing and mitochondrial tRNA processing. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase 1

This gene encodes the catalytic subunit of tRNA-guanine transglycosylase. tRNA-guanine transglycosylase is a heterodimeric enzyme complex that plays a critical role in tRNA modification by synthesizing the 7-deazaguanosine queuosine, which is found in tRNAs that code for asparagine, aspartic acid, histidine and tyrosine. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome X. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Cytokine activities have also been observed for the human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, after it is split into two parts, an N-terminal fragment that harbors the catalytic site and a C-terminal fragment found only in the mammalian enzyme. The N-terminal fragment is an interleukin-8-like cytokine, whereas the released C-terminal fragment is an EMAP II-like cytokine. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lysyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 3

lysyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 2

lysyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 1

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 6

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 7

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 4

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 3

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

threonyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Threonyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase

This gene encodes a class 1 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. Each of the twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyzes the aminoacylation of a specific tRNA or tRNA isoaccepting family with the cognate amino acid. This gene is one of several located near the imprinted gene domain on chromosome 11p15.5, an important tumor-suppressor gene region. Alterations in this region have been associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung, ovarian and breast cancers. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase is localized to the cytoplasm and belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. The N-terminal domain represents the signature sequence for the eukaryotic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tRNA isopentenyltransferase 1

This gene encodes a protein that that is targeted to the mitochondrion and modifies transfer RNAs (tRNAs) by adding a dimethylallyl group onto the adenine at position 37. This modification is important for maintaining the correct reading frame during protein translation. This gene is considered a tumor suppressor and its expression can decrease cell growth. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcripts variants, most of which are likely non-functional. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase 1 pseudogene 1

threonyl-tRNA synthetase-like 2

Predicted to enable threonine-tRNA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in threonyl-tRNA aminoacylation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Predicted to be active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

prolyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative)

This gene encodes a putative member of the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. This protein is encoded by the nuclear genome but is likely to be imported to the mitochondrion where it is thought to catalyze the ligation of proline to tRNA molecules. Mutations have been found in this gene in some patients with Alpers syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

tRNA

Implicated in cardiomyopathy. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase

The protein encoded by this nuclear gene localizes to the mitochondrion, where it catalyzes the formylation of methionyl-tRNA. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

glutamyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a member of the class I family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. This protein is encoded by the nuclear genome but is likely to be imported to the mitochondrion where it is thought to catalyze the ligation of glutamate to tRNA molecules. Mutations in this gene have been associated with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 12 (COXPD12). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

tRNA methyltransferase 6

This gene encodes a member of the tRNA methyltransferase 6 protein family. A similar protein in yeast is part of a two component methyltransferase, which is involved in the posttranslational modification that produces the modified nucleoside 1-methyladenosine in tRNAs. Modified 1-methyladenosine influences initiator methionine stability and may be involved in the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

tRNA methyltransferase 5

tRNAs contain as many as 13 or 14 nucleotides that are modified posttranscriptionally by enzymes that are highly specific for particular nucleotides in the tRNA structure. TRMT5 methylates the N1 position of guanosine-37 (G37) in selected tRNAs using S-adenosyl methionine (Brule et al., 2004 [PubMed 15248782]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

tRNA methyltransferase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a tRNA-modifying enzyme that acts as a dimethyltransferase, modifying a single guanine residue at position 26 of the tRNA. The encoded enzyme has both mono- and dimethylase activity when exogenously expressed, and uses S-adenosyl methionine as a methyl donor. The C-terminal region of the encoded protein has both a zinc finger motif, and an arginine/proline-rich region. Mutations in this gene have been implicated in autosomal recessive intellectual disorder (ARID). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. There is a pseudogene of this gene on the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

arginyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This nuclear gene encodes a protein that localizes to the mitochondria, where it catalyzes the transfer of L-arginine to its cognate tRNA, an important step in translation of mitochondrially-encoded proteins. Defects in this gene are a cause of pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 6 (PCH6). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

methionyl-tRNA synthetase

This gene encodes a member of the class I family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The encoded protein is a component of the multi-tRNA synthetase complex and catalyzes the ligation of methionine to tRNA molecules. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein that catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr). Mutations in this gene are associated with myopathy with lactic acidosis and sideroblastic anemia type 2 (MLASA2). [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative)

This gene encodes a putative member of the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. This protein is encoded by the nuclear genome but is likely to be imported to the mitochondrion where it is thought to catalyze the ligation of asparagine to tRNA molecules. Mutations in this gene have been associated with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 24 (COXPD24). [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

tRNA-histidine guanylyltransferase 1-like (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is a mitochondrial protein that is induced by high levels of glucose and is associated with diabetic nephropathy. The encoded protein appears to increase mitochondrial biogenesis, which could lead to renal fibrosis. Another function of this protein is that of a guanyltransferase, adding GMP to the 5' end of tRNA(His). Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase domain containing 1

This gene encodes the enzyme peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase. Peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases perform the essential function of recycling peptidyl-tRNAs. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal-recessive intellectual disability and parkinsonism. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 1

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene is part of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex, which contains nine different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and three non-enzymatic factors. The encoded protein is one of the non-enzymatic factors and is required for assembly and stability of the complex. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that is specifically induced by apoptosis, and it is involved in the control of angiogenesis, inflammation, and wound healing. The release of this cytokine renders the tumor-associated vasculature sensitive to tumor necrosis factor. The precursor protein is identical to the p43 subunit, which is associated with the multi-tRNA synthetase complex, and it modulates aminoacylation activity of tRNA synthetase in normal cells. This protein is also involved in the stimulation of inflammatory responses after proteolytic cleavage in tumor cells. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 20. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

tRNA methyltransferase 11 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable methyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in methylation and tRNA processing. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA methyltransferase 13 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable tRNA methyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in tRNA methylation. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA methyltransferase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like

This gene encodes a protein that has some similarity to N2,N2-dimethylguanosine tRNA methyltransferase from other organisms. Studies of the mouse ortholog have shown that this protein plays a role in motor coordination and exploratory behavior, and it may also be involved in modulating postnatal neuronal functions. Alternatively spliced transcripts have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

