Harmonizome 3.0

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 12 pseudogene

hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 2

There are at least two isozymes of the corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase, a microsomal enzyme complex responsible for the interconversion of cortisol and cortisone. The type I isozyme has both 11-beta-dehydrogenase (cortisol to cortisone) and 11-oxoreductase (cortisone to cortisol) activities. The type II isozyme, encoded by this gene, has only 11-beta-dehydrogenase activity. In aldosterone-selective epithelial tissues such as the kidney, the type II isozyme catalyzes the glucocorticoid cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone, thus preventing illicit activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor. In tissues that do not express the mineralocorticoid receptor, such as the placenta and testis, it protects cells from the growth-inhibiting and/or pro-apoptotic effects of cortisol, particularly during embryonic development. Mutations in this gene cause the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the stress hormone cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. In addition, the encoded protein can catalyze the reverse reaction, the conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Too much cortisol can lead to central obesity, and a particular variation in this gene has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance in children. Mutations in this gene and H6PD (hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (glucose 1-dehydrogenase)) are the cause of cortisone reductase deficiency. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.[provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 8

In mice, the Ke6 protein is a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that can regulate the concentration of biologically active estrogens and androgens. It is preferentially an oxidative enzyme and inactivates estradiol, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone. However, the enzyme has some reductive activity and can synthesize estradiol from estrone. The protein encoded by this gene is similar to Ke6 and is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase superfamily. An alternatively spliced transcript of this gene has been detected, but the full-length nature of this variant has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 1

This gene encodes a member of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases. It has a dual function in estrogen activation and androgen inactivation and plays a major role in establishing the estrogen E2 concentration gradient between serum and peripheral tissues. The encoded protein catalyzes the last step in estrogen activation, using NADPH to convert estrogens E1 and E2 and androgens like 4-androstenedione, to testosterone. It has an N-terminal short-chain dehydrogenase domain with a cofactor binding site, and a narrow, hydrophobic C-terminal domain with a steroid substrate binding site. This gene is expressed primarily in the placenta and ovarian granulosa cells, and to a lesser extent, in the endometrium, adipose tissue, and prostate. Polymorphisms in this gene have been linked to breast and prostate cancer. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 2

Enables estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity and testosterone dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity. Involved in androgen metabolic process; estrogen biosynthetic process; and response to retinoic acid. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 3

This isoform of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is expressed predominantly in the testis and catalyzes the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone. It preferentially uses NADP as cofactor. Deficiency can result in male pseudohermaphroditism with gynecomastia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a bifunctional enzyme that is involved in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway for fatty acids. It also acts as a catalyst for the formation of 3-ketoacyl-CoA intermediates from both straight-chain and 2-methyl-branched-chain fatty acids. Defects in this gene that affect the peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation activity are a cause of D-bifunctional protein deficiency (DBPD). An apparent pseudogene of this gene is present on chromosome 8. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 6

The protein encoded by this gene has both oxidoreductase and epimerase activities and is involved in androgen catabolism. The oxidoreductase activity can convert 3 alpha-adiol to dihydrotestosterone, while the epimerase activity can convert androsterone to epi-androsterone. Both reactions use NAD+ as the preferred cofactor. This gene is a member of the retinol dehydrogenase family. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 7

HSD17B7 encodes an enzyme that functions both as a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.62) in the biosynthesis of sex steroids and as a 3-ketosteroid reductase (EC 1.1.1.270) in the biosynthesis of cholesterol (Marijanovic et al., 2003 [PubMed 12829805]).[supplied by OMIM, May 2010]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 12

This gene encodes a very important 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) that converts estrone into estradiol in ovarian tissue. This enzyme is also involved in fatty acid elongation. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 13

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor and steroid dehydrogenase activity. Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process. Located in lipid droplet. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 11

Short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases, such as HSD17B11, metabolize secondary alcohols and ketones (Brereton et al., 2001 [PubMed 11165019]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2009]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 14

17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, such as HSD17B14, are primarily involved in metabolism of steroids at the C17 position and also of other substrates, such as fatty acids, prostaglandins, and xenobiotics (Lukacik et al., 2007 [PubMed 17067289]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2009]

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 7 pseudogene 1

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 7 pseudogene 2

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 10

This gene encodes 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type II, a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The gene product is a mitochondrial protein that catalyzes the oxidation of a wide variety of fatty acids and steroids, and is a subunit of mitochondrial ribonuclease P, which is involved in tRNA maturation. The protein has been implicated in the development of Alzheimer disease, and mutations in the gene are the cause of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (HSD10) deficiency. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified, but the full-length nature of only two transcript variants has been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2014]

hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 1

Located in intermediate filament cytoskeleton and mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 2

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity. Involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Located in mitochondrion and peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1-like

This gene is a member of the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family. The encoded protein is similar to an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of inactive to active glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisone). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase pseudogene

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 1

hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 12 pseudogene

hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (glucose 1-dehydrogenase)

There are 2 forms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. G form is X-linked and H form, encoded by this gene, is autosomally linked. This H form shows activity with other hexose-6-phosphates, especially galactose-6-phosphate, whereas the G form is specific for glucose-6-phosphate. Both forms are present in most tissues, but H form is not found in red cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 3 pseudogene 3

proline dehydrogenase (oxidase) 1 pseudogene

L-threonine dehydrogenase (pseudogene)

This gene appears to be an evolving pseudogene of L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase (TDH). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, TDH catalyzes the first of two steps in one of two L-threonine degradation pathways. However, in human, the single gene with sequence similarity to TDH is not capable of encoding a functional TDH protein; the predicted protein lacks most of the C-terminus and parts of the NAD+ binding motif when compared to other species' TDH proteins. This suggests that the human gene is therefore a pseudogene. Transcripts of this gene are found in all tissues and alternatively spliced transcripts have been described. It is not known if these transcripts are translated, or if the possible protein product provides any functional role. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 11, pseudogene 1

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is a mitochondrial multienzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and is one of the major enzymes responsible for the regulation of homeostasis of carbohydrate fuels in mammals. The enzymatic activity is regulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle. Phosphorylation of PDH by a specific pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) results in inactivation. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 3

The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial multienzyme complex that catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It provides the primary link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and thus is one of the major enzymes responsible for the regulation of glucose metabolism. The enzymatic activity of PDH is regulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle, and phosphorylation results in inactivation of PDH. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the three pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases that inhibits the PDH complex by phosphorylation of the E1 alpha subunit. This gene is predominantly expressed in the heart and skeletal muscles. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 2

This gene encodes a member of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase family. The encoded protein phosphorylates pyruvate dehydrogenase, down-regulating the activity of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Overexpression of this gene may play a role in both cancer and diabetes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4

This gene is a member of the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family and encodes a mitochondrial protein with a histidine kinase domain. This protein is located in the matrix of the mitrochondria and inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by phosphorylating one of its subunits, thereby contributing to the regulation of glucose metabolism. Expression of this gene is regulated by glucocorticoids, retinoic acid and insulin. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 2 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha 2)

This gene encodes a microsomal protein expressed at high levels in androgen-sensitive tissues such as the prostate. The encoded protein is active at acidic pH and is sensitive to the 4-azasteroid inhibitor finasteride. Deficiencies in this gene can result in male pseudohermaphroditism, specifically pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias (PPSH). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 1 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha 1)

Steroid 5-alpha-reductase (EC 1.3.99.5) catalyzes the conversion of testosterone into the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Also see SRD5A2 (MIM 607306).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), beta subunit pseudogene

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1 pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor. Predicted to be involved in steroid biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 39

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 38

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 31

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 30

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 33

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 32

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 35

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 34

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 37

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 36

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 1 (complex I)

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrial membrane. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in several diseases, including MELAS syndrome; neurodegenerative disease (multiple); optic nerve disease (multiple); toxic shock syndrome; and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; and multiple sclerosis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 3 (complex I)

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; Leigh disease; and Parkinson's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 4 (complex I)

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; Parkinson's disease; macular degeneration; and schizophrenia. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 5 (complex I)

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; Leigh disease; and MELAS syndrome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 6 (complex I)

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; Leigh disease; and spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominant 2B. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)

Degradation of glycine is brought about by the glycine cleavage system, which is composed of four mitochondrial protein components: P protein (a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent glycine decarboxylase), H protein (a lipoic acid-containing protein), T protein (a tetrahydrofolate-requiring enzyme), and L protein (a lipoamide dehydrogenase). The protein encoded by this gene is the P protein, which binds to glycine and enables the methylamine group from glycine to be transferred to the T protein. Defects in this gene are a cause of nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH).[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 11

Enables 3-keto sterol reductase activity and steroid dehydrogenase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor. Involved in steroid biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 12

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family, which has over 46,000 members. Members in this family are enzymes that metabolize many different compounds, such as steroid hormones, prostaglandins, retinoids, lipids and xenobiotics. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 13

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 3 pseudogene 1

aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member A2

Aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes are thought to play a major role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated by alcohol metabolism and lipid peroxidation. This gene product catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to fatty acid. Mutations in the gene cause Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member A1

