Harmonizome 3.0

ligase IV, DNA, ATP-dependent

The protein encoded by this gene is a DNA ligase that joins single-strand breaks in a double-stranded polydeoxynucleotide in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein is essential for V(D)J recombination and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair through nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). This protein forms a complex with the X-ray repair cross complementing protein 4 (XRCC4), and further interacts with the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Both XRCC4 and DNA-PK are known to be required for NHEJ. The crystal structure of the complex formed by this protein and XRCC4 has been resolved. Defects in this gene are the cause of LIG4 syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ligase I, DNA, ATP-dependent

This gene encodes a member of the ATP-dependent DNA ligase protein family. The encoded protein functions in DNA replication, recombination, and the base excision repair process. Mutations in this gene that lead to DNA ligase I deficiency result in immunodeficiency and increased sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Disruption of this gene may also be associated with a variety of cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

ligase III, DNA, ATP-dependent

This gene is a member of the DNA ligase family. Each member of this family encodes a protein that catalyzes the joining of DNA ends but they each have a distinct role in DNA metabolism. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in excision repair and is located in both the mitochondria and nucleus, with translation initiation from the upstream start codon allowing for transport to the mitochondria and translation initiation from a downstream start codon allowing for transport to the nucleus. Additionally, alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

holocarboxylase synthetase (biotin-(proprionyl-CoA-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolysing)) ligase)

This gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the binding of biotin to carboxylases and histones. The protein plays an important role in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and branched chain amino acid catabolism. Defects in this gene are the cause of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

HFM1, ATP-dependent DNA helicase homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is thought to be an ATP-dependent DNA helicase and is expressed mainly in germ-line cells. Defects in this gene are a cause of premature ovarian failure 9 (POF9). [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family E (OABP), member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the OABP subfamily. Alternatively referred to as the RNase L inhibitor, this protein functions to block the activity of ribonuclease L. Activation of ribonuclease L leads to inhibition of protein synthesis in the 2-5A/RNase L system, the central pathway for viral interferon action. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, gamma polypeptide 1

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the gamma subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. This gene also has a pseudogene on chromosome 14. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

transporter 1, ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP)

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the pumping of degraded cytosolic peptides across the endoplasmic reticulum into the membrane-bound compartment where class I molecules assemble. Mutations in this gene may be associated with ankylosing spondylitis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and celiac disease. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

transporter 2, ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP)

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance. This gene is located 7 kb telomeric to gene family member ABCB2. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in antigen presentation. This protein forms a heterodimer with ABCB2 in order to transport peptides from the cytoplasm to the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in this gene may be associated with ankylosing spondylitis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and celiac disease. Alternative splicing of this gene produces products which differ in peptide selectivity and level of restoration of surface expression of MHC class I molecules. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 2 (Junior blood group) pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit G2

Predicted to enable proton transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to contribute to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family E (OABP), member 1 pseudogene

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance. The protein encoded by this gene is an ATP-dependent drug efflux pump for xenobiotic compounds with broad substrate specificity. It is responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells and often mediates the development of resistance to anticancer drugs. This protein also functions as a transporter in the blood-brain barrier. Mutations in this gene are associated with colchicine resistance and Inflammatory bowel disease 13. Alternative splicing and the use of alternative promoters results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 7

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance as well as antigen presentation. This gene encodes a half-transporter involved in the transport of heme from the mitochondria to the cytosol. With iron/sulfur cluster precursors as its substrates, this protein may play a role in metal homeostasis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with mitochondrial iron accumulation and isodicentric (X)(q13) and sideroblastic anemia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 6 (Langereis blood group)

This gene encodes a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. This protein is a member of the heavy metal importer subfamily and plays a role in porphyrin transport. This gene is the molecular basis of the Langereis (Lan) blood group antigen and mutations in this gene underlie familial pseudohyperkalemia and dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 5