D-tyrosyl-tRNA deacylase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is similar in sequence to histidyl-tRNA synthetase, which hydrolyzes D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) into D-tyrosine and free tRNA(Tyr). The encoded protein binds the DNA unwinding element and plays a role in the initiation of DNA replication. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 5

Enables several functions, including iron ion binding activity; protein homodimerization activity; and tRNA(Phe) (7-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)wyosine37-C2)-hydroxylase activity. Involved in wybutosine biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Wybutosine (yW) is a hypermodified guanosine found in phenylalanine tRNA adjacent to the anticodon that stabilizes codon-anticodon interactions in the ribosome. In yeast, the homolog of this gene is essential for the synthesis of wybutosine. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 3 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Wybutosine (yW) is a hypermodified guanosine at the 3-prime position adjacent to the anticodon of phenylalanine tRNA that stabilizes codon-anticodon interactions during decoding on the ribosome. TYW3 is the human homolog of a yeast gene essential for yW synthesis (Noma and Suzuki, 2006).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAS, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Two forms of isoleucine-tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form and a mitochondrial form. This gene encodes the mitochondrial isoleucine-tRNA synthetase which belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

tRNA selenocysteine 1 associated protein 1

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in selenocysteine incorporation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA

tRNA nucleotidyl transferase, CCA-adding, 1 pseudogene

tRNA nucleotidyl transferase, CCA-adding, 1 pseudogene

arginyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 1

aspartyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. It is a mitochondrial enzyme that specifically aminoacylates aspartyl-tRNA. Mutations in this gene are associated with leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL). [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form, named WARS, and a mitochondrial form, named WARS2. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS) catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with tryptophan and is induced by interferon. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Four transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1

This gene encodes a class 1 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. Each of the twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyzes the aminoacylation of a specific tRNA or tRNA isoaccepting family with the cognate amino acid. This gene is one of several located near the imprinted gene domain on chromosome 11p15.5, an important tumor-suppressor gene region. Alterations in this region have been associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung, ovarian and breast cancers. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

alanyl-tRNA synthetase 1

The human alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS) belongs to a family of tRNA synthases, of the class II enzymes. Class II tRNA synthases evolved early in evolution and are highly conserved. This is reflected by the fact that 498 of the 968-residue polypeptide human AARS shares 41% identity witht the E.coli protein. tRNA synthases are the enzymes that interpret the RNA code and attach specific aminoacids to the tRNAs that contain the cognate trinucleotide anticodons. They consist of a catalytic domain which interacts with the amino acid acceptor-T psi C helix of the tRNA, and a second domain which interacts with the rest of the tRNA structure. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Cytokine activities have also been observed for the human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, after it is split into two parts, an N-terminal fragment that harbors the catalytic site and a C-terminal fragment found only in the mammalian enzyme. The N-terminal fragment is an interleukin-8-like cytokine, whereas the released C-terminal fragment is an EMAP II-like cytokine. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

leucyl-tRNA synthetase 1

This gene encodes a cytosolic leucine-tRNA synthetase, a member of the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of L-leucine to tRNA(Leu). It is found in the cytoplasm as part of a multisynthetase complex and interacts with the arginine tRNA synthetase through its C-terminal domain. A mutation in this gene was found in affected individuals with infantile liver failure syndrome 1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

methionyl-tRNA synthetase 1

This gene encodes a member of the class I family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The encoded protein is a component of the multi-tRNA synthetase complex and catalyzes the ligation of methionine to tRNA molecules. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. In metazoans, 9 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for glutamine (gln), glutamic acid (glu), and 7 other amino acids are associated within a multienzyme complex. Although present in eukaryotes, glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (QARS) is absent from many prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in which Gln-tRNA(Gln) is formed by transamidation of the misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln). Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

aspartyl-tRNA synthetase 1

This gene encodes a member of a multienzyme complex that functions in mediating the attachment of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. The encoded protein ligates L-aspartate to tRNA(Asp). Mutations in this gene have been found in patients showing hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase is localized to the cytoplasm and belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. The N-terminal domain represents the signature sequence for the eukaryotic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is a multifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that catalyzes the aminoacylation of glutamic acid and proline tRNA species. Alternative splicing has been observed for this gene, but the full-length nature and biological validity of the variant have not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

histidyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytoplasmic enzyme which belongs to the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of histidyl-transfer RNA, which is essential for the incorporation of histidine into proteins. The gene is located in a head-to-head orientation with HARSL on chromosome five, where the homologous genes share a bidirectional promoter. The gene product is a frequent target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune disease polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

lysyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Lysyl-tRNA synthetase is a homodimer localized to the cytoplasm which belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. It has been shown to be a target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune diseases, polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase accessory subunit 2

This gene encodes a subunit of tRNA-guanine transglycosylase. tRNA-guanine transglycosylase is a heterodimeric enzyme complex that plays a critical role in tRNA modification by synthesizing the 7-deazaguanosine queuosine, which is found in tRNAs that code for asparagine, aspartic acid, histidine, and tyrosine. The encoded protein may play a role in the queuosine 5'-monophosphate salvage pathway. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

seryl-tRNA synthetase 1

This gene belongs to the class II amino-acyl tRNA family. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the transfer of L-serine to tRNA (Ser) and is related to bacterial and yeast counterparts. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described but the biological validity of all variants is unknown. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

arginyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Arginyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAS, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Isoleucine-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family and has been identified as a target of autoantibodies in the autoimmune disease polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

tRNA methyltransferase O

Enables tRNA (L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37)-C2) methyltransferase activity. Involved in tRNA methylation. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

threonyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Threonyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glycyl-tRNA synthetase 1

This gene encodes glycyl-tRNA synthetase, one of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The encoded enzyme is an (alpha)2 dimer which belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. It has been shown to be a target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune diseases, polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

valyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family and is located in the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

threonyl-tRNA synthetase 3

Predicted to enable threonine-tRNA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in threonyl-tRNA aminoacylation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Predicted to be active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA methyltransferase 9B (putative)