Aldehyde dehydrogenases oxidize various aldehydes to the corresponding acids. They are involved in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde and in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation. The enzyme encoded by this gene forms a cytoplasmic homodimer that preferentially oxidizes aromatic and medium-chain (6 carbons or more) saturated and unsaturated aldehyde substrates. It is thought to promote resistance to UV and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-induced oxidative damage in the cornea. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 1 pseudogene 2

pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 2

Enables pyruvate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity and pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) activity. Involved in pyruvate metabolic process. Located in mitochondrion and nucleolus. Implicated in spermatogenic failure 70. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 1

The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial multienzyme complex that catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and provides the primary link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The PDH complex is composed of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The E1 enzyme is a heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits. This gene encodes the E1 alpha 1 subunit containing the E1 active site, and plays a key role in the function of the PDH complex. Mutations in this gene are associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha deficiency and X-linked Leigh syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 4, 15kDa pseudogene 1

aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member B1

This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenases family of proteins. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. This gene does not contain introns in the coding sequence. The variation of this locus may affect the development of alcohol-related problems. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 2

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor. Predicted to be involved in steroid biosynthetic process. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase regulatory subunit

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and links glycolysis to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid synthesis. The dephosphorylation and reactivation of PDC is catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP). The dimeric PDP has a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit. This gene encodes the FAD-containing regulatory subunit of PDP. The encoded protein acts to decrease the sensitivity of the PDP catalytic subunit to magnesium ions. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6F, pseudogene

malate dehydrogenase 1, NAD (soluble) pseudogene

aldehyde dehydrogenase 5 family, member A1

This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. This gene encodes a mitochondrial NAD(+)-dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. A deficiency of this enzyme, known as 4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, is a rare inborn error in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In response to the defect, physiologic fluids from patients accumulate GHB, a compound with numerous neuromodulatory properties. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, component X

The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is located in the mitochondrial matrix and catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. The PDH complex thereby links glycolysis to Krebs cycle. The PDH complex contains three catalytic subunits, E1, E2, and E3, two regulatory subunits, E1 kinase and E1 phosphatase, and a non-catalytic subunit, E3 binding protein (E3BP). This gene encodes the E3 binding protein subunit; also known as component X of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This protein tethers E3 dimers to the E2 core of the PDH complex. Defects in this gene are a cause of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency which results in neurological dysfunction and lactic acidosis in infancy and early childhood. This protein is also a minor antigen for antimitochondrial antibodies. These autoantibodies are present in nearly 95% of patients with the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). In PBC, activated T lymphocytes attack and destroy epithelial cells in the bile duct where this protein is abnormally distributed and overexpressed. PBC eventually leads to cirrhosis and liver failure. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) beta

The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial multienzyme complex that catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide, and provides the primary link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The PDH complex is composed of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The E1 enzyme is a heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits. This gene encodes the E1 beta subunit. Mutations in this gene are associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-beta deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase

The protein encoded by this gene converts UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronate and thereby participates in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate. These glycosylated compounds are common components of the extracellular matrix and likely play roles in signal transduction, cell migration, and cancer growth and metastasis. The expression of this gene is up-regulated by transforming growth factor beta and down-regulated by hypoxia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 12 pseudogene

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 1 pseudogene

isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) gamma pseudogene

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 10, 22kDa pseudogene

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 4

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 7

aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member B2

This gene encodes a member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family, a group of isozymes that may play a major role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated by alcohol metabolism and lipid peroxidation. The gene of this particular family member is over 10 kb in length. Altered methylation patterns at this locus have been observed in spermatozoa derived from patients exhibiting reduced fecundity. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member B1

This gene encodes a member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase protein family. Aldehyde dehydrogenases are a family of isozymes that may play a major role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated by alcohol metabolism and lipid peroxidation. The encoded protein is able to oxidize long-chain fatty aldehydes in vitro, and may play a role in protection from oxidative stress. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short/branched chain

Short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase(ACADSB) is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branch chained amino acids. Substrate specificity is the primary characteristic used to define members of this gene family. The ACADSB gene product has the greatest activity towards the short branched chain acyl-CoA derivative, (S)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA, but also reacts significantly with other 2-methyl branched chain substrates and with short straight chain acyl-CoAs. The cDNA encodes for a mitochondrial precursor protein which is cleaved upon mitochondrial import and predicted to yield a mature peptide of approximately 43.7-KDa. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 2

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 1

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 2, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase pseudogene 6

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 2, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase pseudogene 1

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 2, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase pseudogene 7

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 2, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase pseudogene 5

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 2, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase pseudogene 4

phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase

This gene encodes the enzyme which is involved in the early steps of L-serine synthesis in animal cells. L-serine is required for D-serine and other amino acid synthesis. The enzyme requires NAD/NADH as a cofactor and forms homotetramers for activity. Mutations in this gene have been found in a family with congenital microcephaly, psychomotor retardation and other symptoms. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found, however the full-length nature of most are not known. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6E, pseudogene

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 2, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase

This gene encodes a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial bifunctional enzyme with methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activities. The enzyme functions as a homodimer and is unique in its absolute requirement for magnesium and inorganic phosphate. Formation of the enzyme-magnesium complex allows binding of NAD. Alternative splicing results in two different transcripts, one protein-coding and the other not protein-coding. This gene has a pseudogene on chromosome 7. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha subunit pseudogene 2

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 4 like 1

Predicted to enable carbonyl reductase (NADPH) activity. Predicted to be involved in retinal metabolic process. Predicted to be active in peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 4 like 2

This gene encodes a member of the short chain dehydrogenase reductase family. The encoded protein may be an NADPH dependent retinol oxidoreductase. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 9, 22kDa pseudogene

phosphogluconate dehydrogenase pseudogene 2

oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) dehydrogenase (lipoamide)

This gene encodes one subunit of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. This complex catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) to succinyl-CoA and CO(2) during the Krebs cycle. The protein is located in the mitochondrial matrix and uses thiamine pyrophosphate as a cofactor. A congenital deficiency in 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity is believed to lead to hypotonia, metabolic acidosis, and hyperlactatemia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase

This gene encodes a member of the non-ribosome peptide syntesase (NRPS) enzyme family. The encoded protein contains an AMP-binding domain, PP-binding (phosphopantetheine, or pantetheine 4'phosphate-binding) domain and the Pyrrolo-quinoline quinon (PQQ) binding domain. The protein is expressed in several adult tissues. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 2

Enables 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity and NAD binding activity. Involved in epithelial cell differentiation and fatty acid beta-oxidation. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 1

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase gene family. The encoded protein forms a homotetrameric lipid-requiring enzyme of the mitochondrial membrane and has a specific requirement for phosphatidylcholine for optimal enzymatic activity. The encoded protein catalyzes the interconversion of acetoacetate and (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, the two major ketone bodies produced during fatty acid catabolism. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2 pseudogene 1

steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 1 pseudogene 1 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha pseudogene)

alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide, pseudogene 2

aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1

This gene is a member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family and encodes a bifunctional ATP- and NADPH-dependent mitochondrial enzyme with both gamma-glutamyl kinase and gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase activities. The encoded protein catalyzes the reduction of glutamate to delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, a critical step in the de novo biosynthesis of proline, ornithine and arginine. Mutations in this gene lead to hyperammonemia, hypoornithinemia, hypocitrullinemia, hypoargininemia and hypoprolinemia and may be associated with neurodegeneration, cataracts and connective tissue diseases. Alternatively spliced transcript variants, encoding different isoforms, have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain

The protein encoded by this gene is targeted to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it catalyzes the first step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. This acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase is specific to long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids. A deficiency in this gene product reduces myocardial fatty acid beta-oxidation and is associated with cardiomyopathy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylase) pseudogene 1

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 55

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 54

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 53

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 52

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 51

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 50

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 11, 14.7kDa

This gene encodes a subunit of the membrane-bound mitochondrial complex I. Complex I is composed of numerous subunits and functions as the NADH-ubiquinol reductase of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Mutations in this gene are associated with severe mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 12

This gene encodes a protein which is part of mitochondrial complex 1, part of the oxidative phosphorylation system in mitochondria. Complex 1 transfers electrons to ubiquinone from NADH which establishes a proton gradient for the generation of ATP. Mutations in this gene are associated with Leigh syndrome due to mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 5 and 13. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 13

This gene encodes a subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), which functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The protein is required for complex I assembly and electron transfer activity. The protein binds the signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) transcription factor, and can function as a tumor suppressor. The human protein purified from mitochondria migrates at approximately 16 kDa. Transcripts originating from an upstream promoter and capable of expressing a protein with a longer N-terminus have been found, but their biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member L2

This gene encodes a member of both the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily and the formyl transferase superfamily. This member is the mitochondrial form of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH), which converts 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and CO2 in an NADP(+)-dependent reaction, and plays an essential role in the distribution of one-carbon groups between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments of the cell. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member L1

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), and water to tetrahydrofolate, NADPH, and carbon dioxide. The encoded protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. Loss of function or expression of this gene is associated with decreased apoptosis, increased cell motility, and cancer progression. There is an antisense transcript that overlaps on the opposite strand with this gene locus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 7B

Predicted to enable acylglycerone-phosphate reductase (NADP+) activity. Predicted to be involved in ether lipid biosynthetic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including brown fat cell differentiation; phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process; and regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 7C

Predicted to enable all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity. Predicted to be involved in D-glucose import; intracellular calcium ion homeostasis; and regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be located in longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 2 pseudogene

