Harmonizome 3.0

like-glycosyltransferase

This gene encodes a member of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase gene family. It encodes a glycosyltransferase which participates in glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan, and may carry out the synthesis of glycoprotein and glycosphingolipid sugar chains. It may also be involved in the addition of a repeated disaccharide unit. The protein encoded by this gene is the glycotransferase that adds the final xylose and glucuronic acid to alpha-dystroglycan and thereby allows alpha-dystroglycan to bind ligands including laminin 211 and neurexin. Mutations in this gene cause several forms of congenital muscular dystrophy characterized by cognitive disability and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, May 2018]

LARGE antisense RNA 1

LARGE intronic transcript 1

ribosomal protein, large, P2 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 10

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 12

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 13

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 10

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 11

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 11

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 6

Predicted to enable large ribosomal subunit rRNA binding activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of ribosome. Predicted to be involved in cytoplasmic translation. Predicted to be located in ribosome. Predicted to be part of cytosolic large ribosomal subunit. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal protein, large, P2

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal phosphoprotein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein, which is a functional equivalent of the E. coli L7/L12 ribosomal protein, belongs to the L12P family of ribosomal proteins. It plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis. Unlike most ribosomal proteins, which are basic, the encoded protein is acidic. Its C-terminal end is nearly identical to the C-terminal ends of the ribosomal phosphoproteins P0 and P1. The P2 protein can interact with P0 and P1 to form a pentameric complex consisting of P1 and P2 dimers, and a P0 monomer. The protein is located in the cytoplasm. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein, large, P1

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal phosphoprotein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein, which is a functional equivalent of the E. coli L7/L12 ribosomal protein, belongs to the L12P family of ribosomal proteins. It plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis. Unlike most ribosomal proteins, which are basic, the encoded protein is acidic. Its C-terminal end is nearly identical to the C-terminal ends of the ribosomal phosphoproteins P0 and P2. The P1 protein can interact with P0 and P2 to form a pentameric complex consisting of P1 and P2 dimers, and a P0 monomer. The protein is located in the cytoplasm. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different proteins have been observed. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein, large, P0

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein, which is the functional equivalent of the E. coli L10 ribosomal protein, belongs to the L10P family of ribosomal proteins. It is a neutral phosphoprotein with a C-terminal end that is nearly identical to the C-terminal ends of the acidic ribosomal phosphoproteins P1 and P2. The P0 protein can interact with P1 and P2 to form a pentameric complex consisting of P1 and P2 dimers, and a P0 monomer. The protein is located in the cytoplasm. Transcript variants derived from alternative splicing exist; they encode the same protein. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial assembly of ribosomal large subunit 1

Enables mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of mitochondrial translation and ribosomal large subunit biogenesis. Located in cytosol and mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal protein, large, P2 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein, large P2, pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein, large, P2 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein, large, P2 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 6

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 2

The product of this gene is a membrane-associated protein that may play a role in synapse organization and signalling in neuronal cells. This gene is biallelically expressed in the brain, however, only the paternal allele is expressed in the testis (PMID:18055845). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 3

Predicted to enable PDZ domain binding activity; molecular adaptor activity; and scaffold protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission and protein-containing complex assembly. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including cholinergic synapse; glutamatergic synapse; and neuromuscular junction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 1

Predicted to enable molecular adaptor activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of postsynaptic density. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including aggresome assembly; protein localization to synapse; and regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse and postsynaptic density, intracellular component. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 4

The product of this gene is a membrane-associated guanylate kinase found at the postsynaptic density in neuronal cells. It is a signaling molecule that can interact with potassium channels and receptors, as well as other signaling molecules. The protein encoded by this gene can interact with PSD-95 through its guanylate kinase domain and may be involved in clustering PSD-95 in the postsynaptic density region. The encoded protein is one of at least four similar proteins that have been found. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 5

Predicted to enable microtubule binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including centrosome localization; kinetochore assembly; and mitotic spindle organization. Located in cytosol; nucleus; and spindle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

potassium channel, calcium activated large conductance subfamily M alpha, member 1

This gene encodes the alpha subunit of calcium-activated BK channel. The encoded protein is involved in several physiological processes including smooth muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability. Mutations in this gene are associated with a spectrum of neurological disorders including Paroxysmal Nonkinesigenic Dyskinesia 3, Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy 16 and Liang-Wang syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2022]

DNA primase large subunit-like

discs, large homolog 3 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein family. The encoded protein may play a role in clustering of NMDA receptors at excitatory synapses. It may also negatively regulate cell proliferation through interaction with the C-terminal region of the adenomatosis polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein. Mutations in this gene have been associated with X-linked cognitive disability. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

discs, large homolog 2 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family. The encoded protein forms a heterodimer with a related family member that may interact at postsynaptic sites to form a multimeric scaffold for the clustering of receptors, ion channels, and associated signaling proteins. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full-length nature is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

discs, large homolog 5 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the family of discs large (DLG) homologs, a subset of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) superfamily. The MAGUK proteins are composed of a catalytically inactive guanylate kinase domain, in addition to PDZ and SH3 domains, and are thought to function as scaffolding molecules at sites of cell-cell contact. The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm, and interacts with components of adherens junctions and the cytoskeleton. It is proposed to function in the transmission of extracellular signals to the cytoskeleton and in the maintenance of epithelial cell structure. Alternative splice variants have been described but their biological nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

discs, large homolog 1 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a multi-domain scaffolding protein that is required for normal development. This protein may have a role in septate junction formation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, synaptogenesis and lymphocyte activation. A multitude of transcript variants deriving from alternative splicing and the use of multiple alternate promoter have been observed, including some splice variants that may be specific to brain and other tissues. An upstream uORF may regulate translation at some splice variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2018]

discs, large homolog 4 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family. It heteromultimerizes with another MAGUK protein, DLG2, and is recruited into NMDA receptor and potassium channel clusters. These two MAGUK proteins may interact at postsynaptic sites to form a multimeric scaffold for the clustering of receptors, ion channels, and associated signaling proteins. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