ABCB5 belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily of integral membrane proteins. These proteins participate in ATP-dependent transmembrane transport of structurally diverse molecules ranging from small ions, sugars, and peptides to more complex organic molecules (Chen et al., 2005 [PubMed 15760339]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance as well as antigen presentation. This gene encodes a full transporter and member of the p-glycoprotein family of membrane proteins with phosphatidylcholine as its substrate. The function of this protein has not yet been determined; however, it may involve transport of phospholipids from liver hepatocytes into bile. Alternative splicing of this gene results in several products of undetermined function. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 9

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance as well as antigen presentation. This family member functions in the translocation of peptides from the cytosol into the lysosomal lumen. Alternative splicing of this gene results in distinct isoforms which are likely to have different substrate specificities. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 8

This nuclear gene encodes a multi-pass membrane protein that is targeted to the mitochondrial inner membrane. The encoded protein is an ATP-dependent transporter that may mediate the passage of organic and inorganic molecules out of the mitochondria. Loss of function of the related gene in mouse results in a disruption of iron homeostasis between the mitochondria and cytosol. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C, member 6 pseudogene 1 (functional)

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C, member 6 pseudogene 2

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 17, pseudogene

Predicted to act upstream of or within neutral lipid metabolic process. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit G2 pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide pseudogene 1

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 2 (Junior blood group) pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2-like pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene

ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial-like

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 3 pseudogene

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the White subfamily. It is involved in macrophage cholesterol and phospholipids transport, and may regulate cellular lipid homeostasis in other cell types. Six alternative splice variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 2 (Junior blood group)

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is included in the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the White subfamily. Alternatively referred to as a breast cancer resistance protein, this protein functions as a xenobiotic transporter which may play a major role in multi-drug resistance. It likely serves as a cellular defense mechanism in response to mitoxantrone and anthracycline exposure. Significant expression of this protein has been observed in the placenta, which may suggest a potential role for this molecule in placenta tissue. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 8

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the White subfamily. The protein encoded by this gene functions to exclude non-cholesterol sterol entry at the intestinal level, promote excretion of cholesterol and sterols into bile, and to facilitate transport of sterols back into the intestinal lumen. It is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the liver, intestine, and gallbladder. This gene is tandemly arrayed on chromosome 2, in a head-to-head orientation with family member ABCG5. Mutations in this gene may contribute to sterol accumulation and atherosclerosis, and have been observed in patients with sitosterolemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F6 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, using an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the different isoforms have been identified. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 9, 2, and 16. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F (GCN20), member 2 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 6

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit s (factor B)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. This gene encodes the subunit s, also known as factor B, of the proton channel. This subunit is necessary for the energy transduction activity of the ATP synthase complexes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F6

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo complex has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the F6 subunit of the Fo complex. The F6 subunit is required for F1 and Fo interactions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. This gene has 1 or more pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit E

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the e subunit of the Fo complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the d subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. In addition, three pseudogenes are located on chromosomes 9, 12 and 15. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the F-type ATPase found in the mitochondrial matrix. F-type ATPases are composed of a catalytic core and a membrane proton channel. The encoded protein appears to be part of the connector linking these two components and may be involved in transmission of conformational changes or proton conductance. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the beta subunit of the catalytic core. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the epsilon subunit of the catalytic core. Two pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 4 and 13. Read-through transcripts that include exons from this gene are expressed from the upstream gene SLMO2.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, delta subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the delta subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit pseudogene

ATP citrate lyase

ATP citrate lyase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA in many tissues. The enzyme is a tetramer (relative molecular weight approximately 440,000) of apparently identical subunits. It catalyzes the formation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate from citrate and CoA with a concomitant hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate. The product, acetyl-CoA, serves several important biosynthetic pathways, including lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis. In nervous tissue, ATP citrate-lyase may be involved in the biosynthesis of acetylcholine. Multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, gamma polypeptide 1 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 10