IMP (inosine 5'-monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1

The protein encoded by this gene acts as a homotetramer to regulate cell growth. The encoded protein is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of xanthine monophosphate (XMP) from inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP). This is the rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. Defects in this gene are a cause of retinitis pigmentosa type 10 (RP10). Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase

The branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKD) is an important regulator of the valine, leucine, and isoleucine catabolic pathways. The protein encoded by this gene is found in the mitochondrion, where it phosphorylates and inactivates BCKD. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha subunit pseudogene 1

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 10

This gene encodes a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes (ACADs), which participate in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria. The encoded enzyme contains a hydrolase domain at the N-terminal portion, a serine/threonine protein kinase catlytic domain in the central region, and a conserved ACAD domain at the C-terminus. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 11

This gene encodes an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase enzyme with a preference for carbon chain lengths between 20 and 26. Naturally occurring read-through transcription occurs between the upstream gene NPHP3 (nephronophthisis 3 (adolescent)) and this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family, member A1

This gene encodes a member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase protein family. The encoded protein is a mitochondrial methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase that plays a role in the valine and pyrimidine catabolic pathways. This protein catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of malonate and methylmalonate semialdehydes to acetyl- and propionyl-CoA. Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by elevated beta-alanine, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, and both isomers of 3-amino and 3-hydroxyisobutyric acids in urine organic acids. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 4, 9kDa pseudogene

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 76

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 2 pseudogene

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 57

aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family (mitochondrial)

This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. Two major liver isoforms of aldehyde dehydrogenase, cytosolic and mitochondrial, can be distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities, kinetic properties, and subcellular localizations. Most Caucasians have two major isozymes, while approximately 50% of East Asians have the cytosolic isozyme but not the mitochondrial isozyme. A remarkably higher frequency of acute alcohol intoxication among East Asians than among Caucasians could be related to the absence of a catalytically active form of the mitochondrial isozyme. The increased exposure to acetaldehyde in individuals with the catalytically inactive form may also confer greater susceptibility to many types of cancer. This gene encodes a mitochondrial isoform, which has a low Km for acetaldehydes, and is localized in mitochondrial matrix. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the fourth enzymatic step, the ubiquinone-mediated oxidation of dihydroorotate to orotate, in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. This protein is a mitochondrial protein located on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 5

The NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone, and consists of at least 43 subunits. The complex is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein that is associated with the matrix face of the mitochondrial inner membrane and is required for complex I assembly. A mutation in this gene results in mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 4

NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) in the first step of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in the translocation of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gene encodes a complex I assembly factor. Mutations in this gene are a cause of mitochondrial complex I deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 7

This gene encodes an assembly factor protein which helps in the assembly and stabilization of Complex I, a large multi-subunit enzyme in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Complex I is involved in several physiological activities in the cell, including metabolite transport and ATP synthesis. The encoded protein is a methyltransferase which methylates Arg85 of a subunit of Complex I in the early stages of its assembly. A pseudogene related to this gene is located on chromosome 8. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 6

This gene encodes a protein that localizes to mitochondria and contains a predicted phytoene synthase domain. The encoded protein plays an important role in the assembly of complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain through regulation of subunit ND1 biogenesis. Mutations in this gene are associated with complex I enzymatic deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 1

This gene encodes a complex I assembly factor protein. Complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) in the first step of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in the translocation of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The encoded protein is required for assembly of complex I, and mutations in this gene are a cause of mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 19. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 3

This gene encodes a mitochondrial complex I assembly protein that interacts with complex I subunits. Mutations in this gene cause mitochondrial complex I deficiency, a fatal neonatal disorder of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 2

NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) in the first step of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in the translocation of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gene encodes a complex I assembly factor. Mutations in this gene cause progressive encephalopathy resulting from mitochondrial complex I deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide, pseudogene 4

alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide, pseudogene 3

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 8, pseudogene 1

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 8, pseudogene 3

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein (Fp)

This gene encodes a major catalytic subunit of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, a complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The complex is composed of four nuclear-encoded subunits and is localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mutations in this gene have been associated with a form of mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency known as Leigh Syndrome. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 3q29. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C, integral membrane protein, 15kDa

This gene encodes one of four nuclear-encoded subunits that comprise succinate dehydrogenase, also known as mitochondrial complex II, a key enzyme complex of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and aerobic respiratory chains of mitochondria. The encoded protein is one of two integral membrane proteins that anchor other subunits of the complex, which form the catalytic core, to the inner mitochondrial membrane. There are several related pseudogenes for this gene on different chromosomes. Mutations in this gene have been associated with paragangliomas. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B, iron sulfur (Ip)

This tumor suppressor gene encodes the iron-sulfur protein subunit of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex which plays a critical role in mitochondria. The SDH enzyme complex is composed of four nuclear-encoded subunits. This enzyme complex converts succinate to fumarate which releases electrons as part of the citric acid cycle, and the enzyme complex additionally provides an attachment site for released electrons to be transferred to the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. The SDH enzyme complex plays a role in oxygen-related gene regulation through its conversion of succinate, which is an oxygen sensor that stabilizes the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) transcription factor. Sporadic and familial mutations in this gene result in paragangliomas, pheochromocytoma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, supporting a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and tumorigenesis. Mutations in this gene are also implicated in nuclear type 4 mitochondrial complex II deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2022]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein

This gene encodes a member of complex II of the respiratory chain, which is responsible for the oxidation of succinate. The encoded protein is one of two integral membrane proteins anchoring the complex to the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mutations in this gene are associated with the formation of tumors, including hereditary paraganglioma. Transmission of disease occurs almost exclusively through the paternal allele, suggesting that this locus may be maternally imprinted. There are pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, and 18. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2013]

sorbitol dehydrogenase pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 16C, member 6, pseudogene

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 26

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 25

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 22

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 23

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 20

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 21

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 29

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 9, 22kDa pseudogene

glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (soluble)

This gene encodes a member of the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family. The encoded protein plays a critical role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by catalyzing the reversible conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and NAD+. The encoded cytosolic protein and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase also form a glycerol phosphate shuttle that facilitates the transfer of reducing equivalents from the cytosol to mitochondria. Mutations in this gene are a cause of transient infantile hypertriglyceridemia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (mitochondrial)

The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, using FAD as a cofactor. Along with GDP1, the encoded protein constitutes the glycerol phosphate shuttle, which reoxidizes NADH formed during glycolysis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

retinol dehydrogenase 16 (all-trans)

Enables all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity; androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol dehydrogenase activity; and androsterone dehydrogenase activity. Involved in steroid metabolic process. Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

retinol dehydrogenase 10 (all-trans)

This gene encodes a retinol dehydrogenase, which converts all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, with preference for NADP as a cofactor. Studies in mice suggest that this protein is essential for synthesis of embryonic retinoic acid and is required for limb, craniofacial, and organ development. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

retinol dehydrogenase 13 (all-trans/9-cis)

This gene encodes a mitochondrial short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, which catalyzes the reduction and oxidation of retinoids. The encoded enzyme may function in retinoic acid production and may also protect the mitochondria against oxidative stress. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-2 to C-3 short chain

This gene encodes a tetrameric mitochondrial flavoprotein, which is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. This enzyme catalyzes the initial step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. Mutations in this gene have been associated with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency. Alternative splicing results in two variants which encode different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long chain

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, which is a family of mitochondrial flavoenzymes involved in fatty acid and branched chain amino-acid metabolism. This protein is one of the four enzymes that catalyze the initial step of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of straight-chain fatty acid. Defects in this gene are the cause of long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) deficiency, leading to nonketotic hypoglycemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-12 straight chain

This gene encodes the medium-chain specific (C4 to C12 straight chain) acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase. The homotetramer enzyme catalyzes the initial step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. Defects in this gene cause medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, a disease characterized by hepatic dysfunction, fasting hypoglycemia, and encephalopathy, which can result in infantile death. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 8

This gene encodes a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branch chained amino acids. The encoded protein is a mitochondrial enzyme that functions in catabolism of the branched-chain amino acid valine. Defects in this gene are the cause of isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 9

This gene encodes a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. Members of this family of proteins localize to the mitochondria and catalyze the rate-limiting step in the beta-oxidation of fatty acyl-CoA. The encoded protein is specifically active toward palmitoyl-CoA and long-chain unsaturated substrates. Mutations in this gene cause acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member type 9 deficiency. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

sorbitol dehydrogenase

Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD; EC 1.1.1.14) catalyzes the interconversion of polyols and their corresponding ketoses, and together with aldose reductase (ALDR1; MIM 103880), makes up the sorbitol pathway that is believed to play an important role in the development of diabetic complications (summarized by Carr and Markham, 1995 [PubMed 8535074]). The first reaction of the pathway (also called the polyol pathway) is the reduction of glucose to sorbitol by ALDR1 with NADPH as the cofactor. SORD then oxidizes the sorbitol to fructose using NAD(+) cofactor.[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2010]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the next enzyme after alcohol dehydrogenase in the major pathway of alcohol metabolism. There are two major aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in the liver, cytosolic and mitochondrial, which are encoded by distinct genes, and can be distinguished by their electrophoretic mobility, kinetic properties, and subcellular localization. This gene encodes the cytosolic isozyme. Studies in mice show that through its role in retinol metabolism, this gene may also be involved in the regulation of the metabolic responses to high-fat diet. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A2