Enables tRNA methyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in tRNA methylation and tRNA wobble uridine modification. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

queuosine-tRNA galactosyltransferase

queuosine-tRNA mannosyltransferase

tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 2

listerin E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Like most RING finger proteins, LTN1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Chu et al., 2009 [PubMed 19196968]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]

itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases. HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases transfer ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to protein substrates, thus targeting specific proteins for lysosomal degradation. The encoded protein plays a role in multiple cellular processes including erythroid and lymphoid cell differentiation and the regulation of immune responses. Mutations in this gene are a cause of syndromic multisystem autoimmune disease. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

ring finger and FYVE-like domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables enzyme binding activity; p53 binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity; negative regulation of signal transduction; and protein K48-linked ubiquitination. Located in endosome membrane and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 10, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH10 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Morokuma et al., 2007 [PubMed 17604280]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

Cbl proto-oncogene-like 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-ligase for the E-cadherin complex and mediates its ubiquitination, endocytosis, and degradation in the lysosomes. The encoded protein contains a RING-finger domain and is also thought to have a role in control of cell proliferation. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome X. Alternative splicing results in a non-coding transcript variant. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of E3 ligases, which play an important role in protein ubiquitination. The encoded protein contains four WW domains and may play a role in multiple processes including chondrogenesis and the regulation of oncogenic signaling pathways via interactions with Smad proteins and the tumor suppressor PTEN. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 10. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

WW domain-containing proteins are found in all eukaryotes and play an important role in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular functions such as protein degradation, transcription, and RNA splicing. This gene encodes a protein which contains 4 tandem WW domains and a HECT (homologous to the E6-associated protein carboxyl terminus) domain. The encoded protein belongs to a family of NEDD4-like proteins, which are E3 ubiquitin-ligase molecules and regulate key trafficking decisions, including targeting of proteins to proteosomes or lysosomes. Alternative splicing of this gene generates at least 6 transcript variants; however, the full length nature of these transcripts has not been defined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate-ammonia ligase

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a HECT domain and ankyrin repeat-containing ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein is involved in specific tagging of target proteins, leading to their subcellular localization or proteasomal degradation. The protein is a potential tumor suppressor and is involved in the pathophysiology of several tumors, including Wilm's tumor. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING1-like

ligand of numb-protein X 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 1

This gen encodes a member of the HERC protein family. This protein stimulates guanine nucleotide exchange on ARF1 and Rab proteins. This protein may be involved in membrane transport processes. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3

This gene encodes a member the HERC ubiquitin ligase family. The encoded protein is located in the cytosol and binds ubiquitin via a HECT domain. Mutations in this gene have been associated with colorectal and gastric carcinomas. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene belongs to the HERC gene family that encodes a group of unusually large proteins, which contain multiple structural domains. All members have at least 1 copy of an N-terminal region showing homology to the cell cycle regulator RCC1 and a C-terminal HECT (homologous to E6-AP C terminus) domain found in a number of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases. Genetic variations in this gene are associated with skin/hair/eye pigmentation variability. Multiple pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 15 and 16. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5

This gene is a member of the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases and encodes a protein with a HECT domain and five RCC1 repeats. Pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulate expression of this gene in endothelial cells. The protein localizes to the cytoplasm and perinuclear region and functions as an interferon-induced E3 protein ligase that mediates ISGylation of protein targets. The protein also acts as a modulator of the antiviral immune response. The gene lies in a cluster of HERC family genes on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2021]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4

HERC4 belongs to the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases, all of which contain a HECT domain and at least 1 RCC1 (MIM 179710)-like domain (RLD). The 350-amino acid HECT domain is predicted to catalyze the formation of a thioester with ubiquitin before transferring it to a substrate, and the RLD is predicted to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small G proteins (Hochrainer et al., 2005 [PubMed 15676274]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 6

HERC6 belongs to the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases, all of which contain a HECT domain and at least 1 RCC1 (MIM 179710)-like domain (RLD). The 350-amino acid HECT domain is predicted to catalyze the formation of a thioester with ubiquitin before transferring it to a substrate, and the RLD is predicted to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small G proteins (Hochrainer et al., 2005 [PubMed 15676274]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

MYC binding protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and member of the PHR (Phr1/MYCBP2, highwire and RPM-1) family of proteins. The encoded protein plays a role in axon guidance and synapse formation in the developing nervous system. In mammalian cells, this protein regulates the cAMP and mTOR signaling pathways, and may additionally regulate autophagy. Reduced expression of this gene has been observed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients and a mutation in this gene has been identified in patients with a rare inherited vision defect. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING2-like

ring finger protein 128, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a type I transmembrane protein that localizes to the endocytic pathway. This protein contains a RING zinc-finger motif and has been shown to possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Expression of this gene in retrovirally transduced T cell hybridoma significantly inhibits activation-induced IL2 and IL4 cytokine production. Induced expression of this gene was observed in anergic CD4(+) T cells, which suggested a role in the induction of anergic phenotype. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ring finger protein 125, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase that contains a RING finger domain in the N-terminus and three zinc-binding and one ubiquitin-interacting motif in the C-terminus. As a result of myristoylation, this protein associates with membranes and is primarily localized to intracellular membrane systems. The encoded protein may function as a positive regulator in the T-cell receptor signaling pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) family. The protein is an E3 ligase and is involved in ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of specific proteins. The activity of this ubiquitin ligase has been implicated in the development of certain forms of Parkinson's disease, the regulation of the cellular response to hypoxia and induction of apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in several additional transcript variants, some encoding different isoforms and others that have not been fully characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) family. The protein is an E3 ligase and is involved in ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of specific proteins. The activity of this ubiquitin ligase has been implicated in regulating cellular response to hypoxia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3