large tumor suppressor kinase 2

This gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase belonging to the LATS tumor suppressor family. The protein localizes to centrosomes during interphase, and early and late metaphase. It interacts with the centrosomal proteins aurora-A and ajuba and is required for accumulation of gamma-tubulin and spindle formation at the onset of mitosis. It also interacts with a negative regulator of p53 and may function in a positive feedback loop with p53 that responds to cytoskeleton damage. Additionally, it can function as a co-repressor of androgen-responsive gene expression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

large tumor suppressor kinase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a putative serine/threonine kinase that localizes to the mitotic apparatus and complexes with cell cycle controller CDC2 kinase in early mitosis. The protein is phosphorylated in a cell-cycle dependent manner, with late prophase phosphorylation remaining through metaphase. The N-terminal region of the protein binds CDC2 to form a complex showing reduced H1 histone kinase activity, indicating a role as a negative regulator of CDC2/cyclin A. In addition, the C-terminal kinase domain binds to its own N-terminal region, suggesting potential negative regulation through interference with complex formation via intramolecular binding. Biochemical and genetic data suggest a role as a tumor suppressor. This is supported by studies in knockout mice showing development of soft-tissue sarcomas, ovarian stromal cell tumors and a high sensitivity to carcinogenic treatments. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 5 pseudogene 1

large 60S subunit nuclear export GTPase 1

This gene encodes a protein related to the yeast large subunit GTPase 1. The encoded protein is necessary for cell viability and may localize in the endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and cytoplasm.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

GTPase, very large interferon inducible pseudogene 1

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

GTPase, very large interferon inducible pseudogene 2

calpain 2, (m/II) large subunit

The calpains, calcium-activated neutral proteases, are nonlysosomal, intracellular cysteine proteases. The mammalian calpains include ubiquitous, stomach-specific, and muscle-specific proteins. The ubiquitous enzymes consist of heterodimers with distinct large, catalytic subunits associated with a common small, regulatory subunit. This gene encodes the large subunit of the ubiquitous enzyme, calpain 2. Multiple heterogeneous transcriptional start sites in the 5' UTR have been reported. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

calpain 1, (mu/I) large subunit

The calpains, calcium-activated neutral proteases, are nonlysosomal, intracellular cysteine proteases. The mammalian calpains include ubiquitous, stomach-specific, and muscle-specific proteins. The ubiquitous enzymes consist of heterodimers with distinct large, catalytic subunits associated with a common small, regulatory subunit. This gene encodes the large subunit of the ubiquitous enzyme, calpain 1. Several transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

LARGE xylosyl- and glucuronyltransferase 2

Predicted to enable dystroglycan binding activity; glucuronosyltransferase activity; and xylosyltransferase activity. Involved in protein O-linked mannosylation. Predicted to be located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. Predicted to be active in Golgi apparatus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

LARGE xylosyl- and glucuronyltransferase 1

This gene encodes a member of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase gene family. It encodes a glycosyltransferase which participates in glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan, and may carry out the synthesis of glycoprotein and glycosphingolipid sugar chains. It may also be involved in the addition of a repeated disaccharide unit. The protein encoded by this gene is the glycotransferase that adds the final xylose and glucuronic acid to alpha-dystroglycan and thereby allows alpha-dystroglycan to bind ligands including laminin 211 and neurexin. Mutations in this gene cause several forms of congenital muscular dystrophy characterized by cognitive disability and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, May 2018]

phospholipase A2, group VI (cytosolic, calcium-independent)

The protein encoded by this gene is an A2 phospholipase, a class of enzyme that catalyzes the release of fatty acids from phospholipids. The encoded protein may play a role in phospholipid remodelling, arachidonic acid release, leukotriene and prostaglandin synthesis, fas-mediated apoptosis, and transmembrane ion flux in glucose-stimulated B-cells. Several transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been described, but the full-length nature of only three of them have been determined to date. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1D, member 1, pseudogene

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. This gene has been inactivated by mutation and is nonfunctional in humans. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

Lymphocyte cytosolic protein, molecular weight 20kD

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 3, pseudogene

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IB

Cytosolic 5-prime nucleotidases, such as NT5C1B, catalyze production of adenosine, which regulates diverse physiologic processes (Sala-Newby and Newby, 2001 [PubMed 11690631]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IA

Cytosolic nucleotidases, such as NT5C1A, dephosphorylate nucleoside monophosphates (Hunsucker et al., 2001 [PubMed 11133996]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 2A, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-preferring, member 1

This gene encodes a member of the sulfotransferase family. Sulfotransferases aid in the metabolism of drugs and endogenous compounds by converting these substances into more hydrophilic water-soluble sulfate conjugates that can be easily excreted. This protein catalyzes the sulfation of steroids and bile acids in the liver and adrenal glands, and may have a role in the inherited adrenal androgen excess in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

cytidine monophosphate (UMP-CMP) kinase 1, cytosolic pseudogene

prostaglandin E synthase 3 (cytosolic)

This gene encodes an enzyme that converts prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This protein functions as a co-chaperone with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), localizing to response elements in DNA and disrupting transcriptional activation complexes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. There are multiple pseudogenes of this gene on several different chromosomes. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

phospholipase A2, group IVC (cytosolic, calcium-independent)

This gene encodes a protein which is a member of the phospholipase A2 enzyme family which hydrolyzes glycerophospholipids to produce free fatty acids and lysophospholipids, both of which serve as precursors in the production of signaling molecules. The encoded protein has been shown to be a calcium-independent and membrane bound enzyme. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]

phospholipase A2, group IVB (cytosolic)

This gene encodes a member of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 protein family. Phospholipase A2 enzymes hydrolyze the sn-2 bond of phospholipids, releasing lysophospholipids and fatty acids. This enzyme may be associated with mitochondria and early endosomes. Most tissues also express read-through transcripts from the upstream gene into this gene, some of which may encode fusion proteins combining the N-terminus of the upstream gene including its JmjC domain with the almost complete coding region of this gene, including the C2 and cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 domains. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phospholipase A2, group IVA (cytosolic, calcium-dependent)