This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. The product of this gene is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of retinoic acid (RA) from retinaldehyde. Retinoic acid, the active derivative of vitamin A (retinol), is a hormonal signaling molecule that functions in developing and adult tissues. The studies of a similar mouse gene suggest that this enzyme and the cytochrome CYP26A1, concurrently establish local embryonic retinoic acid levels which facilitate posterior organ development and prevent spina bifida. Four transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A3

This gene encodes an aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme that uses retinal as a substrate. Mutations in this gene have been associated with microphthalmia, isolated 8, and expression changes have also been detected in tumor cells. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 2 pseudogene 1

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5 pseudogene

dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain containing 1

This gene encodes a component of a mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate-dehydrogenase-complex-like protein involved in the degradation pathways of several amino acids, including lysine. Mutations in this gene are associated with 2-aminoadipic 2-oxoadipic aciduria and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 2Q. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 9

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. This protein demonstrates oxidoreductase activity toward hydroxysteroids and is able to convert 3-alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone to dihydroxyprogesterone and 3-alpha-androstanediol to dihydroxyprogesterone in the cytoplasm, and may additionally function as a transcriptional repressor in the nucleus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 7

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family, which has over 46,000 members. Members in this family are enzymes that metabolize many different compounds, such as steroid hormones, prostaglandins, retinoids, lipids and xenobiotics. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 4

Enables identical protein binding activity; oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor; and oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor. Involved in several processes, including ketone metabolic process; positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process; and steroid metabolic process. Located in nucleus and peroxisomal membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 2

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family, which has over 46,000 members. Members of this family are enzymes that metabolize many different compounds, such as steroid hormones, prostaglandins, retinoids, lipids and xenobiotics. Alternative promoter use and alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 3

Predicted to enable all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway and retinoid metabolic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including heart morphogenesis; negative regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway; and regulation of ossification. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and photoreceptor outer segment membrane. Predicted to be active in lipid droplet. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 1

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. The encoded enzyme contains a conserved catalytic domain and likely functions as an oxidoreductase. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) X-linked

Enables dolichal reductase activity and polyprenol dehydrogenase activity. Involved in dolichol biosynthetic process and positive regulation of autophagy. Located in extracellular region. Is active in lipid droplet. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 4, 15kDa pseudogene 2

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta, pseudogene 1

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta, pseudogene 3

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta, pseudogene 2

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta, pseudogene 5

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta, pseudogene 4

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa pseudogene 5

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 24

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 28

isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) beta

Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the allosterically regulated rate-limiting step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each isozyme is a heterotetramer that is composed of two alpha subunits, one beta subunit, and one gamma subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is the beta subunit of one isozyme of NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) gamma

Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the allosterically regulated rate-limiting step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each isozyme is a heterotetramer that is composed of two alpha subunits, one beta subunit, and one gamma subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is the gamma subunit of one isozyme of NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. This gene is a candidate gene for periventricular heterotopia. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but only some of their full length natures have been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 8 family, member A1

This gene encodes a member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. The encoded protein has been implicated in the synthesis of 9-cis-retinoic acid and in the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan. This enzyme converts 9-cis-retinal into the retinoid X receptor ligand 9-cis-retinoic acid, and has approximately 40-fold higher activity with 9-cis-retinal than with all-trans-retinal. In addition, this enzyme has been shown to catalyze the conversion of 2-aminomuconic semialdehyde to 2-aminomuconate in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2018]

retinol dehydrogenase 16 (all-trans) pseudogene

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 9, 22kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex I (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: ubiquinone oxidoreductase). Complex I is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane and functions to dehydrogenate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and to shuttle electrons to coenzyme Q. Complex I deficiency is the most common defect found in oxidative phosphorylation disorders and results in a range of conditions, including lethal neonatal disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, liver disease, and adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes five, seven and eight. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 8, 19kDa

Predicted to enable NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in nuclear type mitochondrial complex I deficiency 32. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 7, 18kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. It is located at the mitochondrial inner membrane. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 6, 17kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. It locates at the mitochondrial inner membrane. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and three transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 5, 16kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. It locates at the mitochondrial inner membrane. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 4, 15kDa

This gene encodes a non-catalytic subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, the first enzyme complex in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (complex I). Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits and transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa

This gene encodes an accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which is the first enzyme in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. This protein localizes to the inner membrane of the mitochondrion as a single-pass membrane protein. Mutations in this gene contribute to mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein. Humans have multiple pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 2, 8kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It plays a important role in transfering electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. Hydropathy analysis revealed that this subunit and 4 other subunits have an overall hydrophilic pattern, even though they are found within the hydrophobic protein (HP) fraction of complex I. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 1, 7kDa

Predicted to enable NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion and nuclear speck. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 68

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 2-like

Predicted to enable methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity; methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity; and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity. Predicted to be involved in tetrahydrofolate interconversion. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C, integral membrane protein, 15kDa pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene

lactate dehydrogenase C

Lactate dehydrogenase C catalyzes the conversion of L-lactate and NAD to pyruvate and NADH in the final step of anaerobic glycolysis. LDHC is testis-specific and belongs to the lactate dehydrogenase family. Two transcript variants have been detected which differ in the 5' untranslated region. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

choline dehydrogenase

The protein encoded by this gene is a choline dehydrogenase that localizes to the mitochondrion. Variations in this gene can affect susceptibility to choline deficiency. A few transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of only one has been characterized to date. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

phosphogluconate dehydrogenase pseudogene 1

alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (class IV), mu or sigma polypeptide

This gene encodes class IV alcohol dehydrogenase 7 mu or sigma subunit, which is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. The enzyme encoded by this gene is inefficient in ethanol oxidation, but is the most active as a retinol dehydrogenase; thus it may participate in the synthesis of retinoic acid, a hormone important for cellular differentiation. The expression of this gene is much more abundant in stomach than liver, thus differing from the other known gene family members. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

alcohol dehydrogenase 6 (class V)

This gene encodes class V alcohol dehydrogenase, which is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. This gene is expressed in the stomach as well as in the liver, and it contains a glucocorticoid response element upstream of its 5' UTR, which is a steroid hormone receptor binding site. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide

This gene encodes a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. The encoded protein forms a homodimer. It has virtually no activity for ethanol oxidation, but exhibits high activity for oxidation of long-chain primary alcohols and for oxidation of S-hydroxymethyl-glutathione, a spontaneous adduct between formaldehyde and glutathione. This enzyme is an important component of cellular metabolism for the elimination of formaldehyde, a potent irritant and sensitizing agent that causes lacrymation, rhinitis, pharyngitis, and contact dermatitis. The human genome contains several non-transcribed pseudogenes related to this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

alcohol dehydrogenase 4 (class II), pi polypeptide

This gene encodes class II alcohol dehydrogenase 4 pi subunit, which is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this enzyme family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. Class II alcohol dehydrogenase is a homodimer composed of 2 pi subunits. It exhibits a high activity for oxidation of long-chain aliphatic alcohols and aromatic alcohols and is less sensitive to pyrazole. This gene is localized to chromosome 4 in the cluster of alcohol dehydrogenase genes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

malate dehydrogenase 1B, NAD (soluble)

Predicted to enable L-malate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity. Predicted to be involved in NADH metabolic process; dicarboxylic acid metabolic process; and tricarboxylic acid cycle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 7 pseudogene

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2, 24kDa

The NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone, and consists of at least 43 subunits. The complex is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gene encodes the 24 kDa subunit of complex I, and is involved in electron transfer. Mutations in this gene are implicated in Parkinson's disease, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and have been found in one case of early onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy. A non-transcribed pseudogene of this locus is found on chromosome 19. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase

Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the third step in leucine catabolism. The genetic deficiency of IVD results in an accumulation of isovaleric acid, which is toxic to the central nervous system and leads to isovaleric acidemia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C pseudogene 1

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C pseudogene 2

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C pseudogene 3

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C pseudogene 4

glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1-like

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the conversion of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to glycerone phosphate. The encoded protein is found in the cytoplasm, associated with the plasma membrane, where it binds the sodium channel, voltage-gated, type V, alpha subunit (SCN5A). Defects in this gene are a cause of Brugada syndrome type 2 (BRS2) as well as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 75

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 74

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 71

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 70

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 73

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 72

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1 pseudogene 1

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

This gene encodes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This protein is a cytosolic enzyme encoded by a housekeeping X-linked gene whose main function is to produce NADPH, a key electron donor in the defense against oxidizing agents and in reductive biosynthetic reactions. G6PD is remarkable for its genetic diversity. Many variants of G6PD, mostly produced from missense mutations, have been described with wide ranging levels of enzyme activity and associated clinical symptoms. G6PD deficiency may cause neonatal jaundice, acute hemolysis, or severe chronic non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lactate dehydrogenase B pseudogene 1

lactate dehydrogenase B pseudogene 2

lactate dehydrogenase B pseudogene 3

NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 2

This gene encodes a member of the thioredoxin family of enzymes. It is a cytosolic and ubiquitously expressed flavoprotein that catalyzes the two-electron reduction of quinone substrates and uses dihydronicotinamide riboside as a reducing coenzyme. Mutations in this gene have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases and several cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1