Predicted to enable ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion and regulation of protein stability. Located in mitochondrion and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a component of a ubiquitination complex. The encoded protein is involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF), which is a transcription factor that plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression by oxygen. In addition to oxygen-related gene expression, this protein plays a role in many other cellular processes including cilia formation, cytokine signaling, regulation of senescence, and formation of the extracellular matrix. Variants of this gene are associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, pheochromocytoma, erythrocytosis, renal cell carcinoma, and cerebellar hemangioblastoma. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2022]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

ubiquitin protein ligase E3B

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: E1 ubiquitin-activating enzymes, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. This gene encodes a member of the E3 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and transfers the ubiquitin to the targeted substrates. A HECT (homology to E6-AP C-terminus) domain in the C-terminus of the longer isoform of this protein is the catalytic site of ubiquitin transfer and forms a complex with E2 conjugases. Shorter isoforms of this protein which lack the C-terminal HECT domain are therefore unlikely to bind E2 enzymes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3C

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in protein K29-linked ubiquitination; protein K48-linked ubiquitination; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be part of proteasome complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3A

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, part of the ubiquitin protein degradation system. This imprinted gene is maternally expressed in brain and biallelically expressed in other tissues. Maternally inherited deletion of this gene causes Angelman Syndrome, characterized by severe motor and intellectual retardation, ataxia, hypotonia, epilepsy, absence of speech, and characteristic facies. The protein also interacts with the E6 protein of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, resulting in ubiquitination and proteolysis of tumor protein p53. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding three isoforms with different N-termini. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full length nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3D

Enables cyclin binding activity; ubiquitin protein ligase activity; and ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme binding activity. Involved in protein autoubiquitination; protein monoubiquitination; and protein polyubiquitination. Part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Is active in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear protein which is involved in cell-cycle regulation. The encoded protein is a ubiquitin-ligase capable of ubiquinating PCNP (PEST-containing nuclear protein), and together they may play a role in tumorigenesis. The encoded protein contains an NIRF_N domain, a PHD finger, a set- and ring-associated (SRA) domain, and a RING finger domain and several of these domains have been shown to be essential for the regulation of cell proliferation. This protein may also have a role in intranuclear degradation of polyglutamine aggregates. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants some of which are non-protein coding. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

zinc and ring finger 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a role in neural-cell differentiation. Overexpression of this gene causes neurite-like elongation. The encoded protein contains both a zinc finger and a RING finger motif and is localized in the endosome/lysosome compartment, indicating that it may be involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein modification, and in synaptic vessicle membranes in neurons. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

zinc and ring finger 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane; nuclear lumen; and plasma membrane. Part of protein-containing complex. Is active in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 138, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 11

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Predicted to act upstream of or within microtubule severing and protein polyglutamylation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 10

Predicted to enable protein-glycine ligase activity, elongating. Predicted to be involved in protein polyglycylation. Predicted to be located in axoneme and microtubule cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 12

Enables H4K20me3 modified histone binding activity and tubulin binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway and regulation of mitotic cell cycle. Located in cytosol and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mahogunin ring finger 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in endosome to lysosome transport; negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; and protein monoubiquitination. Located in several cellular components, including early endosome; endoplasmic reticulum; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

checkpoint with forkhead and ring finger domains, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase required for the maintenance of the antephase checkpoint that regulates cell cycle entry into mitosis and, therefore, may play a key role in cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. The encoded protein has an N-terminal forkhead-associated domain, a central RING-finger domain, and a cysteine-rich C-terminal region. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

ring finger protein 19A, RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the ring between ring fingers (RBR) protein family, and the encoded protein contains two RING-finger motifs and an in between RING fingers motif. This protein is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is localized to Lewy bodies, and ubiquitylates synphilin-1, which is an interacting protein of alpha synuclein in neurons. The encoded protein may be involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that polyubiquitinates some proteins, tagging them for degradation. The encoded protein upregulates p53 in some cancer cells and may inhibit myelopoiesis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, although the full-length nature of some of them have not been determined yet. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables enzyme binding activity; ubiquitin-protein transferase activity; and zinc ion binding activity. Involved in protein ubiquitination. Located in several cellular components, including Lewy body; cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex; and nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ligase IV, DNA, ATP-dependent

The protein encoded by this gene is a DNA ligase that joins single-strand breaks in a double-stranded polydeoxynucleotide in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein is essential for V(D)J recombination and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair through nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). This protein forms a complex with the X-ray repair cross complementing protein 4 (XRCC4), and further interacts with the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Both XRCC4 and DNA-PK are known to be required for NHEJ. The crystal structure of the complex formed by this protein and XRCC4 has been resolved. Defects in this gene are the cause of LIG4 syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ligase I, DNA, ATP-dependent

This gene encodes a member of the ATP-dependent DNA ligase protein family. The encoded protein functions in DNA replication, recombination, and the base excision repair process. Mutations in this gene that lead to DNA ligase I deficiency result in immunodeficiency and increased sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Disruption of this gene may also be associated with a variety of cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

ligase III, DNA, ATP-dependent

This gene is a member of the DNA ligase family. Each member of this family encodes a protein that catalyzes the joining of DNA ends but they each have a distinct role in DNA metabolism. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in excision repair and is located in both the mitochondria and nucleus, with translation initiation from the upstream start codon allowing for transport to the mitochondria and translation initiation from a downstream start codon allowing for transport to the nucleus. Additionally, alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3A pseudogene 1

ubiquitin protein ligase E3A pseudogene 2

autocrine motility factor receptor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This locus encodes a glycosylated transmembrane receptor. Its ligand, autocrine motility factor, is a tumor motility-stimulating protein secreted by tumor cells. The encoded receptor is also a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family of proteins. It catalyzes ubiquitination and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of specific proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

Cbl proto-oncogene-like 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains 10 tandem leucine-rich repeats. This protein is an essential element of the cyclin A-CDK2 S-phase kinase. It specifically recognizes phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B, also referred to as p27 or KIP1) predominantly in S phase and interacts with S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1 or p19). In addition, this gene is established as a protooncogene causally involved in the pathogenesis of lymphomas. Alternative splicing of this gene generates three transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP pseudogene