This gene encodes a member of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 group IV family. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids to release arachidonic acid which is subsequently metabolized into eicosanoids. Eicosanoids, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, are lipid-based cellular hormones that regulate hemodynamics, inflammatory responses, and other intracellular pathways. The hydrolysis reaction also produces lysophospholipids that are converted into platelet-activating factor. The enzyme is activated by increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels and phosphorylation, resulting in its translocation from the cytosol and nucleus to perinuclear membrane vesicles. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

phospholipase A2, group IVD (cytosolic)

The phospholipase A2 enzyme family, including PLA2G4D, catalyze the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids at the sn-2 position and then liberate free fatty acids and lysophospholipids (Chiba et al., 2004 [PubMed 14709560]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2009]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 2B, member 1

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene sulfates dehydroepiandrosterone but not 4-nitrophenol, a typical substrate for the phenol and estrogen sulfotransferase subfamilies. Two alternatively spliced variants that encode different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 5, pseudogene

Predicted to enable several functions, including ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and ATP-dependent protein folding chaperone. Predicted to be involved in protein folding. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytidine monophosphate (UMP-CMP) kinase 1, cytosolic

This gene encodes one of the enzymes required for cellular nucleic acid biosynthesis. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to CMP, UMP, or dCMP, to form the corresponding diphosphate nucleotide. Alternate splicing results in both coding and non-coding transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 2, pseudogene

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to heat; protein folding; and protein stabilization. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 (SH2 domain containing leukocyte protein of 76kDa)

This gene encodes an adapter protein that acts as a substrate of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-activated protein tyrosine kinase pathway. The encoded protein associates with growth factor receptor bound protein 2, and is thought to play a role TCR-mediated intracellular signal transduction. A similar protein in mouse plays a role in normal T-cell development and activation. Mice lacking this gene show subcutaneous and intraperitoneal fetal hemorrhaging, dysfunctional platelets and impaired viability. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1 (L-plastin)

Plastins are a family of actin-binding proteins that are conserved throughout eukaryote evolution and expressed in most tissues of higher eukaryotes. In humans, two ubiquitous plastin isoforms (L and T) have been identified. Plastin 1 (otherwise known as Fimbrin) is a third distinct plastin isoform which is specifically expressed at high levels in the small intestine. The L isoform is expressed only in hemopoietic cell lineages, while the T isoform has been found in all other normal cells of solid tissues that have replicative potential (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, melanocytes, etc.). However, L-plastin has been found in many types of malignant human cells of non-hemopoietic origin suggesting that its expression is induced accompanying tumorigenesis in solid tissues. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 1

Involved in iron-sulfur cluster assembly and protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer. Located in cytoplasm. Part of MMXD complex and cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 3

Enables 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate binding activity and sulfotransferase activity. Involved in 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate metabolic process; cholesterol metabolic process; and xenobiotic metabolic process. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 2

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the SULT1 subfamily, responsible for transferring a sulfo moiety from PAPS to phenol-containing compounds. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 4

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the SULT1 subfamily, responsible for transferring a sulfo moiety from PAPS to phenol-containing compounds. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 2, pseudogene

HSP90 proteins are highly conserved molecular chaperones that have key roles in signal transduction, protein folding, protein degradation, and morphologic evolution. HSP90 proteins normally associate with other cochaperones and play important roles in folding newly synthesized proteins or stabilizing and refolding denatured proteins after stress. HSP90AA2 is a cytosolic HSP90 protein. Other HSP90 proteins are found in endoplasmic reticulum (HSP90B1; MIM 191175) and mitochondria (TRAP1; MIM 606219) (Chen et al., 2005 [PubMed 16269234]). See HSP90AA1 (MIM 140571) for further information on HSP90 proteins.[supplied by OMIM, Aug 2008]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 7, pseudogene

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 6B, member 1

Predicted to enable sulfotransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in sulfation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

branched chain amino-acid transaminase 1, cytosolic

This gene encodes the cytosolic form of the enzyme branched-chain amino acid transaminase. This enzyme catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain alpha-keto acids to branched-chain L-amino acids essential for cell growth. Two different clinical disorders have been attributed to a defect of branched-chain amino acid transamination: hypervalinemia and hyperleucine-isoleucinemia. As there is also a gene encoding a mitochondrial form of this enzyme, mutations in either gene may contribute to these disorders. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

5', 3'-nucleotidase, cytosolic

This gene encodes a nucleotidase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the 5' deoxyribonucleotides (dNTP) and 2'(3')-dNTP and ribonucleotides, but not 5' ribonucleotides. Of the different forms of nucleotidases characterized, this enzyme is unique in its preference for 5'-dNTP. It may be one of the enzymes involved in regulating the size of dNTP pools in cells. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIA pseudogene

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II

This gene encodes a hydrolase that serves as an important role in cellular purine metabolism by acting primarily on inosine 5'-monophosphate and other purine nucleotides. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

5',3'-nucleotidase, cytosolic pseudogene 1

5',3'-nucleotidase, cytosolic pseudogene 2

5',3'-nucleotidase, cytosolic pseudogene 3

sialidase 2 (cytosolic sialidase)

This gene belongs to a family of glycohydrolytic enzymes which remove sialic acid residues from glycoproteins and glycolipids. Expression studies in COS7 cells confirmed that this gene encodes a functional sialidase. Its cytosolic localization was demonstrated by cell fractionation experiments. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 4, pseudogene

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to heat; protein folding; and protein stabilization. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be part of protein-containing complex. Predicted to be active in cytosol; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-preferring, member 4

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes a phenol sulfotransferase with thermolabile enzyme activity. Four sulfotransferase genes are located on the p arm of chromosome 16, this gene and SULT1A3 arose from a segmental duplication. Read-through transcription exists between this gene and the upstream SLX1B (SLX1 structure-specific endonuclease subunit homolog B) gene that encodes a protein containing GIY-YIG domains. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-preferring, member 1

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes one of two phenol sulfotransferases with thermostable enzyme activity. Multiple alternatively spliced variants that encode two isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-preferring, member 3

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes a phenol sulfotransferase with thermolabile enzyme activity. Four sulfotransferase genes are located on the p arm of chromosome 16; this gene and SULT1A4 arose from a segmental duplication. This gene is the most centromeric of the four sulfotransferase genes. Read-through transcription exists between this gene and the upstream SLX1A (SLX1 structure-specific endonuclease subunit homolog A) gene that encodes a protein containing GIY-YIG domains. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-preferring, member 2