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White). This encoded protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily. Members of the ABC1 subfamily comprise the only major ABC subfamily found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes. This gene is clustered among 4 other ABC1 family members on 17q24, but neither the substrate nor the function of this gene is known. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 12

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White). This encoded protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily, which is the only major ABC subfamily found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 13

In human, the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transmembrane transporters has at least 48 genes and 7 gene subfamilies. This gene is a member of ABC gene subfamily A (ABCA). Genes within the ABCA family typically encode several thousand amino acids. Like other ABC transmembrane transporter proteins, this protein has 12 or more transmembrane alpha-helix domains that likely arrange to form a single central chamber with multiple substrate binding sites. It is also predicted to have two large extracellular domains and two nucleotide binding domains as is typical for ABCA proteins. Alternative splice variants have been described but their biological validity has not been demonstrated.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of five different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and single representatives of the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. The proton channel likely has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the f subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. Naturally occurring read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the downstream pentatricopeptide repeat domain 1 (PTCD1) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 10 pseudogene 4

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 10 pseudogene 1

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 10 pseudogene 3

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family D (ALD), member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ALD subfamily, which is involved in peroxisomal import of fatty acids and/or fatty acyl-CoAs in the organelle. All known peroxisomal ABC transporters are half transporters which require a partner half transporter molecule to form a functional homodimeric or heterodimeric transporter. This peroxisomal membrane protein is likely involved in the peroxisomal transport or catabolism of very long chain fatty acids. Defects in this gene have been identified as the underlying cause of adrenoleukodystrophy, an X-chromosome recessively inherited demyelinating disorder of the nervous system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family D (ALD), member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ALD subfamily, which is involved in peroxisomal import of fatty acids and/or fatty acyl-CoAs in the organelle. All known peroxisomal ABC transporters are half transporters which require a partner half transporter molecule to form a functional homodimeric or heterodimeric transporter. This peroxisomal membrane protein likely plays an important role in peroxisome biogenesis. Mutations have been associated with some forms of Zellweger syndrome, a heterogeneous group of peroxisome assembly disorders. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family D (ALD), member 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ALD subfamily, which is involved in peroxisomal import of fatty acids and/or fatty acyl-CoAs in the organelle. All known peroxisomal ABC transporters are half transporters which require a partner half transporter molecule to form a functional homodimeric or heterodimeric transporter. The function of this peroxisomal membrane protein is unknown; however this protein is speculated to function as a dimerization partner of ABCD1 and/or other peroxisomal ABC transporters. Mutations in this gene have been observed in patients with adrenoleukodystrophy, a severe demyelinating disease. This gene has been identified as a candidate for a modifier gene, accounting for the extreme variation among adrenoleukodystrophy phenotypes. This gene is also a candidate for a complement group of Zellweger syndrome, a genetically heterogeneous disorder of peroxisomal biogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family D (ALD), member 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ALD subfamily, which is involved in peroxisomal import of fatty acids and/or fatty acyl-CoAs in the organelle. All known peroxisomal ABC transporters are half transporters which require a partner half transporter molecule to form a functional homodimeric or heterodimeric transporter. The function of this peroxisomal membrane protein is unknown. However, it is speculated that it may function as a heterodimer for another peroxisomal ABC transporter and, therefore, may modify the adrenoleukodystrophy phenotype. It may also play a role in the process of peroxisome biogenesis. Alternative splicing results in several protein-coding and non-protein-coding variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

ATP/GTP binding protein-like 5

This gene encodes a metallocarboxypeptidase involved in protein deglutamylation and a member of the peptidase M14 family of proteins. The encoded protein has been described as a `dual-functional` deglutamylase that can remove glutamate residues from both carboxyl termini and side chains of protein substrates. This deglutamylase activity may be important in antiviral immunity. Mutations in this gene are associated with retinitis pigmentosa. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