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1B

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis. Located in actin cytoskeleton and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT, C2 and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of dendrite morphogenesis and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT, C2 and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a member of a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases which plays an important role in the proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural crest cells as a regulator of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)/Ret signaling. This gene also plays an important role in angiogenesis through stabilization of endothelial cell-to-cell junctions as a regulator of angiomotin-like 1 stability. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal calcium/lipid-binding (C2) domain involved in membrane targeting, two-four WW domains responsible for cellular localization and substrate recognition, and a C-terminal homologous with E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECT) catalytic domain. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene are associated with neurodevelopmental delay, hypotonia, and epilepsy. The decreased expression of this gene in the aganglionic colon is associated with Hirschsprung's disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to a family of apoptotic suppressor proteins. Members of this family share a conserved motif termed, baculovirus IAP repeat, which is necessary for their anti-apoptotic function. This protein functions through binding to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors TRAF1 and TRAF2 and inhibits apoptosis induced by menadione, a potent inducer of free radicals, and interleukin 1-beta converting enzyme. This protein also inhibits at least two members of the caspase family of cell-death proteases, caspase-3 and caspase-7. Mutations in this gene are the cause of X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 2 and 11.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF12-B-like

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 1

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 2

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 3

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 3 (putative)

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including sensory perception of smell; suckling behavior; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the N-end rule pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within in utero embryonic development and olfactory behavior. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 2

Enables L-leucine binding activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to L-leucine; protein K63-linked ubiquitination; and regulation of signal transduction. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 1

The N-end rule pathway is one proteolytic pathway of the ubiquitin system. The recognition component of this pathway, encoded by this gene, binds to a destabilizing N-terminal residue of a substrate protein and participates in the formation of a substrate-linked multiubiquitin chain. This leads to the eventual degradation of the substrate protein. The protein described in this record has a RING-type zinc finger and a UBR-type zinc finger. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Johanson-Blizzard syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 7 (putative)

This gene encodes a UBR box-containing protein that belongs to the E3 ubiquitin ligase family. The protein also contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) in the C-terminus. In mammals, the encoded protein recognizes N-degrons, the destabilizing N-terminal residues of short-lived proteins, which results in ubiquitinylation, and proteolysis via the proteasome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 5

This gene encodes a progestin-induced protein, which belongs to the HECT (homology to E6-AP carboxyl terminus) family. The HECT family proteins function as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases, targeting specific proteins for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. This gene is localized to chromosome 8q22 which is disrupted in a variety of cancers. This gene potentially has a role in regulation of cell proliferation or differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 4

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with the retinoblastoma-associated protein in the nucleus and with calcium-bound calmodulin in the cytoplasm. The encoded protein appears to be a cytoskeletal component in the cytoplasm and part of the chromatin scaffold in the nucleus. In addition, this protein is a target of the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 13, pseudogene

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule bundle formation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4-like, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases. HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases transfer ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to protein substrates, thus targeting specific proteins for lysosomal degradation. The encoded protein mediates the ubiquitination of multiple target substrates and plays a critical role in epithelial sodium transport by regulating the cell surface expression of the epithelial sodium channel, ENaC. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with essential hypertension. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

ring-box 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This locus encodes a RING finger-like domain-containing protein. The encoded protein interacts with cullin proteins and likely plays a role in ubiquitination processes necessary for cell cycle progression. This protein may also affect protein turnover. Related pseudogenes exist on chromosomes 2 and 5.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3 pseudogene

phosphopantothenate--cysteine ligase pseudogene

tripartite motif containing 71, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that binds with miRNAs and maintains the growth and upkeep of embryonic stem cells. This gene also is involved in the G1-S phase transition of the cell cycle. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

topoisomerase I binding, arginine/serine-rich, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear protein which is serine and arginine rich, and contains a RING-type zinc finger domain. It is highly expressed in the testis, and functions as an ubiquitin-protein E3 ligase. Mutations in this gene are associated with retinitis pigmentosa type 31. Alternatively spliced transcript variants, encoding different isoforms, have been observed for this locus. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

TNF receptor-associated factor 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) protein family. TRAF proteins are associated with, and mediate signal transduction from, members of the TNF receptor superfamily. This protein has an amino terminal RING domain which is followed by four zinc-finger motifs, a central coiled-coil region and a highly conserved carboxyl terminal domain, known as the TRAF-C domain and mediates signaling from members of the TNF receptor superfamily as well as the Toll/IL-1 family. Signals from receptors such as CD40, TNFSF11/RANCE and IL-1 have been shown to be mediated by this protein. This protein also interacts with various protein kinases including IRAK1/IRAK, SRC and PKCzeta, which provides a link between distinct signaling pathways. This protein functions as a signal transducer in the NF-kappaB pathway that activates IkappaB kinase (IKK) in response to proinflammatory cytokines. The interaction of this protein with UBE2N/UBC13, and UBE2V1/UEV1A, which are ubiquitin conjugating enzymes catalyzing the formation of polyubiquitin chains, has been found to be required for IKK activation by this protein. This protein also interacts with the transforming growth factor (TGF) beta receptor complex and is required for Smad-independent activation of the JNK and p38 kinases. The protein encoded by this gene is a key molecule in antiviral innate and antigen-specific immune responses. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2021]

TNF receptor-associated factor 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF; see MIM 191160) receptor-associated factors, such as TRAF7, are signal transducers for members of the TNF receptor superfamily (see MIM 191190). TRAFs are composed of an N-terminal cysteine/histidine-rich region containing zinc RING and/or zinc finger motifs; a coiled-coil (leucine zipper) motif; and a homologous region that defines the TRAF family, the TRAF domain, which is involved in self-association and receptor binding.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

ring finger protein 138, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 2

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine kinase and is part of some signal transduction cascades, including the ERK and JNK kinase pathways as well as the NF-kappa-B pathway. The encoded protein is activated by autophosphorylation and requires magnesium as a cofactor in phosphorylating other proteins. This protein has E3 ligase activity conferred by a plant homeodomain (PHD) in its N-terminus and phospho-kinase activity conferred by a kinase domain in its C-terminus. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 pseudogene 1