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes one of two phenol sulfotransferases with thermostable enzyme activity. Two alternatively spliced variants that encode the same protein have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

prostaglandin E synthase 3 (cytosolic)-like

Predicted to enable Hsp90 protein binding activity and protein-folding chaperone binding activity. Predicted to be involved in chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly and protein folding. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neutrophil cytosolic factor 1C pseudogene

The neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) gene encodes the 47 kDa cytosolic subunit of neutrophil NADPH oxidase, which produces superoxide anion. The NCF1 gene is located in close proximity to two highly similar, multi-exon pseudogenes at chromosome 7q11.23, corresponding to this gene record and GeneID:654816. The two pseudogenes contain a dinucleotide deletion (delta-GT) in exon 2 that results in a frameshift and truncation of the open reading frame, and neither pseudogene is likely to express a protein. Recombination events between the pseudogenes and the functional NCF1 gene can inactivate the NCF1 gene and result in chronic granulomatous disease. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

neutrophil cytosolic factor 1B pseudogene

Predicted to enable superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in respiratory burst and superoxide anion generation. Predicted to be part of NADPH oxidase complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neutrophil cytosolic factor 2

This gene encodes neutrophil cytosolic factor 2, the 67-kilodalton cytosolic subunit of the multi-protein NADPH oxidase complex found in neutrophils. This oxidase produces a burst of superoxide which is delivered to the lumen of the neutrophil phagosome. Mutations in this gene, as well as in other NADPH oxidase subunits, can result in chronic granulomatous disease, a disease that causes recurrent infections by catalase-positive organisms. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

neutrophil cytosolic factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a 47 kDa cytosolic subunit of neutrophil NADPH oxidase. This oxidase is a multicomponent enzyme that is activated to produce superoxide anion. Mutations in this gene have been associated with chronic granulomatous disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

neutrophil cytosolic factor 4, 40kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytosolic regulatory component of the superoxide-producing phagocyte NADPH-oxidase, a multicomponent enzyme system important for host defense. This protein is preferentially expressed in cells of myeloid lineage. It interacts primarily with neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2/p67-phox) to form a complex with neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1/p47-phox), which further interacts with the small G protein RAC1 and translocates to the membrane upon cell stimulation. This complex then activates flavocytochrome b, the membrane-integrated catalytic core of the enzyme system. The PX domain of this protein can bind phospholipid products of the PI(3) kinase, which suggests its role in PI(3) kinase-mediated signaling events. The phosphorylation of this protein was found to negatively regulate the enzyme activity. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 2 pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 4, pseudogene

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to heat; protein folding; and protein stabilization. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be part of protein-containing complex. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including myelin sheath; neuronal cell body; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 3, pseudogene

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to heat; protein folding; and protein stabilization. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic

This gene encodes a cytosolic, NADP-dependent enzyme that generates NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis. The activity of this enzyme, the reversible oxidative decarboxylation of malate, links the glycolytic and citric acid cycles. The regulation of expression for this gene is complex. Increased expression can result from elevated levels of thyroid hormones or by higher proportions of carbohydrates in the diet. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIA pseudogene 1

cytosolic thiouridylase subunit 1 homolog (S. pombe) pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1

This gene encodes a member of the heat shock protein 90 family; these proteins are involved in signal transduction, protein folding and degradation and morphological evolution. This gene encodes the constitutive form of the cytosolic 90 kDa heat-shock protein and is thought to play a role in gastric apoptosis and inflammation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes have been identified on multiple chromosomes. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

cytosolic thiouridylase subunit 2 homolog (S. pombe)

This gene encodes a protein which is involved in the post-transcriptional modification of transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The encoded protein plays a role in thiolation of uridine residue present at the wobble position in a subset of tRNAs, resulting in enhanced codon reading accuracy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

cytosolic thiouridylase subunit 1

Predicted to enable tRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in tRNA wobble position uridine thiolation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be part of cytosolic tRNA wobble base thiouridylase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIA

This gene encodes a member of the 5'-nucleotidase family of enzymes that catalyze the dephosphorylation of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. The encoded protein is the type 1 isozyme of pyrimidine 5' nucleotidase and catalyzes the dephosphorylation of pyrimidine 5' monophosphates. Mutations in this gene are a cause of hemolytic anemia due to uridine 5-prime monophosphate hydrolase deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and pseudogenes of this gene are located on the long arm of chromosomes 3 and 4. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIB

Predicted to enable 5'-nucleotidase activity. Predicted to be involved in nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 pseudogene

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1C, member 2 pseudogene 1

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 6, pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is an inducible molecular chaperone that functions as a homodimer. The encoded protein aids in the proper folding of specific target proteins by use of an ATPase activity that is modulated by co-chaperones. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 6, pseudogene

heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class B member 5, pseudogene

prostaglandin E synthase 3 (cytosolic) pseudogene 3

prostaglandin E synthase 3 (cytosolic) pseudogene 1

sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1B, member 1

Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. However, the total genomic length of this gene is greater than that of other SULT1 genes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 2B

Involved in chromosome segregation; iron-sulfur cluster assembly; and protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer. Located in cytosol; nucleoplasm; and spindle. Part of MMXD complex and cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 2A

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. Involved in iron-sulfur cluster assembly and protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 3

Predicted to enable 4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding activity and metal ion binding activity. Involved in several processes, including intracellular oxygen homeostasis; iron-sulfur cluster assembly; and response to hypoxia. Part of cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunit 2

Enables identical protein binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of TORC1 signaling. Located in GATOR2 complex and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunit 1

Enables several functions, including arginine binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and protein sequestering activity. Involved in cellular response to L-arginine; cellular response to amino acid starvation; and regulation of TORC1 signaling. Located in GATOR2 complex and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene

ribosomal protein S4X pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein S4X pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein S4X pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein S4X pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein S4X pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein S4X pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein S4X pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 13