This gene is a member of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) family and encodes a cytoplasmic 2-electron reductase. This FAD-binding protein forms homodimers and reduces quinones to hydroquinones. This protein's enzymatic activity prevents the one electron reduction of quinones that results in the production of radical species. Mutations in this gene have been associated with tardive dyskinesia (TD), an increased risk of hematotoxicity after exposure to benzene, and susceptibility to various forms of cancer. Altered expression of this protein has been seen in many tumors and is also associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family, member A1 pseudogene 1

aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family, member A1 pseudogene 3

aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family, member A1 pseudogene 2

aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family, member A1 pseudogene 4

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1-like pseudogene

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

This gene encodes a member of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. The product of this gene catalyzes an important energy-yielding step in carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The encoded protein has additionally been identified to have uracil DNA glycosylase activity in the nucleus. Also, this protein contains a peptide that has antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Studies of a similar protein in mouse have assigned a variety of additional functions including nitrosylation of nuclear proteins, the regulation of mRNA stability, and acting as a transferrin receptor on the cell surface of macrophage. Many pseudogenes similar to this locus are present in the human genome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

retinol dehydrogenase 14 (all-trans/9-cis/11-cis)

Enables all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity. Involved in osteoblast differentiation. Located in cytosol; endoplasmic reticulum; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

retinol dehydrogenase 11 (all-trans/9-cis/11-cis)

Enables all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity. Involved in cellular detoxification of aldehyde and retinoid metabolic process. Acts upstream of or within retinal metabolic process. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

retinol dehydrogenase 12 (all-trans/9-cis/11-cis)

The protein encoded by this gene is an NADPH-dependent retinal reductase whose highest activity is toward 9-cis and all-trans-retinol. The encoded enzyme also plays a role in the metabolism of short-chain aldehydes but does not exhibit steroid dehydrogenase activity. Defects in this gene are a cause of Leber congenital amaurosis type 13 and Retinitis Pigmentosa 53. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

proline dehydrogenase (oxidase) 1

This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein that catalyzes the first step in proline degradation. Mutations in this gene are associated with hyperprolinemia type 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia 4 (SCZD4). This gene is located on chromosome 22q11.21, a region which has also been associated with the contiguous gene deletion syndromes, DiGeorge and CATCH22. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD)

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain nonmetalloenzyme alcohol dehydrogenase protein family. The encoded enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of prostaglandins, which function in a variety of physiologic and cellular processes such as inflammation. Mutations in this gene result in primary autosomal recessive hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and cranioosteoarthropathy. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 65

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa pseudogene 2

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa pseudogene 3

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa pseudogene 1

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa pseudogene 4

pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 1 pseudogene 1

sarcosine dehydrogenase

This gene encodes an enzyme localized to the mitochondrial matrix which catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of sarcosine. This enzyme is distinct from another mitochondrial matrix enzyme, dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, which catalyzes a reaction resulting in the formation of sarcosine. Mutations in this gene are associated with sarcosinemia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

retinol dehydrogenase 16 (all-trans) pseudogene

aldehyde dehydrogenase 16 family, member A1

This gene encodes a member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily. The family members act on aldehyde substrates and use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) as a cofactor. This gene is conserved in chimpanzee, dog, cow, mouse, rat, and zebrafish. The protein encoded by this gene interacts with maspardin, a protein that when truncated is responsible for Mast syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 6, 14kDa

This gene encodes a member of the LYR family of proteins that contain a highly conserved tripeptide (LYR) motif near the N-terminus. The encoded protein is an accessory subunit of NADH: ubiquinone oxidorerductase (Complex I), which is the largest enzyme of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain. Complex I functions in electron transfer from NADH to the respiratory chain. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 7, 14.5kDa

This gene encodes a subunit of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), which is a multiprotein complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5

This nuclear gene encodes a conserved protein that comprises the B13 subunit of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The encoded protein localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is thought to aid in the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. There are numerous pseudogenes of this gene on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 16. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 2, 8kDa

The encoded protein is a subunit of the hydrophobic protein fraction of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex 1), the first enzyme complex in the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and may be involved in regulating complex I activity or its assembly via assistance in redox processes. Mutations in this gene are associated with Leigh syndrome, an early-onset progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 3, 9kDa

Predicted to enable NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 1, 7.5kDa

The human NDUFA1 gene codes for an essential component of complex I of the respiratory chain, which transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone. It has been noted that the N-terminal hydrophobic domain has the potential to be folded into an alpha-helix spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane with a C-terminal hydrophilic domain interacting with globular subunits of complex I. The highly conserved two-domain structure suggests that this feature is critical for the protein function and might act as an anchor for the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex at the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, the NDUFA1 peptide is one of about 31 components of the `hydrophobic protein` (HP) fraction of complex I which is involved in proton translocation. Thus the NDUFA1 peptide may also participate in that function. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 8, 19kDa

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the complex I 19 kDa subunit family. Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It plays an important role in transfering electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 9, 39kDa

The encoded protein is a subunit of the hydrophobic protein fraction of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), the first enzyme complex in the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 12. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase

This gene encodes a mitochondrial 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase enzyme. The encoded protein plays a critical role in the catabolism of L-valine by catalyzing the oxidation of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate to methylmalonate semialdehyde. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene 1

D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase

This gene encodes D-2hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme belonging to the FAD-binding oxidoreductase/transferase type 4 family. This enzyme, which is most active in liver and kidney but also active in heart and brain, converts D-2-hydroxyglutarate to 2-ketoglutarate. Mutations in this gene are present in D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a rare recessive neurometabolic disorder causing developmental delay, epilepsy, hypotonia, and dysmorphic features. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1-like

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate (THF) in the mitochondrion. THF is important in the de novo synthesis of purines and thymidylate and in the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 2 pseudogene

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase regulatory subunit pseudogene

alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (class I), gamma polypeptide

This gene encodes class I alcohol dehydrogenase, gamma subunit, which is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this enzyme family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. Class I alcohol dehydrogenase, consisting of several homo- and heterodimers of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, exhibits high activity for ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde, thus playing a major role in ethanol catabolism. Three genes encoding alpha, beta and gamma subunits are tandemly organized in a genomic segment as a gene cluster. An association between ADH1C polymorphism and alcohol dependence has not been established. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2019]

alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this enzyme family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. This encoded protein, consisting of several homo- and heterodimers of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, exhibits high activity for ethanol oxidation and plays a major role in ethanol catabolism. Three genes encoding alpha, beta and gamma subunits are tandemly organized in a genomic segment as a gene cluster. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptide

This gene encodes a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. The encoded protein is the alpha subunit of class I alcohol dehydrogenase, which consists of several homo- and heterodimers of alpha, beta and gamma subunits. Alcohol dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. This gene is active in the liver in early fetal life but only weakly active in adult liver. This gene is found in a cluster with six additional alcohol dehydrogenase genes, including those encoding the beta and gamma subunits, on the long arm of chromosome 4. Mutations in this gene may contribute to variation in certain personality traits and substance dependence. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (mitochondrial) pseudogene

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 5, 16kDa pseudogene

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5 pseudogene 5

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5 pseudogene 4

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5 pseudogene 6

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5 pseudogene 1

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5 pseudogene 3

isocitrate dehydrogenase pseudogene

dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase

The protein encoded by this gene is a pyrimidine catabolic enzyme and the initial and rate-limiting factor in the pathway of uracil and thymidine catabolism. Mutations in this gene result in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency, an error in pyrimidine metabolism associated with thymine-uraciluria and an increased risk of toxicity in cancer patients receiving 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2009]

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 7

This gene encodes an enzyme which is involved in the initial stages of the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol and a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The encoded protein is a membrane-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein which is active against 7-alpha hydrosylated sterol substrates. Mutations in this gene are associated with a congenital bile acid synthesis defect which leads to neonatal cholestasis, a form of progressive liver disease. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative conversion of delta-5-3-beta-hydroxysteroid precursors into delta-4-ketosteroids, which leads to the production of all classes of steroid hormones. The encoded protein also catalyzes the interconversion of 3-beta-hydroxy- and 3-keto-5-alpha-androstane steroids. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016]

hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative conversion of delta(5)-ene-3-beta-hydroxy steroid, and the oxidative conversion of ketosteroids. It plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of all classes of hormonal steroids. This gene is predominantly expressed in the adrenals and the gonads. Mutations in this gene are associated with 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, type II, deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase

This gene encodes a member of the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. In homodimeric form, the encoded protein functions as a dehydrogenase and is found in several multi-enzyme complexes that regulate energy metabolism. However, as a monomer, this protein can function as a protease. Mutations in this gene have been identified in patients with E3-deficient maple syrup urine disease and lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), beta subunit pseudogene

IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 9

IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 8

IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 3

IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 2

IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 1

IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 6

IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 4

hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), beta subunit

This gene encodes the beta subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, which catalyzes the last three steps of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. The mitochondrial membrane-bound heterocomplex is composed of four alpha and four beta subunits, with the beta subunit catalyzing the 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activity. The encoded protein can also bind RNA and decreases the stability of some mRNAs. The genes of the alpha and beta subunits of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein are located adjacent to each other in the human genome in a head-to-head orientation. Mutations in this gene result in trifunctional protein deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha subunit