Cbl proto-oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene is a proto-oncogene that encodes a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein is one of the enzymes required for targeting substrates for degradation by the proteasome. This protein mediates the transfer of ubiquitin from ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) to specific substrates. This protein also contains an N-terminal phosphotyrosine binding domain that allows it to interact with numerous tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates and target them for proteasome degradation. As such it functions as a negative regulator of many signal transduction pathways. This gene has been found to be mutated or translocated in many cancers including acute myeloid leukaemia, and expansion of CGG repeats in the 5' UTR has been associated with Jacobsen syndrome. Mutations in this gene are also the cause of Noonan syndrome-like disorder. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

ring finger protein 34, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RINF finger, a motif known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. This protein interacts with DNAJA3/hTid-1, which is a DnaJ protein reported to function as a modulator of apoptosis. Overexpression of this gene in Hela cells was shown to confer the resistance to TNF-alpha induced apoptosis, suggesting an anti-apoptotic function of this protein. This protein can be cleaved by caspase-3 during the induction of apoptosis. This protein also targets p53 and phospho-p53 for degradation. Alternatively splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

ring finger protein 138, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger, a motif present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ring finger protein 8, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger motif and an FHA domain. This protein has been shown to interact with several class II ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2), including UBE2E1/UBCH6, UBE2E2, and UBE2E3, and may act as an ubiquitin ligase (E3) in the ubiquitination of certain nuclear proteins. This protein is also known to play a role in the DNA damage response and depletion of this protein causes cell growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

ring finger protein 5, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger, which is a motif known to be involved in protein-protein interactions. This protein is a membrane-bound ubiquitin ligase. It can regulate cell motility by targeting paxillin ubiquitination and altering the distribution and localization of paxillin in cytoplasm and cell focal adhesions. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

transmembrane protein 129, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in protein polyubiquitination; retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring-box 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

ring finger protein 5, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a ubiquitin ligase that is specific for receptor-regulated SMAD proteins in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. This protein plays a key roll in the regulation of cell motility, cell signalling, and cell polarity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

Enables SMAD binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nuclear speck. Part of ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase)

The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate, a precursor of reduced folates involved in 1-carbon metabolism. An increased activity of the encoded protein can result in an increased folate turnover rate and folate depletion. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 5

This gene encodes a member of the tubulin tyrosine ligase like protein family. This protein interacts with two glucocorticoid receptor coactivators, transcriptional intermediary factor 2 and steroid receptor coactivator 1. This protein may function as a coregulator of glucocorticoid receptor mediated gene induction and repression. This protein may also function as an alpha tubulin polyglutamylase.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 4

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization and protein polyglutamylation. Predicted to act upstream of or within regulation of blastocyst development. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 7

Enables alpha-tubulin binding activity; beta-tubulin binding activity; and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Involved in protein polyglutamylation. Predicted to be located in 9+0 non-motile cilium. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 6

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule bundle formation; protein polyglutamylation; and regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility. Predicted to act upstream of or within microtubule severing and positive regulation of cilium movement. Located in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 1

Enables tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Is active in microtubule. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 3

Enables protein-glycine ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including axoneme assembly; flagellated sperm motility; and protein polyglycylation. Predicted to be located in cilium. Predicted to be active in axoneme; microtubule cytoskeleton; and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 2

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 9

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in flagellated sperm motility and microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Predicted to act upstream of or within protein polyglutamylation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm; microtubule; and motile cilium. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 8

Predicted to enable protein-glycine ligase activity, initiating. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including axoneme assembly; flagellated sperm motility; and protein polyglycylation. Predicted to act upstream of or within cilium assembly. Predicted to be located in cilium. Predicted to be active in axoneme; microtubule cytoskeleton; and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MDM2 proto-oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear-localized E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein can promote tumor formation by targeting tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, for proteasomal degradation. This gene is itself transcriptionally-regulated by p53. Overexpression or amplification of this locus is detected in a variety of different cancers. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 2. Alternative splicing results in a multitude of transcript variants, many of which may be expressed only in tumor cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene was previously referred to as FBX30, and belongs to the Fbws class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains 7 tandem WD40 repeats. This protein binds directly to cyclin E and probably targets cyclin E for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Mutations in this gene are detected in ovarian and breast cancer cell lines, implicating the gene's potential role in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

G2/M-phase specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in apoptotic process and protein ubiquitination. Predicted to act upstream of or within blastocyst development; negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway; and protein polyubiquitination. Located in Golgi apparatus and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

deltex 3 like, E3 ubiquitin ligase

Enables several functions, including STAT family protein binding activity; histone H4K91 ubiquitin ligase activity; and protein ADP-ribosyltransferase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of protein localization; protein ubiquitination; and regulation of macromolecule metabolic process. Located in several cellular components, including early endosome; lysosome; and nucleoplasm. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tripartite motif containing 72, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including plasma membrane repair; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein homooligomerization. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway; negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway; and negative regulation of myotube differentiation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and sarcolemma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3

The protein encoded by this gene transfers ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to targeted substrates, leading to the degradation of those substrates. The encoded protein has been shown to transfer ubiquitin to TRIOBP to facilitate cell cycle progression, and to STX8. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4

Predicted to enable ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in glucose homeostasis and glucose metabolic process. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

Cbl proto-oncogene C, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Cbl family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Cbl proteins play important roles in cell signaling through the ubiquitination and subsequent downregulation of tyrosine kinases. Expression of this gene may be restricted to epithelial cells, and alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

Cbl proto-oncogene B, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which promotes proteosome-mediated protein degradation by transferring ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to a substrate. The encoded protein is involved in the regulation of immune response by limiting T-cell receptor, B-cell receptor, and high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor activation. Studies in mouse suggest that this gene is involved in antifungal host defense and that its inhibition leads to increased fungal killing. Manipulation of this gene may be beneficial in implementing immunotherapies for a variety of conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and infections. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2017]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including chordate embryonic development; circulatory system development; and protein ubiquitination. Predicted to be active in nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase

TTL is a cytosolic enzyme involved in the posttranslational modification of alpha-tubulin (see MIM 602529). Alpha-tubulin within assembled microtubules is detyrosinated over time at the C terminus. After microtubule disassembly, TTL restores the tyrosine residues and consequently participates in a cycle of tubulin detyrosination and tyrosination (Erck et al., 2003 [PubMed 14571137]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

praja ring finger 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an enzyme that has E2-dependent E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. This enzyme belongs to a class of ubiquitin ligases that include a RING finger motif, and it can interact with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5B. This gene is located in an area of chromosome X where several X-linked cognitive disability disorders have been associated, and it has also been found as part of a contiguous gene deletion associated with craniofrontonasal syndrome, though a direct link to any disorder has yet to be demonstrated. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

praja ring finger 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding activity; protein kinase A regulatory subunit binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; regulation of macrophage activation; and regulation of signal transduction. Located in cytoplasm; cytoskeleton; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 41, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein plays a role in type 1 cytokine receptor signaling by controlling the balance between JAK2-associated cytokine receptor degradation and ectodomain shedding. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 4, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH4 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH4 reduces surface accumulation of several membrane glycoproteins by directing them to the endosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH7 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH proteins add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of a family of membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin ligases containing RING-CH-type zinc finger motifs. Ubiquitination of type II deiodinase by the encoded protein is an important regulatory step in thyroid hormone signalling. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH1 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH proteins add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH1 downregulates the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules (see MIM 142880) and other glycoproteins by directing them to the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Thibodeau et al., 2008 [PubMed 18389477]; De Gassart et al., 2008 [PubMed 18305173]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 3, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family. The encoded protein is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may be involved in regulation of the endosomal transport pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH2 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH2 reduces surface accumulation of several glycoproteins and appears to regulate early endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) trafficking (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Nakamura et al., 2005 [PubMed 15689499]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 8, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH8 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH8 induces the internalization of several membrane glycoproteins (Goto et al., 2003 [PubMed 12582153]; Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

ring finger and CHY zinc finger domain containing 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene has ubiquitin ligase activity. It mediates E3-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of target proteins, including tumor protein 53, histone deacetylase 1, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B, thus regulating their levels and cell cycle progression. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

ring finger protein 168, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase protein that contains a RING finger, a motif present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. The protein is involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Mutations in this gene result in Riddle syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

apoptosis resistant E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process; protein polyubiquitination; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT, UBA and WWE domain containing 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a protein containing a C-terminal HECT (E6AP type E3 ubiquitin protein ligase) domain that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein is required for the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl1 (myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (BCL2-related)). This protein also ubiquitinates the p53 tumor suppressor, core histones, and DNA polymerase beta. Mutations in this gene are associated with Turner type X-linked syndromic cognitive disability. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

ligand of numb-protein X 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a membrane-bound protein that is involved in signal transduction and protein interactions. The encoded product is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, which mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of proteins containing phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains. This protein may play an important role in tumorogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. A pseudogene, which is located on chromosome 17, has been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

cyclin B1 interacting protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

HEI10 is a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family and functions in progression of the cell cycle through G(2)/M.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier subunit

Glutamate-cysteine ligase, also known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, is the first rate limiting enzyme of glutathione synthesis. The enzyme consists of two subunits, a heavy catalytic subunit and a light regulatory subunit. Gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency has been implicated in some forms of hemolytic anemia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit

Glutamate-cysteine ligase, also known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase is the first rate-limiting enzyme of glutathione synthesis. The enzyme consists of two subunits, a heavy catalytic subunit and a light regulatory subunit. This locus encodes the catalytic subunit, while the regulatory subunit is derived from a different gene located on chromosome 1p22-p21. Mutations at this locus have been associated with hemolytic anemia due to deficiency of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and susceptibility to myocardial infarction.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

denticleless E3 ubiquitin protein ligase homolog (Drosophila)

Contributes to ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in several processes, including protein ubiquitination; regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle; and translesion synthesis. Located in centrosome; cytosol; and nuclear lumen. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and Cul4B-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit

Succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that acts as a heterodimer, being composed of an invariant alpha subunit and a substrate-specific beta subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is an ATP-specific SCS beta subunit that dimerizes with the SCS alpha subunit to form SCS-A, an essential component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. SCS-A hydrolyzes ATP to convert succinate to succinyl-CoA. Defects in this gene are a cause of myopathic mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. A pseudogene of this gene has been found on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2-like

holocarboxylase synthetase (biotin-(proprionyl-CoA-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolysing)) ligase)

This gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the binding of biotin to carboxylases and histones. The protein plays an important role in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and branched chain amino acid catabolism. Defects in this gene are the cause of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

TNF receptor-associated factor 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

tripartite motif containing 63, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the RING zinc finger protein family found in striated muscle and iris. The product of this gene is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that localizes to the Z-line and M-line lattices of myofibrils. This protein plays an important role in the atrophy of skeletal and cardiac muscle and is required for the degradation of myosin heavy chain proteins, myosin light chain, myosin binding protein, and for muscle-type creatine kinase. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The precise function of this gene is unknown; however, the encoded protein is a component of a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates the targeting of substrate proteins for proteasomal degradation. Mutations in this gene are known to cause Parkinson disease and autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease. Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Additional splice variants of this gene have been described but currently lack transcript support. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

MDM2 oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2-like

mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a protein containing multiple ankyrin repeats and RING finger domains that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein positively regulates Notch signaling by ubiquitinating the Notch receptors, thereby facilitating their endocytosis. This protein may also promote the ubiquitination and degradation of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1). [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination of proteins in the Notch signaling pathway. The encoded protein may be a suppressor of melanoma invasion. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ring finger protein 40, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger, a motif known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. This protein was reported to interact with the tumor suppressor protein RB1. Studies of the rat counterpart suggested that this protein may function as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, and facilitate the ubiquitination and degradation of syntaxin 1, which is an essential component of the neurotransmitter release machinery. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbws class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains multiple WD-40 repeats. The encoded protein mediates degradation of CD4 via its interaction with HIV-1 Vpu. It has also been shown to ubiquitinate phosphorylated NFKBIA (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha), targeting it for degradation and thus activating nuclear factor kappa-B. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. A related pseudogene exists in chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables several functions, including p53 binding activity; ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity; and ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of defense response; positive regulation of protein metabolic process; and regulation of mitochondrion organization. Located in several cellular components, including mitochondrial outer membrane; neuronal cell body; and peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

deltex 4, E3 ubiquitin ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of innate immune response; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein K48-linked ubiquitination. Is active in centrosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

deltex 1, E3 ubiquitin ligase

Studies in Drosophila have identified this gene as encoding a positive regulator of the Notch-signaling pathway. The human gene encodes a protein of unknown function; however, it may play a role in basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor activity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

deltex 2, E3 ubiquitin ligase

DTX2 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Takeyama et al., 2003 [PubMed 12670957]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2009]

deltex 3, E3 ubiquitin ligase

DTX3 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Takeyama et al., 2003 [PubMed 12670957]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2009]