40S ribosomal protein SA-like

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L12 pseudogene 31

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein L12 pseudogene 36

ribosomal protein L12 pseudogene 38

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 43

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 42

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 41

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 40

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 47

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 46

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 45

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 44

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 49

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 48

ribosomal protein L32 pseudogene 35

ribosomal protein L32 pseudogene 32

ribosomal protein L32 pseudogene 33

ribosomal protein L32 pseudogene 30

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 29

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 27

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 26

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 23

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 21

ribosomal protein L36a-like

Cytoplasmic ribosomes, organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein, which shares sequence similarity with yeast ribosomal protein L44, belongs to the L44E (L36AE) family of ribosomal proteins. This gene and the human gene officially named ribosomal protein L36a (RPL36A) encode nearly identical proteins; however, they are distinct genes. Although the name of this gene has been referred to as ribosomal protein L36a (RPL36A), its official name is ribosomal protein L36a-like (RPL36AL). As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein S4X pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene

RNA, 18S ribosomal pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L35 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 8

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S24 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L12

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L11P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. The protein binds directly to the 26S rRNA. This gene is co-transcribed with the U65 snoRNA, which is located in its fourth intron. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L17 pseudogene 37

ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L37 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein L37 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein L7 pseudogene 57

ribosomal protein L17 pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein L17 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein L17 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein L18a

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a member of the L18AE family of ribosomal proteins that is a component of the 60S subunit. The encoded protein may play a role in viral replication by interacting with the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES). This gene is co-transcribed with the U68 snoRNA, located within the third intron. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed throughout the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

RNA, 5.8S ribosomal pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene 1

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 193

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 190

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 69

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 68

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 65

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 64

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 67

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 66

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 61

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 63

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 62

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 325

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 324

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 327

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 326

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 321

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 320

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 323

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 322

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 329

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 328

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L7 pseudogene 26

ribosomal protein L13a pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein L13a pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein L13a pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein L13a pseudogene 3

Predicted to be a structural constituent of ribosome. Predicted to be involved in translation. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal protein L13a pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L13a pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein L13a pseudogene 8

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 5

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 22

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 20

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 21

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 35

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 32

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 33

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 31

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 38

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 39

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein S21 pseudogene 7

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 109

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 101

ribosomal protein S4X pseudogene 18

ribosomal protein S28 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein S28 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein S28 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein S28 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 26

ribosomal protein L34 pseudogene 24

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L22 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L32 pseudogene 36

ribosomal protein L32 pseudogene 34

ribosomal protein L32 pseudogene 31

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 38

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 39

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 30

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 31

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 32

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 33

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 34

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 35

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 36

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 37

ribosomal protein L7-like 1 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 39

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 36

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 37

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 34

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 32

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 33

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 30

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 31

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 42

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 43

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 40

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 41

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 46

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 44

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 45

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 48

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 49

ribosomal protein S16 pseudogene 8

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 485

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 486

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 487

ribosomal modification protein rimK-like family member A

Predicted to enable N-acetyl-L-aspartate-L-glutamate ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in glutamine family amino acid metabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal modification protein rimK-like family member B

Predicted to enable N-acetyl-L-aspartate-L-glutamate ligase activity and citrate-L-glutamate ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in glutamine family amino acid metabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein S9 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein S9 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein S9 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein S9 pseudogene 3

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 457

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 456

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 455

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 454

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 453

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 452

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 451

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 450

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 459

ribosomal protein S3a pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein S3a pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein S3A pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein S3a pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein S3A pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein S3A pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein S3A pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein S3A pseudogene 1

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 23

ribosomal protein L37a pseudogene 6

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 21

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 20

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 22

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 25

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 24

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 27

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 29

ribosomal protein L38 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein L38 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L38 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L38 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein S3A pseudogene

ribosomal protein L13 pseudogene

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 407

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 108

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S17

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S17P family. The encoded protein is moderately conserved between human mitochondrial and prokaryotic ribosomal proteins. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1p, 3p, 6q, 14p, 18q, and Xq. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein L12 pseudogene 32

ribosomal protein L12 pseudogene 34

ribosomal protein L12 pseudogene 35

ribosomal protein L12 pseudogene 37

ribosomal protein L12 pseudogene 39

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 248

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S9

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S7

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. In the prokaryotic ribosome, the comparable protein is thought to play an essential role in organizing the 3' domain of the 16 S rRNA in the vicinity of the P- and A-sites. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 8p and 12p. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S6

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S6P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1p and 12q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S5P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 4q, 5q, and 18q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S2

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S2 family. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 364

ribosomal protein L7-like 1 pseudogene

ribosomal protein S12 pseudogene 25

ribosomal protein S12 pseudogene

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 178

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 179

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 171

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 173

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 14

ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 15

ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 16

ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 17

ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 10

ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 11

ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 12

ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 13

ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 18

ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 19

RNA, ribosomal cluster 2

45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) arrays, or clusters, are present on human chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, designated RNR1 through RNR5, respectively. Each cluster consists of multiple 45S rDNA repeat units that vary in number among individuals and chromosomes, with total diploid copy number estimates ranging from 60 to >800 repeat units in a human genome. The 45S rDNA repeat unit encodes a 45S rRNA precursor, transcribed by RNA polymerase I, which is processed to form the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs. Gene and RefSeq, in collaboration with HGNC, currently describe one 45S rDNA cluster, and one set of 45S precursor and product rRNAs, for each of the five human chromosomes to which these loci are localized. This gene represents the 45S ribosomal DNA cluster on chromosome 14. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

RNA, ribosomal cluster 3

45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) arrays, or clusters, are present on human chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, designated RNR1 through RNR5, respectively. Each cluster consists of multiple 45S rDNA repeat units that vary in number among individuals and chromosomes, with total diploid copy number estimates ranging from 60 to >800 repeat units in a human genome. The 45S rDNA repeat unit encodes a 45S rRNA precursor, transcribed by RNA polymerase I, which is processed to form the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs. Gene and RefSeq, in collaboration with HGNC, currently describe one 45S rDNA cluster, and one set of 45S precursor and product rRNAs, for each of the five human chromosomes to which these loci are localized. This gene represents the 45S ribosomal DNA cluster on chromosome 15. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