ATP/GTP binding protein-like 4

Predicted to enable metallocarboxypeptidase activity and tubulin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in C-terminal protein deglutamylation; defense response to virus; and protein side chain deglutamylation. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including axonal transport of mitochondrion; positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and regulation of blastocyst development. Located in Golgi apparatus; centriole; and ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP/GTP binding protein-like 3

Enables metallocarboxypeptidase activity. Involved in protein side chain deglutamylation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in centriole and cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP/GTP binding protein-like 2

Predicted to enable metallocarboxypeptidase activity and tubulin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein side chain deglutamylation. Located in centriole and ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP/GTP binding protein-like 1

Polyglutamylation is a reversible posttranslational modification catalyzed by polyglutamylases that results in the addition of glutamate side chains on the modified protein. This gene encodes a glutamate decarboxylase that catalyzes the deglutamylation of polyglutamylated proteins. Mutations in this gene result in dominant late-onset Fuchs corneal dystrophy. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 2 (Junior blood group) pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit pseudogene 2

Predicted to enable hydrolase activity. Predicted to contribute to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

putative ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX12

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 4

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family E (OABP), member 1 pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 4

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra-and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This full transporter is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. This protein functions as a multispecific organic anion transporter, with oxidized glutatione, cysteinyl leukotrienes, and activated aflatoxin B1 as substrates. This protein also transports glucuronides and sulfate conjugates of steroid hormones and bile salts. Alternatively spliced variants of this gene have been described but their full-length nature is unknown. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 6

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White). This encoded protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily. Members of the ABC1 subfamily comprise the only major ABC subfamily found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes. This gene is clustered among 4 other ABC1 family members on 17q24 and may play a role in macrophage lipid homeostasis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 7

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily. Members of the ABC1 subfamily comprise the only major ABC subfamily found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes. This full transporter has been detected predominantly in myelo-lymphatic tissues with the highest expression in peripheral leukocytes, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. The function of this protein is not yet known; however, the expression pattern suggests a role in lipid homeostasis in cells of the immune system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 4

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily. Members of the ABC1 subfamily comprise the only major ABC subfamily found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes. This protein is a retina-specific ABC transporter with N-retinylidene-PE as a substrate. It is expressed exclusively in retina photoreceptor cells, and the gene product mediates transport of an essental molecule, all-trans-retinal aldehyde (atRAL), across the photoreceptor cell membrane. Mutations in this gene are found in patients diagnosed with Stargardt disease, a form of juvenile-onset macular degeneration. Mutations in this gene are also associated with retinitis pigmentosa-19, cone-rod dystrophy type 3, early-onset severe retinal dystrophy, fundus flavimaculatus, and macular degeneration age-related 2. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2019]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 5

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White). This encoded protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily. Members of the ABC1 subfamily comprise the only major ABC subfamily found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes. This gene is clustered among 4 other ABC1 family members on 17q24, but neither the substrate nor the function of this gene is known. Alternative splicing of this gene results in several transcript variants; however, not all variants have been fully described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 2

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily. Members of the ABC1 subfamily comprise the only major ABC subfamily found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes. This protein is highly expressed in brain tissue and may play a role in macrophage lipid metabolism and neural development. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 3

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily. Members of the ABC1 subfamily comprise the only major ABC subfamily found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes. The full transporter encoded by this gene may be involved in development of resistance to xenobiotics and engulfment during programmed cell death. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 1

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily. Members of the ABC1 subfamily comprise the only major ABC subfamily found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes. With cholesterol as its substrate, this protein functions as a cholesteral efflux pump in the cellular lipid removal pathway. Mutations in both alleles of this gene cause Tangier disease and familial high-density lipoprotein (HDL) deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2019]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C3 (subunit 9)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene is one of three genes that encode subunit c of the proton channel. Each of the three genes have distinct mitochondrial import sequences but encode the identical mature protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different proteins have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and single representatives of the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. The proton channel likely has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). There are three separate genes which encode subunit c of the proton channel and they specify precursors with different import sequences but identical mature proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is one of three precursors of subunit c. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2018]

arsA arsenite transporter, ATP-binding, homolog 1 (bacterial)