This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, which catalyzes the last three steps of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. The mitochondrial membrane-bound heterocomplex is composed of four alpha and four beta subunits, with the alpha subunit catalyzing the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and enoyl-CoA hydratase activities. Mutations in this gene result in trifunctional protein deficiency or LCHAD deficiency. The genes of the alpha and beta subunits of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein are located adjacent to each other in the human genome in a head-to-head orientation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

enoyl-CoA, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase

The protein encoded by this gene is a bifunctional enzyme and is one of the four enzymes of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway. The N-terminal region of the encoded protein contains enoyl-CoA hydratase activity while the C-terminal region contains 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity. Defects in this gene are a cause of peroxisomal disorders such as Zellweger syndrome. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

zinc binding alcohol dehydrogenase domain containing 2

Predicted to enable 15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase [NAD(P)+] activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of fat cell differentiation. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide pseudogene

malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial)

Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate, utilizing the NAD/NADH cofactor system in the citric acid cycle. The protein encoded by this gene is localized to the mitochondria and may play pivotal roles in the malate-aspartate shuttle that operates in the metabolic coordination between cytosol and mitochondria. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

malate dehydrogenase 1, NAD (soluble)

This gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the NAD/NADH-dependent, reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate in many metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle. Two main isozymes are known to exist in eukaryotic cells: one is found in the mitochondrial matrix and the other in the cytoplasm. This gene encodes the cytosolic isozyme, which plays a key role in the malate-aspartate shuttle that allows malate to pass through the mitochondrial membrane to be transformed into oxaloacetate for further cellular processes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. A recent study showed that a C-terminally extended isoform is produced by use of an alternative in-frame translation termination codon via a stop codon readthrough mechanism, and that this isoform is localized in the peroxisomes. Pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes X and 6. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

sorbitol dehydrogenase 2, pseudogene

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 48

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 49

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 44

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 45

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 46

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 47

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 40

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 41

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 42

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 43

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein (Fp) pseudogene

proline dehydrogenase (oxidase) 2

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the first step in the catabolism of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, an amino acid derivative obtained through food intake and collagen turnover. One of the downstream products of this catabolism is glyoxylate, which in people with disorders of glyoxalate metabolism can lead to an increase in oxalate levels and the formation of calcium-oxalate kidney stones. Therefore, this gene may serve as a therapeutic target against primary hyperoxalurias (PH). This gene is similar to proline dehydrogenase (oxidase) 1, a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the first step in proline catabolism. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

glutamate dehydrogenase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is localized to the mitochondrion and acts as a homohexamer to recycle glutamate during neurotransmission. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate. This gene is intronless.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

glutamate dehydrogenase 1

This gene encodes glutamate dehydrogenase, which is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia. This enzyme has an important role in regulating amino acid-induced insulin secretion. It is allosterically activated by ADP and inhibited by GTP and ATP. Activating mutations in this gene are a common cause of congenital hyperinsulinism. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. The related glutamate dehydrogenase 2 gene on the human X-chromosome originated from this gene via retrotransposition and encodes a soluble form of glutamate dehydrogenase. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 10, 18 and X. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

lactate dehydrogenase A pseudogene 7

lactate dehydrogenase A pseudogene 5

lactate dehydrogenase A pseudogene 4

lactate dehydrogenase A pseudogene 3

lactate dehydrogenase A pseudogene 2

lactate dehydrogenase A pseudogene 1

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 5

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 3

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 8

glutamate dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 9

xanthine dehydrogenase

Xanthine dehydrogenase belongs to the group of molybdenum-containing hydroxylases involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. Xanthine dehydrogenase can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification. Defects in xanthine dehydrogenase cause xanthinuria, may contribute to adult respiratory stress syndrome, and may potentiate influenza infection through an oxygen metabolite-dependent mechanism. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (dimeric)

This gene encodes an enzyme that belongs to the family of dihydrodiol dehydrogenases, which exist in multiple forms in mammalian tissues and are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and sugars. These enzymes catalyze the NADP1-linked oxidation of transdihydrodiols of aromatic hydrocarbons to corresponding catechols. This enzyme is a dimeric dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, and it differs from monomeric dihydrodiol dehydrogenases in its high substrate specificity for trans-dihydrodiols of aromatic hydrocarbons in the oxidative direction. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. It catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of glutaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA and CO(2) in the degradative pathway of L-lysine, L-hydroxylysine, and L-tryptophan metabolism. It uses electron transfer flavoprotein as its electron acceptor. The enzyme exists in the mitochondrial matrix as a homotetramer of 45-kD subunits. Mutations in this gene result in the metabolic disorder glutaric aciduria type 1, which is also known as glutaric acidemia type I. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 12. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 4 pseudogene 4

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 4 pseudogene 3

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 4 pseudogene 2

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 4 pseudogene 1

dimethylglycine dehydrogenase

This gene encodes an enzyme involved in the catabolism of choline, catalyzing the oxidative demethylation of dimethylglycine to form sarcosine. The enzyme is found as a monomer in the mitochondrial matrix, and uses flavin adenine dinucleotide and folate as cofactors. Mutation in this gene causes dimethylglycine dehydrogenase deficiency, characterized by a fishlike body odor, chronic muscle fatigue, and elevated levels of the muscle form of creatine kinase in serum. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

aspartate dehydrogenase domain containing

Predicted to enable NADP binding activity and aspartate dehydrogenase activity. Predicted to be involved in NAD biosynthetic process. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase) pseudogene 3

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase) pseudogene 2

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase) pseudogene 7

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase) pseudogene 5

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase) pseudogene 4

hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase pseudogene

alcohol dehydrogenase, iron containing, 1

The ADHFE1 gene encodes hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.24), which is responsible for the oxidation of 4-hydroxybutyrate in mammalian tissues (Kardon et al., 2006 [PubMed 16616524]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C, member 7

This gene encodes a protein with similarity to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family but has not been shown to have retinoid or dehydrogenase activities. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial

Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. Each NADP(+)-dependent isozyme is a homodimer. The protein encoded by this gene is the NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase found in the mitochondria. It plays a role in intermediary metabolism and energy production. This protein may tightly associate or interact with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble

Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. Each NADP(+)-dependent isozyme is a homodimer. The protein encoded by this gene is the NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase found in the cytoplasm and peroxisomes. It contains the PTS-1 peroxisomal targeting signal sequence. The presence of this enzyme in peroxisomes suggests roles in the regeneration of NADPH for intraperoxisomal reductions, such as the conversion of 2, 4-dienoyl-CoAs to 3-enoyl-CoAs, as well as in peroxisomal reactions that consume 2-oxoglutarate, namely the alpha-hydroxylation of phytanic acid. The cytoplasmic enzyme serves a significant role in cytoplasmic NADPH production. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 9, pseudogene 1

oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like

The protein encoded by this gene is similar to oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) of the OGDH complex, which degrades glucose and glutamate. This gene encodes several isoforms, including some that appear to localize to mitochondria. The encoded protein down-regulates the AKT signaling cascade and can suppress the growth of cervical cancer cells. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 7

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 6

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 5

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 4

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 3

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 2

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 1

malate dehydrogenase 1, NAD (soluble) pseudogene

saccharopine dehydrogenase (putative)

Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity. Predicted to be involved in glycolipid biosynthetic process. Located in lipid droplet and midbody. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

IMP (inosine 5'-monophosphate) dehydrogenase 2

This gene encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. It is thus involved in maintaining cellular guanine deoxy- and ribonucleotide pools needed for DNA and RNA synthesis. The encoded protein catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of inosine-5'-monophosphate into xanthine-5'-monophosphate, which is then converted into guanosine-5'-monophosphate. This gene is up-regulated in some neoplasms, suggesting it may play a role in malignant transformation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5 pseudogene 12

aldehyde dehydrogenase 4 family, member A1

This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. This enzyme is a mitochondrial matrix NAD-dependent dehydrogenase which catalyzes the second step of the proline degradation pathway, converting pyrroline-5-carboxylate to glutamate. Deficiency of this enzyme is associated with type II hyperprolinemia, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by accumulation of delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) and proline. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family, member A1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of subfamily 7 in the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene family. These enzymes are thought to play a major role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated by alcohol metabolism and lipid peroxidation. This particular member has homology to a previously described protein from the green garden pea, the 26g pea turgor protein. It is also involved in lysine catabolism that is known to occur in the mitochondrial matrix. Recent reports show that this protein is found both in the cytosol and the mitochondria, and the two forms likely arise from the use of alternative translation initiation sites. An additional variant encoding a different isoform has also been found for this gene. Mutations in this gene are associated with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. Several related pseudogenes have also been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5 pseudogene

glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial-like

succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 1

The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex (or complex II) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is composed of 4 individual subunits. The protein encoded by this gene resides in the mitochondria, and is essential for SDH assembly, but does not physically associate with the complex in vivo. Mutations in this gene are associated with SDH-defective infantile leukoencephalopathy (mitochondrial complex II deficiency).[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 2

This gene encodes a mitochondrial assembly factor needed for the flavination of a succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit (SDHA), which is required for activity of the succinate dehydrogenase complex. Mutations in this gene are associated with paraganglioma. [provided by RefSeq, May 2022]

succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 3

Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II assembly; regulation of gluconeogenesis; and succinate metabolic process. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 4