NHL repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a single subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase. Laforin is polyubiquitinated by the encoded protein. Defects in this intronless gene lead to an accumulation of laforin and onset of Lafora disease, also known as progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 2 (EPM2).[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and response to ionizing radiation. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 20, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene shares similarity with BRE1 of S. cerevisiae. The protein encoded by this human gene is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates chromosome structure by monoubiquitinating histone H2B. This protein acts as a putative tumor suppressor and positively regulates the p53 tumor suppressor as well as numerous histone H2A and H2B genes. In contrast, this protein also suppresses the expression of several protooncogenes and growth-related genes, including many genes that are induced by epidermal growth factor. This gene selectively suppresses the expression of some genes by interfering with chromatin recruitment of transcription elongation factor SII (TFIIS). [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2-like

g2/M phase-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase-like

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 4

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 2

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 3

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 1

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 1

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 2

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 3

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 4

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 5

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 6

SNF2 histone linker PHD RING helicase, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

SHPRH is a ubiquitously expressed protein that contains motifs characteristics of several DNA repair proteins, transcription factors, and helicases. SHPRH is a functional homolog of S. cerevisiae RAD5 (Unk et al., 2006 [PubMed 17108083]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

ring-box 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables ubiquitin-ubiquitin ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of TORC1 signaling; negative regulation of necroptotic process; and protein polyubiquitination. Is active in site of double-strand break. Implicated in colorectal cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a scaffold protein and an intermediate signaling protein in the innate immune response pathway. The encoded protein helps transmit the immune response signal from Toll-like receptors to IRAK1/TRAF6 complexes. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 2

Predicted to enable protein-macromolecule adaptor activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of MAPK cascade and positive regulation of protein phosphorylation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene is the founding member of the NEDD4 family of HECT ubiquitin ligases that function in the ubiquitin proteasome system of protein degradation. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal calcium and phospholipid binding C2 domain followed by multiple tryptophan-rich WW domains and, a C-terminal HECT ubiquitin ligase catalytic domain. It plays critical role in the regulation of a number of membrane receptors, endocytic machinery components and the tumor suppressor PTEN. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Predicted to enable translation factor activity, non-nucleic acid binding and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway; negative regulation of cell population proliferation; and positive regulation of apoptotic process. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a protein that is involved in the regulation of myofibril organization. This protein is likely the adaptor component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex in striated muscle, and it regulates the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin during myogenesis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis. Predicted to act upstream of or within protein ubiquitination. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in early endosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4

The protein encoded by this gene is predicted and it includes two isoforms resulting from two alternatively spliced transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing 11, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ankyrin repeat and SOCS box-containing (ASB) family of proteins. They contain ankyrin repeat sequence and SOCS box domain. The SOCS box serves to couple suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins and their binding partners with the elongin B and C complex, possibly targeting them for degradation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

UFM1-specific ligase 1

Enables UFM1 ligase activity and protein kinase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of reticulophagy; regulation of intracellular signal transduction; and regulation of primary metabolic process. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including positive regulation of cell population proliferation; regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Located in cytoplasm; nucleus; and site of double-strand break. Part of protein-containing complex. Is active in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and mitochondrial outer membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAD18 E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to S. cerevisiae DNA damage repair protein Rad18. Yeast Rad18 functions through its interaction with Rad6, which is an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme required for post-replication repair of damaged DNA. Similar to its yeast counterpart, this protein is able to interact with the human homolog of yeast Rad6 protein through a conserved ring-finger motif. Mutation of this motif results in defective replication of UV-damaged DNA and hypersensitivity to multiple mutagens. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 pseudogene 1

STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a protein containing tetratricopeptide repeat and a U-box that functions as a ubiquitin ligase/cochaperone. The encoded protein binds to and ubiquitinates shock cognate 71 kDa protein (Hspa8) and DNA polymerase beta (Polb), among other targets. Mutations in this gene cause spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 16. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit

This gene encodes a GTP-specific beta subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase. Succinyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes the reversible reaction involving the formation of succinyl-CoA and succinate. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 5 and 12. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

succinate-CoA ligase, alpha subunit

This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the heterodimeric enzyme succinate coenzyme A ligase. This enzyme is targeted to the mitochondria and catalyzes the conversion of succinyl CoA and ADP or GDP to succinate and ATP or GTP. Mutations in this gene are the cause of the metabolic disorder fatal infantile lactic acidosis and mitochondrial DNA depletion. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

tubulin tyrosine ligase like 13

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule bundle formation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ORC ubiquitin ligase 1

Enables chromatin binding activity and ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in protein autoubiquitination; protein monoubiquitination; and regulation of DNA replication. Located in chromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

COP1 E3 ubiquitin ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and response to ionizing radiation. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The precise function of this gene is unknown; however, the encoded protein is a component of a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates the targeting of substrate proteins for proteasomal degradation. Mutations in this gene are known to cause Parkinson disease and autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease. Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Additional splice variants of this gene have been described but currently lack transcript support. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

RNA 5'-phosphate and 3'-OH ligase 1

Enables RNA ligase (ATP) activity. Involved in response to reactive oxygen species. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

arkadia (RNF111) C-terminal like ring finger ubiquitin ligase 2C

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in motor neuron axon guidance and positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including forelimb morphogenesis; nervous system development; and protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to be part of protein-containing complex. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]