RNA, ribosomal cluster 1

45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) arrays, or clusters, are present on human chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, designated RNR1 through RNR5, respectively. Each cluster consists of multiple 45S rDNA repeat units that vary in number among individuals and chromosomes, with total diploid copy number estimates ranging from 60 to >800 repeat units in a human genome. The 45S rDNA repeat unit encodes a 45S rRNA precursor, transcribed by RNA polymerase I, which is processed to form the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs. Gene and RefSeq, in collaboration with HGNC, currently describe one 45S rDNA cluster, and one set of 45S precursor and product rRNAs, for each of the five human chromosomes to which these loci are localized. This gene represents the 45S ribosomal DNA cluster on chromosome 13. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

RNA, ribosomal cluster 4

45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) arrays, or clusters, are present on human chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, designated RNR1 through RNR5, respectively. Each cluster consists of multiple 45S rDNA repeat units that vary in number among individuals and chromosomes, with total diploid copy number estimates ranging from 60 to >800 repeat units in a human genome. The 45S rDNA repeat unit encodes a 45S rRNA precursor, transcribed by RNA polymerase I, which is processed to form the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs. Gene and RefSeq, in collaboration with HGNC, currently describe one 45S rDNA cluster, and one set of 45S precursor and product rRNAs, for each of the five human chromosomes to which these loci are localized. This gene represents the 45S ribosomal DNA cluster on chromosome 21. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

RNA, ribosomal cluster 5

45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) arrays, or clusters, are present on human chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, designated RNR1 through RNR5, respectively. Each cluster consists of multiple 45S rDNA repeat units that vary in number among individuals and chromosomes, with total diploid copy number estimates ranging from 60 to >800 repeat units in a human genome. The 45S rDNA repeat unit encodes a 45S rRNA precursor, transcribed by RNA polymerase I, which is processed to form the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs. Gene and RefSeq, in collaboration with HGNC, currently describe one 45S rDNA cluster, and one set of 45S precursor and product rRNAs, for each of the five human chromosomes to which these loci are localized. This gene represents the 45S ribosomal DNA cluster on chromosome 22. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

pescadillo ribosomal biogenesis factor 1 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L13 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1

Ubiquitin is a highly conserved nuclear and cytoplasmic protein that has a major role in targeting cellular proteins for degradation by the 26S proteosome. It is also involved in the maintenance of chromatin structure, the regulation of gene expression, and the stress response. Ubiquitin is synthesized as a precursor protein consisting of either polyubiquitin chains or a single ubiquitin moiety fused to an unrelated protein. This gene encodes a fusion protein consisting of ubiquitin at the N terminus and ribosomal protein L40 at the C terminus, a C-terminal extension protein (CEP). Multiple processed pseudogenes derived from this gene are present in the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein S3a pseudogene 54

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 102

ribosomal protein S3a pseudogene 50

ribosomal protein S3a pseudogene 51

ribosomal protein S3a pseudogene 52

ribosomal protein S3a pseudogene 53

ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L24 pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene

ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein L6 pseudogene 29

ribosomal protein L6 pseudogene 28

ribosomal protein L6 pseudogene 25

ribosomal protein L6 pseudogene 24

ribosomal protein L6 pseudogene 27

ribosomal protein L6 pseudogene 26

ribosomal protein L6 pseudogene 21

ribosomal protein L6 pseudogene 20

ribosomal protein L6 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L6 pseudogene 22

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 13

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein S3a pseudogene 28

ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 45

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 44

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 47

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 46

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 41

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 40

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 43

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 42

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 49

ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein L7a

Cytoplasmic ribosomes, organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L7AE family of ribosomal proteins. It can interact with a subclass of nuclear hormone receptors, including thyroid hormone receptor, and inhibit their ability to transactivate by preventing their binding to their DNA response elements. This gene is included in the surfeit gene cluster, a group of very tightly linked genes that do not share sequence similarity. It is co-transcribed with the U24, U36a, U36b, and U36c small nucleolar RNA genes, which are located in its second, fifth, fourth, and sixth introns, respectively. This gene rearranges with the trk proto-oncogene to form the chimeric oncogene trk-2h, which encodes an oncoprotein consisting of the N terminus of ribosomal protein L7a fused to the receptor tyrosine kinase domain of trk. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein L7-like 1 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein L13a pseudogene

ribosomal RNA processing 1

The protein encoded by this gene is the putative homolog of the yeast ribosomal RNA processing protein RRP1. The encoded protein is involved in the late stages of nucleologenesis at the end of mitosis, and may be required for the generation of 28S rRNA. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal RNA processing 8, methyltransferase, homolog (yeast)

Enables methylated histone binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to glucose starvation; intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator; and regulation of gene expression. Acts upstream of with a negative effect on regulation of G1 to G0 transition. Located in several cellular components, including cytosol; nuclear lumen; and rDNA heterochromatin. Part of eNoSc complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal RNA processing 9, small subunit (SSU) processome component, homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a member of the WD-repeat protein family. The encoded protein is a component of the nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snoRNP) and is essential for 18s rRNA processing during ribosome synthesis. It contains seven WD domains required for nucleolar localization and specific interaction with the U3 small nucleolar RNA (U3 snoRNA). [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

ribosomal protein L26 pseudogene 30

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 52

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 53

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 50

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 51

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 56

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 57

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 54

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 55

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 58

Predicted to enable laminin binding activity and laminin receptor activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of ribosome. Predicted to be involved in cell adhesion; ribosomal small subunit assembly; and translation. Predicted to be located in several cellular components, including nucleus; plasma membrane; and ribosome. Predicted to be part of cytosolic small ribosomal subunit. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 59

ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 15

ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 12

ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 10

ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 11

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 25

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 26

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 56

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 52

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 28

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 29

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 20

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 21

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 26

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 27

ribosomal protein L35a pseudogene 24

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 5

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 235

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein S4, Y-linked 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a ribosomal protein that is highly similar to RPS4Y1. This gene is located in the male-specific region of the Y chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

ribosomal protein S4, Y-linked 1

Cytoplasmic ribosomes, organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes ribosomal protein S4, a component of the 40S subunit. Ribosomal protein S4 is the only ribosomal protein known to be encoded by more than one gene, namely this gene and ribosomal protein S4, X-linked (RPS4X). The 2 isoforms encoded by these genes are not identical, but are functionally equivalent. Ribosomal protein S4 belongs to the S4E family of ribosomal proteins. It has been suggested that haploinsufficiency of the ribosomal protein S4 genes plays a role in Turner syndrome; however, this hypothesis is controversial. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 167

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 481

ribosomal protein L9 pseudogene 24

ribosomal protein L9 pseudogene 25

ribosomal protein L9 pseudogene 26

ribosomal protein L9 pseudogene 27

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 249

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 246

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 247

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 244

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 245

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 242

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 240

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 241

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 66

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 65

ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene

ribosomal protein S13 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein S13 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein S13 pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein S13 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein S13 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein S13 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 28

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 400

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 49

ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 135

ribosomal L1 domain-containing protein 1-like

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 229

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 225

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 20

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 23

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene

40S ribosomal protein S24-like

ribosomal protein L10 pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L10

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Sequence analysis identified three transcript variants that encode two different isoforms. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 5q. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L11

This nuclear gene encodes a 39S subunit component of the mitochondial ribosome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes for this gene are found on chromosomes 5 and 12. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L12

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein which forms homodimers. In prokaryotic ribosomes, two L7/L12 dimers and one L10 protein form the L8 protein complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L13

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L14

This nuclear gene encodes a protein component of the 39S subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L15

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the EcoL15 ribosomal protein family. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 15q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L16

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L17

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L18

This nuclear gene encodes a protein component of the larger 39S subunit of mitochondrial ribosome. This protein may also aid in the import of nuclear-encoded 5S rRNA into mitochondria. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, most of which are not predicted to encode a protein. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 16. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L19

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 54

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 55

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 56

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 51

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 52

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 53

ribosomal protein S16 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein S16 pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein S16 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein S16 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein S16 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein S16 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein S16 pseudogene 1

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 378

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 372

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 373

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 371

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 374

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 375

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene 19

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene 18

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene 15

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene 14

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene 17

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene 16

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene 10

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene 13

RNA, 5.8S ribosomal pseudogene 5

RNA, 5.8S ribosomal pseudogene 4

RNA, 5.8S ribosomal pseudogene 6

RNA, 5.8S ribosomal pseudogene 3

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 176

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 22

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 21

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 20

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 26

ribosomal protein L37a

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L37AE family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. The protein contains a C4-type zinc finger-like domain. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 28

ribosomal protein L7 pseudogene 43

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 147

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 141

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 47

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 46

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 45

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 44

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 43

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 42

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 41

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 40

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L4 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 17

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 16

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 32

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 31

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 36

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 37

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 34

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 35

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 38

ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 39

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 19

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 18

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 170

ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 3

ribosomal protein S27a pseudogene 6

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 6

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L26 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein L26 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L26 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein L26 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein L26 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein L26 pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein S26

This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit. The protein belongs to the S26E family of ribosomal proteins. Mutations in this gene are found in Diamond-Blackfan anemia 10. There are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

ribosomal protein S27

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of four RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a member of the S27e family of ribosomal proteins and component of the 40S subunit. The encoded protein contains a C4-type zinc finger domain that can bind to zinc and may bind to nucleic acid. Mutations in this gene have been identified in numerous melanoma patients and in at least one patient with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA). Elevated expression of this gene has been observed in various human cancers. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2018]

ribosomal protein S24

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit. The protein belongs to the S24E family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. Mutations in this gene result in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

ribosomal protein S25

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit. The protein belongs to the S25E family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein S23

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit. The protein belongs to the S12P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. The protein shares significant amino acid similarity with S. cerevisiae ribosomal protein S28. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein S20

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit. The protein belongs to the S10P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. This gene is co-transcribed with the small nucleolar RNA gene U54, which is located in its second intron. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]

ribosomal protein S21

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit. The protein belongs to the S21E family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. Alternative splice variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described, but their existence has not been verified. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein S28

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit. The protein belongs to the S28E family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein S29

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit and a member of the S14P family of ribosomal proteins. The protein, which contains a C2-C2 zinc finger-like domain that can bind to zinc, can enhance the tumor suppressor activity of Ras-related protein 1A (KREV1). It is located in the cytoplasm. Variable expression of this gene in colorectal cancers compared to adjacent normal tissues has been observed, although no correlation between the level of expression and the severity of the disease has been found. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 19

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 18

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 11

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 10

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 12

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 15

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 14

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 17

ribosomal protein L31 pseudogene 16

ribosomal protein S21 pseudogene 4

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 60

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L11 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L11 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 41

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L45 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L45 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 11

ribosomal protein S5 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 10

ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 18

ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 13

ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 18

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 488

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 489

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 484

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 480

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 482

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 483

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene

ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1 pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S16

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S16P family. The encoded protein is one of the most highly conserved ribosomal proteins between mammalian and yeast mitochondria. Three pseudogenes (located at 8q21.3, 20q13.32, 22q12-q13.1) for this gene have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S15

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S15P family. The encoded protein is more than two times the size of its E. coli counterpart, with the 12S rRNA binding sites conserved. Between human and mouse, the encoded protein is the least conserved among small subunit ribosomal proteins. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 15q and 19q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S14

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S14P family. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S12

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S12P family. The encoded protein is a key component of the ribosomal small subunit and controls the decoding fidelity and susceptibility to aminoglycoside antibiotics. The gene for mitochondrial seryl-tRNA synthetase is located upstream and adjacent to this gene, and both genes are possible candidates for the autosomal dominant deafness gene (DFNA4). Splice variants that differ in the 5' UTR have been found for this gene; all three variants encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S11

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that contains a high level of sequence similarity with ribosomal protein S11P family members. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 20. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S10P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1q, 3p, and 9p. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein L7-like 1 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein L7-like 1 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein L7-like 1 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L7-like 1 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L7-like 1 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein L7-like 1 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein L7-like 1 pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein L7-like 1 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 29