Predicted to enable enzyme activator activity. Involved in cellular respiration and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II assembly. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5 pseudogene 9

lactate dehydrogenase D

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. The similar protein in yeast has both D-lactate and D-glycerate dehydrogenase activities. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lactate dehydrogenase A

This gene encodes the A subunit of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme which catalyzes the reversible conversion of pyruvate to lactate with the concomitant oxidation of NADH to NAD in anaerobic glycolysis. The protein is found predominantly in skeletal muscle and belongs to the lactate dehydrogenase family. Mutations in this gene have been linked to exertional myoglobinuria. The human genome contains several non-transcribed pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2023]

lactate dehydrogenase B

This gene encodes the B subunit of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, which catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+ in a post-glycolysis process. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. Recent studies have shown that a C-terminally extended isoform is produced by use of an alternative in-frame translation termination codon via a stop codon readthrough mechanism, and that this isoform is localized in the peroxisomes. Mutations in this gene are associated with lactate dehydrogenase B deficiency. Pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes X, 5 and 13. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 4, 9kDa, pseudogene 1

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 4, 9kDa, pseudogene 2

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase) pseudogene 1

IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 11

IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 10

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 4-like 2

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 1, 75kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family. Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. It locates at the mitochondrial inner membrane. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. This protein is the largest subunit of complex I and it is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme. It may form part of the active site crevice where NADH is oxidized. Mutations in this gene are associated with complex I deficiency. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 2, 49kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

The protein encoded by this gene is a core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (complex I). Mammalian mitochondrial complex I is composed of at least 43 different subunits, 7 of which are encoded by the mitochondrial genome, and the rest are the products of nuclear genes. The iron-sulfur protein fraction of complex I is made up of 7 subunits, including this gene product. Complex I catalyzes the NADH oxidation with concomitant ubiquinone reduction and proton ejection out of the mitochondria. Mutations in this gene are associated with mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 3, 30kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

This gene encodes one of the iron-sulfur protein (IP) components of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mutations in this gene are associated with Leigh syndrome resulting from mitochondrial complex I deficiency.[provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 4, 18kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

This gene encodes an nuclear-encoded accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (complex I, or NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase). Complex I removes electrons from NADH and passes them to the electron acceptor ubiquinone. Mutations in this gene can cause mitochondrial complex I deficiencies such as Leigh syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

This gene is a member of the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) iron-sulfur protein family. The encoded protein is a subunit of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), the first enzyme complex in the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 1, 4 and 17. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 6, 13kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

This gene encodes a subunit of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), which is the first enzyme complex in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. This complex functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The subunit encoded by this gene is one of seven subunits in the iron-sulfur protein fraction. Mutations in this gene cause mitochondrial complex I deficiency, a disease that causes a wide variety of clinical disorders, including neonatal disease and adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 7, 20kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

This gene encodes a protein that is a subunit of one of the complexes that forms the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This protein is one of over 40 subunits found in complex I, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH):ubiquinone oxidoreductase. This complex functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain, and ubiquinone is believed to be the immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme. Mutations in this gene cause Leigh syndrome due to mitochondrial complex I deficiency, a severe neurological disorder that results in bilaterally symmetrical necrotic lesions in subcortical brain regions. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 8, 23kDa (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, or Complex I, a multimeric enzyme of the respiratory chain responsible for NADH oxidation, ubiquinone reduction, and the ejection of protons from mitochondria. The encoded protein is involved in the binding of two of the six to eight iron-sulfur clusters of Complex I and, as such, is required in the electron transfer process. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Leigh syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 17

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 16

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 14

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 19

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 4, 15kDa pseudogene

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase

This gene encodes a protein that possesses three distinct enzymatic activities, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. Each of these activities catalyzes one of three sequential reactions in the interconversion of 1-carbon derivatives of tetrahydrofolate, which are substrates for methionine, thymidylate, and de novo purine syntheses. The trifunctional enzymatic activities are conferred by two major domains, an aminoterminal portion containing the dehydrogenase and cyclohydrolase activities and a larger synthetase domain. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 59

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 58

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 56

NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 4L (complex I)

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and diabetes mellitus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 10, 42kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of 42 kDa complex I, the first enzyme complex in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. A mutation in this gene was found in an individual with Leigh syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) alpha

Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the allosterically regulated rate-limiting step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each isozyme is a heterotetramer that is composed of two alpha subunits, one beta subunit, and one gamma subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is the alpha subunit of one isozyme of NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 5, 16kDa pseudogene

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic

This gene encodes a protein belonging to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family of enzymes that play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism. Like its somatic cell counterpart, this sperm-specific enzyme functions in a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent manner to remove hydrogen and add phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to form 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. During spermiogenesis, this enzyme may play an important role in regulating the switch between different energy-producing pathways, and it is required for sperm motility and male fertility. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 3 pseudogene

NAD(P) dependent steroid dehydrogenase-like

The protein encoded by this gene is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Mutations in this gene are associated with CHILD syndrome, which is a X-linked dominant disorder of lipid metabolism with disturbed cholesterol biosynthesis, and typically lethal in males. Alternatively spliced transcript variants with differing 5' UTR have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6B

Predicted to enable L-lactate dehydrogenase activity. Involved in lactate metabolic process and pyruvate metabolic process. Located in nucleus. Part of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6A

Enables L-lactate dehydrogenase activity. Predicted to be involved in lactate metabolic process and pyruvate metabolic process. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 7

IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1 pseudogene 5

sorbitol dehydrogenase-like

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5 pseudogene

lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6D, pseudogene

methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1 pseudogene 1

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is the second dehydrogenase in the pentose phosphate shunt. Deficiency of this enzyme is generally asymptomatic, and the inheritance of this disorder is autosomal dominant. Hemolysis results from combined deficiency of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconolactonase suggesting a synergism of the two enzymopathies. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1, subcomplex unknown, 1, 6kDa

The encoded protein is a subunit of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), the first enzyme complex in the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1, subcomplex unknown, 2, 14.5kDa

Predicted to enable NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in nuclear type mitochondrial complex I deficiency. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 15

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1, alpha/beta subcomplex, 1, 8kDa

Enables mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit binding activity. Involved in [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly; mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly; and protein lipoylation. Located in mitochondrion and nucleoplasm. Part of mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] assembly complex; mitochondrial inner membrane; and respiratory chain complex I. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase

This gene encodes L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, a FAD-dependent enzyme that oxidizes L-2-hydroxyglutarate to alpha-ketoglutarate in a variety of mammalian tissues. Mutations in this gene cause L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a rare autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder resulting in moderate to severe cognitive disability. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E, member 1 pseudogene

aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase-phosphopantetheinyl transferase

The protein encoded by this gene is similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae LYS5, which is required for the activation of the alpha-aminoadipate dehydrogenase in the biosynthetic pathway of lysine. Yeast alpha-aminoadipate dehydrogenase converts alpha-biosynthetic-aminoadipate semialdehyde to alpha-aminoadipate. It has been suggested that defects in the human gene result in pipecolic acidemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, beta polypeptide

This gene encodes the E1 beta subunit of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase, which is a multienzyme complex associated with the inner membrane of mitochondria. This enzyme complex functions in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. Mutations in this gene have been associated with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), type 1B, a disease characterized by a maple syrup odor to the urine in addition to mental and physical retardation and feeding problems. Alternative splicing at this locus results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide

The branched-chain alpha-keto acid (BCAA) dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex is an innter mitochondrial enzyme complex that catalyzes the second major step in the catabolism of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The BCKD complex consists of three catalytic components: a heterotetrameric (alpha2-beta2) branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), a dihydrolipoyl transacylase (E2), and a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the decarboxylase (E1) component. Mutations in this gene result in maple syrup urine disease, type IA. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 16C, member 5

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily of proteins and is involved in the oxidation of retinol to retinaldehyde. The encoded protein is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and is predicted to contain three transmembrane helices, suggesting that it is an integral membrane protein. It recognizes all-trans-retinol and all-trans-retinaldehyde as substrates and exhibits a strong preference for NAD(+)/NADH as cofactors. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

This gene is a member of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene family. The encoded protein functions in the mitochondrial matrix to catalyze the oxidation of straight-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs as part of the beta-oxidation pathway. Its enzymatic activity is highest with medium-chain-length fatty acids. Mutations in this gene cause one form of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. The human genome contains a related pseudogene of this gene on chromosome 15. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family, member A1

This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. It has a high activity for oxidation of gamma-aminobutyraldehyde and other amino aldehydes. The enzyme catalyzes the dehydrogenation of gamma-aminobutyraldehyde to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This isozyme is a tetramer of identical 54-kD subunits. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 3, 10kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is one of at least forty-one subunits that make up the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex. This complex is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and serves to catalyze the rotenone-sensitive oxidation of NADH and the reduction of ubiquinone. The encoded protein is one of three proteins found in the flavoprotein fraction of the complex. The specific function of the encoded protein is unknown. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 1, 51kDa

The mitochondrial respiratory chain provides energy to cells via oxidative phosphorylation and consists of four membrane-bound electron-transporting protein complexes (I-IV) and an ATP synthase (complex V). This gene encodes a 51 kDa subunit of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex I; a large complex with at least 45 nuclear and mitochondrial encoded subunits that liberates electrons from NADH and channels them to ubiquinone. This subunit carries the NADH-binding site as well as flavin mononucleotide (FMN)- and Fe-S-biding sites. Defects in complex I are a common cause of mitochondrial dysfunction; a syndrome that occurs in approximately 1 in 10,000 live births. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency is linked to myopathies, encephalomyopathies, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Leigh syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 62