This gene represents the human homolog of the bacterial arsA gene, encoding the arsenite-stimulated ATPase component of the arsenite transporter responsible for resistance to arsenicals. This protein is also a central component of a transmembrane domain (TMD) recognition complex (TRC) that is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It recognizes and selectively binds the TMD of TA proteins in the cytosol, and delivers them to the ER for insertion. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). The encoded protein is a member of the White subfamily and plays an important role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. This protein functions as either a homodimer or as a heterodimer with another ABC subfamily protein such as ABCG1. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 5

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the White subfamily. The protein encoded by this gene functions as a half-transporter to limit intestinal absorption and promote biliary excretion of sterols. It is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the liver, colon, and intestine. This gene is tandemly arrayed on chromosome 2, in a head-to-head orientation with family member ABCG8. Mutations in this gene may contribute to sterol accumulation and atheroschlerosis, and have been observed in patients with sitosterolemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 8

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 10

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 6

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F (GCN20), member 3

This gene encodes a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. ATP-binding cassette proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. The protein encoded by this gene displays antiviral effect against flaviviruses. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F (GCN20), member 2

This gene encodes a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. ATP-binding cassette proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. Alterations in this gene may be involved in cancer progression. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 3 and 7. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2019]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F (GCN20), member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the GCN20 subfamily. Unlike other members of the superfamily, this protein lacks the transmembrane domains which are characteristic of most ABC transporters. This protein may be regulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and play a role in enhancement of protein synthesis and the inflammation process. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase F0 subunit 8

Contributes to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Involved in proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. Part of proton-transporting ATP synthase complex. Implicated in multiple sclerosis and urinary bladder cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase F0 subunit 6

Contributes to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Involved in proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. Part of proton-transporting ATP synthase complex. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; NARP syndrome; Parkinson's disease; multiple sclerosis; and systemic lupus erythematosus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase mitochondrial F1 complex assembly factor 2

This gene encodes an assembly factor for the F(1) component of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. This protein binds specifically to the F1 alpha subunit and is thought to prevent this subunit from forming nonproductive homooligomers during enzyme assembly. This gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. An alternatively spliced transcript variant has been described, but its biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase mitochondrial F1 complex assembly factor 1

This gene encodes an assembly factor for the F(1) component of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. This protein binds specifically to the F1 beta subunit and is thought to prevent this subunit from forming nonproductive homooligomers during enzyme assembly. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ADP/ATP translocase 2-like

ATP/GTP binding protein 1

NNA1 is a zinc carboxypeptidase that contains nuclear localization signals and an ATP/GTP-binding motif that was initially cloned from regenerating spinal cord neurons of the mouse.[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2002]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 6

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 8

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 1

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F (GCN20), member 2 pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 2

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family D (ALD), member 1, pseudogene 5

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 8

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. This protein functions as a modulator of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and insulin release. Mutations in the ABCC8 gene and deficiencies in the encoded protein have been observed in patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy, an autosomal recessive disorder of unregulated and high insulin secretion. Mutations have also been associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type II, an autosomal dominant disease of defective insulin secretion. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 9

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. This protein is thought to form ATP-sensitive potassium channels in cardiac, skeletal, and vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle. Protein structure suggests a role as the drug-binding channel-modulating subunit of the extra-pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Mutations in this gene are associated with cardiomyopathy dilated type 1O. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2011]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. This family member plays a role in cellular detoxification as a pump for its substrate, organic anions. It may also function in prostaglandin-mediated cAMP signaling in ciliogenesis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 5

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. This protein functions in the cellular export of its substrate, cyclic nucleotides. This export contributes to the degradation of phosphodiesterases and possibly an elimination pathway for cyclic nucleotides. Studies show that this protein provides resistance to thiopurine anticancer drugs, 6-mercatopurine and thioguanine, and the anti-HIV drug 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. This protein may be involved in resistance to thiopurines in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and antiretroviral nucleoside analogs in HIV-infected patients. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 6