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 28

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 21

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 22

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 25

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 24

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 27

ribosomal protein L29 pseudogene 26

ribosomal protein S19 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein S19 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein S19 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein S19 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein S19 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein S19 pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein S19 pseudogene 7

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 145

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 143

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 142

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 148

ribosomal protein L19 pseudogene 20

ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1

This gene encodes a member of the ribosomal S6 kinase family of serine/threonine kinases. The encoded protein responds to mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling to promote protein synthesis, cell growth, and cell proliferation. Activity of this gene has been associated with human cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed. The use of alternative translation start sites results in isoforms with longer or shorter N-termini which may differ in their subcellular localizations. There are two pseudogenes for this gene on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 2

This gene encodes a member of the RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases. This kinase contains a kinase catalytic domain and phosphorylates the S6 ribosomal protein and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B). Phosphorylation of S6 leads to an increase in protein synthesis and cell proliferation. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

40S ribosomal protein SA-like

ribosomal RNA processing 7 homolog B (S. cerevisiae), pseudogene

Predicted to be involved in rRNA processing and ribosomal small subunit assembly. Predicted to be part of CURI complex and UTP-C complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 519

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 516

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 511

ribosomal protein L8

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L2P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. In rat, the protein associates with the 5.8S rRNA, very likely participates in the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA, and is a constituent of the elongation factor 2-binding site at the ribosomal subunit interface. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein exist. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein L9

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L6P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ribosomal protein L6

This gene encodes a protein component of the 60S ribosomal subunit. This protein can bind specifically to domain C of the tax-responsive enhancer element of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, and may participate in tax-mediated transactivation of transcription. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed throughout the genome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ribosomal protein L4

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L4E family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein L5

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of four RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a member of the L18P family of ribosomal proteins and component of the 60S subunit. The encoded protein binds 5S rRNA to form a stable complex called the 5S ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP), which is necessary for the transport of nonribosome-associated cytoplasmic 5S rRNA to the nucleolus for assembly into ribosomes. The encoded protein may also function to inhibit tumorigenesis through the activation of downstream tumor suppressors and the downregulation of oncoprotein expression. Mutations in this gene have been identified in patients with Diamond-Blackfan Anemia (DBA). This gene is co-transcribed with the small nucleolar RNA gene U21, which is located in its fifth intron. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed throughout the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ribosomal protein L3

Ribosomes, the complexes that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L3P family of ribosomal proteins and it is located in the cytoplasm. The protein can bind to the HIV-1 TAR mRNA, and it has been suggested that the protein contributes to tat-mediated transactivation. This gene is co-transcribed with several small nucleolar RNA genes, which are located in several of this gene's introns. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 26

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 27

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 24

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 25

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 20

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 21

ribosomal protein L7

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L30P family of ribosomal proteins. It contains an N-terminal basic region-leucine zipper (BZIP)-like domain and the RNP consensus submotif RNP2. In vitro the BZIP-like domain mediates homodimerization and stable binding to DNA and RNA, with a preference for 28S rRNA and mRNA. The protein can inhibit cell-free translation of mRNAs, suggesting that it plays a regulatory role in the translation apparatus. It is located in the cytoplasm. The protein has been shown to be an autoantigen in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 69

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 65

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 64

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 67

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 66

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 61

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 60

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 63

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 62

ribosomal protein L32 pseudogene 17

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 18

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 19

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 10

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 11

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 8

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 9

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 4

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 6

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 7

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 23

ribosomal protein L27a pseudogene

ribosomal protein S2 pseudogene 29

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18A

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S18P family. The encoded protein is one of three that has significant sequence similarity to bacterial S18 proteins. The primary sequences of the three human mitochondrial S18 proteins are no more closely related to each other than they are to the prokaryotic S18 proteins. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 3p. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18B

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S18P family. The encoded protein is one of three that has significant sequence similarity to bacterial S18 proteins. The primary sequences of the three human mitochondrial S18 proteins are no more closely related to each other than they are to the prokaryotic S18 proteins. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1q and 2q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18C

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S18P family. The encoded protein is one of three that has significant sequence similarity to bacterial S18 proteins. The primary sequences of the three human mitochondrial S18 proteins are no more closely related to each other than they are to the prokaryotic S18 proteins. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 8p, 12p, 15q, and 22q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L14 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 68

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 405

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 406

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 401

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 402

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 409

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 9

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 6

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S7 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S7 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L17 pseudogene 26

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 63

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 62

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 61

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 60

ribosomal protein SA pseudogene 64

ribosomal protein L17 pseudogene 23

ribosomal protein L12 pseudogene 29

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 36

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 34

ribosomal protein L36a pseudogene 30

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene 12

ribosomal protein L7a pseudogene

ribosomal protein L22 pseudogene

39S ribosomal protein L32, mitochondrial pseudogene

RNA, 28S ribosomal 5

45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) arrays, or clusters, are present on human chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22, designated RNR1 through RNR5, respectively. Each cluster consists of multiple 45S rDNA repeat units that vary in number among individuals and chromosomes, with total diploid copy number estimates ranging from 60 to >800 repeat units in a human genome. The 45S rDNA repeat unit encodes a 45S rRNA precursor, transcribed by RNA polymerase I, which is processed to form the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs. This gene is a representative copy of the 28S ribosomal RNA whose chromosomal location is unknown. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ribosomal protein S15a pseudogene

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 129

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 128

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 126

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 125

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 124

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 123

ribosomal protein L21 pseudogene 120

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 233

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 232

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 231

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 239

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 238

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 32

ribosomal protein S20 pseudogene 33

ribosomal protein L6 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L22 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein L22 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein L22 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein L22 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein L22 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein L12 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L34 pseudogene 34

ribosomal protein L34 pseudogene 35

ribosomal protein L34 pseudogene 31

ribosomal protein L34 pseudogene 32

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 28

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 29

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 20

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 21

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 22

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 23

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 24

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 25

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 26

ribosomal protein L5 pseudogene 27

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 470

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 472

RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 408

ribosomal protein L14 pseudogene

ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 16