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 63

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 60

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 61

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 66

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 67

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 64

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 69

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 12 pseudogene 1

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein pseudogene 2

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein pseudogene 3

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein pseudogene 1

retinol dehydrogenase 8 (all-trans)

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. The encoded protein catalyzes the reduction of all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol, the first reaction step of the rhodopsin regeneration pathway. This enzymatic reaction is the rate-limiting step in the visual cycle. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

retinol dehydrogenase 5 (11-cis/9-cis)

This gene encodes an enzyme belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. This retinol dehydrogenase functions to catalyze the final step in the biosynthesis of 11-cis retinaldehyde, which is the universal chromophore of visual pigments. Mutations in this gene cause autosomal recessive fundus albipunctatus, a rare form of night blindness that is characterized by a delay in the regeneration of cone and rod photopigments. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the neighboring upstream BLOC1S1 (biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex-1, subunit 1) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 8, pseudogene 2

lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6C, pseudogene

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 1 pseudogene 1

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 11, 17.3kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mammalian complex I is located at the mitochondrial inner membrane. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone. Mutations in the human gene are associated with linear skin defects with multiple congenital anomalies 3 and mitochondrial complex I deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 10, 22kDa

Predicted to enable NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in nuclear type mitochondrial complex I deficiency 35. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene 27

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5 pseudogene

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 4, 15kDa pseudogene

short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 39U, member 1

This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) superfamily, which includes both classical and extended types. The encoded protein represents an extended type, with similarity to epimerases. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase

This gene encodes a component of the electron-transfer system in mitochondria and is essential for electron transfer from a number of mitochondrial flavin-containing dehydrogenases to the main respiratory chain. Mutations in this gene are associated with glutaric acidemia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

putative short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 42E member 2

NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; Leigh disease; and spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominant 2B. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; Leigh disease; and MELAS syndrome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; Parkinson's disease; macular degeneration; and schizophrenia. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; multiple sclerosis; myocardial infarction; neurodegenerative disease (multiple); and urinary bladder cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; Leigh disease; and Parkinson's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L

Enables NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity. Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone and proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial inner membrane and respiratory chain complex I. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and diabetes mellitus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

non-coding RNA in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A pathway

mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase regulator

Enables L-lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor activity. Involved in negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase regulatory subunit, mitochondrial-like

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the 3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Deficiency of (R)-20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease 17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease 3b-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [nad(p)] activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (nad+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations

proteins predicted to have the 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase protein domain from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset.

From OMIM Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, type ii, deficiency phenotype from the curated OMIM Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From OMIM Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase x deficiency phenotype from the curated OMIM Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease 3 Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease 17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease 11-Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Deficiency in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023

genes performing the 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023

genes performing the 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023

genes performing the 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023

genes performing the 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023

genes performing the 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [NAD(P)] activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025

genes performing the 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025

genes performing the 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025

genes performing the 3-beta-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025

genes performing the 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025

genes performing the 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]/C4-decarboxylase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025

genes performing the 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025

genes performing the 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset.

From DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025

genes involed in the disease 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 deficiency from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.

From DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025

genes co-occuring with the disease 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 deficiency in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025

genes associated with the 3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset.

From GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations

genes co-occuring with the biological term hydroxysteroid in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.

From InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations

proteins predicted to have the Alcohol dehydrogenase class III/S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase protein domain from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset.

From InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations

proteins predicted to have the Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase/Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, N-terminal protein domain from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 9, deficiency of phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Deficiency of 2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Deficiency of isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Lactate dehydrogenase b deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Deficiency of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Deficiency of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoic acid synthetase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Sarcosine dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Pyruvate dehydrogenase E3-binding protein deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-beta deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations

genes associated with the Proline dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins localized to the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins localized to the mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins localized to the succinate dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins localized to the nadh dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins localized to the succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) cellular component from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins localized to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins localized to the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins localized to the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins localized to the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins co-occuring with the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins co-occuring with the mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins co-occuring with the formate dehydrogenase complex cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins co-occuring with the succinate dehydrogenase complex cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins co-occuring with the succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins co-occuring with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins co-occuring with the acetyl-coa decarbonylase/synthase-carbon monoxide dehydrogenase complex cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins co-occuring with the 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) complex cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins co-occuring with the plastid pyruvate dehydrogenase complex cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins co-occuring with the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase complex cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins co-occuring with the nadh dehydrogenase complex cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores

proteins co-occuring with the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex cellular component in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.

From CORUM Protein Complexes

proteins in the Isocitrate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic protein complex from the CORUM Protein Complexes dataset.

From CORUM Protein Complexes

proteins in the Succinate dehydrogenase complex II (EC 1.3.5.1), mitochondrial protein complex from the CORUM Protein Complexes dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease LONG-CHAIN 3-HYDROXYACYL-CoA DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Family, Member 9, Deficiency of from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Multiple Acyl Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E2 Deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Disease from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Type 2, Deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency type A from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E3-Binding Protein Deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Short chain Acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From CTD Gene-Disease Associations

genes/proteins associated with the disease Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations

genes associated with the trait L-Lactate Dehydrogenase in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations dataset.

From DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores

genes involed in the disease glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.

From DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores

genes involed in the disease dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.

From DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores

genes involed in the disease succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.

From DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores

genes co-occuring with the disease succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.

From DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores

genes co-occuring with the disease glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.

From DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores

genes co-occuring with the disease dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease alpha-thalassemia; anemia; glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; malaria, falciparum; sickle cell trait in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease alpha-thalassemia; anemia, sickle cell; glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; hemolysis; stroke in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease medium-chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease disorder of muscle, unspec; lipidoses; lipoidosis; multiple acyl coenzyme a dehydrogenase deficiency; muscular diseases in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease neural tube defects; dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease medium-chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase (mcad) deficiency in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease alpha thalassemia; alpha-thalassemia; anemia, sickle cell; glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; hemolysis; sickle cell anemia in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease beta thalassemia; beta-thalassemia; glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease undetectable glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease encephalitis; glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; jaundice, neonatal; neonatal jaundice in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; hemolysis; jaundice, neonatal; neonatal jaundice in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; hyperbilirubinemia in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease anemia, sickle cell; glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; sickle cell anemia in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease alpha-thalassemia; beta-thalassemia; glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease alpha-thalassemia; glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; malaria, falciparum; sickle cell trait in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease acyl-coa dehydrogenase (scad) deficiency in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease favism; glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; hemoglobinuria; syndrome in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; malaria, vivax in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; malaria, falciparum in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease favism; glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; hemolysis in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; malaria in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GAD Gene-Disease Associations

genes associated with the disease l-lactate dehydrogenase in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.

From GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations

genes co-occuring with the biological term dehydrogenase in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.

From GO Biological Process Annotations 2015

genes participating in the fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-coa dehydrogenase biological process from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Biological Process Annotations 2015

genes participating in the nadh dehydrogenase complex assembly biological process from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015

proteins localized to the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015

proteins localized to the mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015

proteins localized to the succinate dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015

proteins localized to the succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) cellular component from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015

proteins localized to the nadh dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015

proteins localized to the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015

proteins localized to the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015

proteins localized to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015

proteins localized to the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex cellular component from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase binding molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase [nad(p)+] activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the l-gulonate 3-dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the retinal dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the thiomorpholine-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (nad+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the xanthine dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the aldehyde dehydrogenase (nad) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the udp-glucose 6-dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the proline dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the l-lactate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (nad+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the nad(p)h dehydrogenase (quinone) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the s-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 3-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the l-malate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the steroid dehydrogenase activity, acting on the ch-oh group of donors, nad or nadp as acceptor molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the alcohol dehydrogenase [nad(p)+] activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the sarcosine dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphatase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the nadh dehydrogenase (quinone) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (nad+) (phosphorylating) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 3-beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the medium-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the isocitrate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the glucose 1-dehydrogenase [nad(p)] activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the alcohol dehydrogenase activity, zinc-dependent molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the udp-n-acetylmuramate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (nad+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the saccharopine dehydrogenase (nad+, l-glutamate-forming) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the glutaryl-coa dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the androsterone dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the l-iditol 2-dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the glutamate dehydrogenase (nad+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the lactate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-d dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the alcohol dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the malate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the nadh dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the butyryl-coa dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the aspartate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the succinate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (nad+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the steroid dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the l-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the cholest-5-ene-3-beta,7-alpha-diol 3-beta-dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the saccharopine dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [nad+] activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the imp dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (nad+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the androsterone dehydrogenase (b-specific) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the benzaldehyde dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [nad(p)+] activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (nadp+) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the isovaleryl-coa dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the aldehyde dehydrogenase [nad(p)+] activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the saccharopine dehydrogenase (nadp+, l-lysine-forming) activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the glycerate dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.

From GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015

genes performing the very-long-chain-acyl-coa dehydrogenase activity molecular function from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.