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). The encoded protein, a member of the MRP subfamily, is involved in multi-drug resistance. Mutations in this gene cause pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different proteins have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. This protein is expressed in the canalicular (apical) part of the hepatocyte and functions in biliary transport. Substrates include anticancer drugs such as vinblastine; therefore, this protein appears to contribute to drug resistance in mammalian cells. Several different mutations in this gene have been observed in patients with Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. The specific function of this protein has not yet been determined; however, this protein may play a role in the transport of biliary and intestinal excretion of organic anions. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described; however, not all variants have been fully characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit G

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the g subunit of the Fo complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 6

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 8

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family D (ALD), member 1, pseudogene 2

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family D (ALD), member 1, pseudogene 3

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family D (ALD), member 1, pseudogene 1

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family D (ALD), member 1, pseudogene 4

mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 6 pseudogene 2

cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (ATP-binding cassette sub-family C, member 7)

This gene encodes a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. The encoded protein functions as a chloride channel, making it unique among members of this protein family, and controls ion and water secretion and absorption in epithelial tissues. Channel activation is mediated by cycles of regulatory domain phosphorylation, ATP-binding by the nucleotide-binding domains, and ATP hydrolysis. Mutations in this gene cause cystic fibrosis, the most common lethal genetic disorder in populations of Northern European descent. The most frequently occurring mutation in cystic fibrosis, DeltaF508, results in impaired folding and trafficking of the encoded protein. Multiple pseudogenes have been identified in the human genome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the b subunit of the proton channel. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

5-oxoprolinase (ATP-hydrolysing)

The protein encoded by this gene acts as a homodimer, using ATP hydrolysis to catalyze the conversion of 5-oxo-L-proline to L-glutamate. Defects in this gene are a cause of 5-oxoprolinase deficiency (OPLAHD). [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 10 pseudogene

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 10 pseudogene

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 11, pseudogene

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 11

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance. The protein encoded by this gene is the major canalicular bile salt export pump in man. Mutations in this gene cause a form of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestases which are a group of inherited disorders with severe cholestatic liver disease from early infancy. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 10

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance. The function of this mitochondrial protein is unknown. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX24-like

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 8

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily. Members of the ABC1 subfamily comprise the only major ABC subfamily found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes. The encoded protein may regulate lipid metabolism and be involved in the formation and maintenance of myelin. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 9

This gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and the encoded protein contains two transmembrane domains and two nucleotide binding folds. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White). This gene is a member of the ABC1 subfamily and is clustered with four other ABC1 family members on chromosome 17q24. Transcriptional expression of this gene is induced during monocyte differentiation into macrophages and is suppressed by cholesterol import. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial-like

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 12

This gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and the encoded protein contains two ATP-binding domains and 12 transmembrane regions. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies: ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White. This gene is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. This gene and another subfamily member are arranged head-to-tail on chromosome 16q12.1. Increased expression of this gene is associated with breast cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 13, pseudogene

This gene is a member of the superfamily of genes encoding ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White). This family member is part of the MRP subfamily, which is involved in multi-drug resistance, but the human locus is now thought to be a pseudogene incapable of encoding a functional ABC protein. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants; however, not all variants have been fully described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 10

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White). This ABC full-transporter is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 11

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This ABC full transporter is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. The product of this gene participates in physiological processes involving bile acids, conjugated steroids, and cyclic nucleotides. In addition, a SNP in this gene is responsible for determination of human earwax type. This gene and family member ABCC12 are determined to be derived by duplication and are both localized to chromosome 16q12.1. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene is one of three genes that encode subunit c of the proton channel. Each of the three genes have distinct mitochondrial import sequences but encode the identical mature protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase inhibitory factor subunit 1

Enables several functions, including ATPase binding activity; angiostatin binding activity; and mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex binding activity. Involved in several processes, including mitochondrial depolarization; negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; and positive regulation of metabolic process. Located in cell surface and mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase F1 subunit beta

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the beta subunit of the catalytic core. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit OSCP

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the F-type ATPase found in the mitochondrial matrix. F-type ATPases are composed of a catalytic core and a membrane proton channel. The encoded protein appears to be part of the connector linking these two components and may be involved in transmission of conformational changes or proton conductance. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, using an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the different isoforms have been identified. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 9, 2, and 16. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

ATP synthase F1 subunit gamma

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the gamma subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. This gene also has a pseudogene on chromosome 14. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit d

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the d subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. In addition, three pseudogenes are located on chromosomes 9, 12 and 15. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase membrane subunit j

Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit F6

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo complex has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the F6 subunit of the Fo complex. The F6 subunit is required for F1 and Fo interactions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. This gene has 1 or more pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ATP synthase membrane subunit k

Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. Part of proton-transporting ATP synthase complex. Implicated in mitochondrial complex V (ATP synthase) deficiency nuclear type 6. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase peripheral stalk-membrane subunit b

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the b subunit of the proton channel. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase membrane subunit e

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the e subunit of the Fo complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase F1 subunit delta

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the delta subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase membrane subunit g

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the g subunit of the Fo complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase membrane subunit f

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of five different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and single representatives of the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. The proton channel likely has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the f subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. Naturally occurring read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the downstream pentatricopeptide repeat domain 1 (PTCD1) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

ATP synthase F1 subunit epsilon

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the epsilon subunit of the catalytic core. Two pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 4 and 13. Read-through transcripts that include exons from this gene are expressed from the upstream gene SLMO2.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

ATP synthase c subunit lysine N-methyltransferase

Enables protein-lysine N-methyltransferase activity. Involved in several processes, including peptidyl-lysine trimethylation; positive regulation of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism; and positive regulation of sensory perception of pain. Located in mitochondrial crista. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP23 metallopeptidase and ATP synthase assembly factor homolog

The protein encoded by this gene is amplified in glioblastomas and interacts with the DNA binding subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase. This kinase is involved in double-strand break repair (DSB), and higher expression of the encoded protein increases the efficiency of DSB. In addition, comparison to orthologous proteins strongly suggests that this protein is a metalloprotease important in the biosynthesis of mitochondrial ATPase. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ATP synthase membrane subunit c locus 1

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene is one of three genes that encode subunit c of the proton channel. Each of the three genes have distinct mitochondrial import sequences but encode the identical mature protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase membrane subunit c locus 2

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and single representatives of the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. The proton channel likely has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). There are three separate genes which encode subunit c of the proton channel and they specify precursors with different import sequences but identical mature proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is one of three precursors of subunit c. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2018]

ATP synthase membrane subunit c locus 3

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene is one of three genes that encode subunit c of the proton channel. Each of the three genes have distinct mitochondrial import sequences but encode the identical mature protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different proteins have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase F0 subunit 6

Contributes to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Involved in proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. Part of proton-transporting ATP synthase complex. Implicated in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy; NARP syndrome; Parkinson's disease; multiple sclerosis; and systemic lupus erythematosus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase F0 subunit 8

Contributes to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Involved in proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. Part of proton-transporting ATP synthase complex. Implicated in multiple sclerosis and urinary bladder cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase membrane subunit g like

Predicted to enable proton transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to contribute to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase F1 subunit epsilon pseudogene 2

Predicted to enable hydrolase activity. Predicted to contribute to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha pseudogene 3

listerin E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Like most RING finger proteins, LTN1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Chu et al., 2009 [PubMed 19196968]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]

itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases. HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases transfer ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to protein substrates, thus targeting specific proteins for lysosomal degradation. The encoded protein plays a role in multiple cellular processes including erythroid and lymphoid cell differentiation and the regulation of immune responses. Mutations in this gene are a cause of syndromic multisystem autoimmune disease. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

ring finger and FYVE-like domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables enzyme binding activity; p53 binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity; negative regulation of signal transduction; and protein K48-linked ubiquitination. Located in endosome membrane and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 10, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH10 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Morokuma et al., 2007 [PubMed 17604280]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

Cbl proto-oncogene-like 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-ligase for the E-cadherin complex and mediates its ubiquitination, endocytosis, and degradation in the lysosomes. The encoded protein contains a RING-finger domain and is also thought to have a role in control of cell proliferation. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome X. Alternative splicing results in a non-coding transcript variant. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of E3 ligases, which play an important role in protein ubiquitination. The encoded protein contains four WW domains and may play a role in multiple processes including chondrogenesis and the regulation of oncogenic signaling pathways via interactions with Smad proteins and the tumor suppressor PTEN. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 10. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

WW domain-containing proteins are found in all eukaryotes and play an important role in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular functions such as protein degradation, transcription, and RNA splicing. This gene encodes a protein which contains 4 tandem WW domains and a HECT (homologous to the E6-associated protein carboxyl terminus) domain. The encoded protein belongs to a family of NEDD4-like proteins, which are E3 ubiquitin-ligase molecules and regulate key trafficking decisions, including targeting of proteins to proteosomes or lysosomes. Alternative splicing of this gene generates at least 6 transcript variants; however, the full length nature of these transcripts has not been defined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamate-ammonia ligase

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a HECT domain and ankyrin repeat-containing ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein is involved in specific tagging of target proteins, leading to their subcellular localization or proteasomal degradation. The protein is a potential tumor suppressor and is involved in the pathophysiology of several tumors, including Wilm's tumor. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING1-like

ligand of numb-protein X 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 1

This gen encodes a member of the HERC protein family. This protein stimulates guanine nucleotide exchange on ARF1 and Rab proteins. This protein may be involved in membrane transport processes. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3

This gene encodes a member the HERC ubiquitin ligase family. The encoded protein is located in the cytosol and binds ubiquitin via a HECT domain. Mutations in this gene have been associated with colorectal and gastric carcinomas. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene belongs to the HERC gene family that encodes a group of unusually large proteins, which contain multiple structural domains. All members have at least 1 copy of an N-terminal region showing homology to the cell cycle regulator RCC1 and a C-terminal HECT (homologous to E6-AP C terminus) domain found in a number of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases. Genetic variations in this gene are associated with skin/hair/eye pigmentation variability. Multiple pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 15 and 16. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5

This gene is a member of the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases and encodes a protein with a HECT domain and five RCC1 repeats. Pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulate expression of this gene in endothelial cells. The protein localizes to the cytoplasm and perinuclear region and functions as an interferon-induced E3 protein ligase that mediates ISGylation of protein targets. The protein also acts as a modulator of the antiviral immune response. The gene lies in a cluster of HERC family genes on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2021]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4

HERC4 belongs to the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases, all of which contain a HECT domain and at least 1 RCC1 (MIM 179710)-like domain (RLD). The 350-amino acid HECT domain is predicted to catalyze the formation of a thioester with ubiquitin before transferring it to a substrate, and the RLD is predicted to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small G proteins (Hochrainer et al., 2005 [PubMed 15676274]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 6

HERC6 belongs to the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases, all of which contain a HECT domain and at least 1 RCC1 (MIM 179710)-like domain (RLD). The 350-amino acid HECT domain is predicted to catalyze the formation of a thioester with ubiquitin before transferring it to a substrate, and the RLD is predicted to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small G proteins (Hochrainer et al., 2005 [PubMed 15676274]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

MYC binding protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and member of the PHR (Phr1/MYCBP2, highwire and RPM-1) family of proteins. The encoded protein plays a role in axon guidance and synapse formation in the developing nervous system. In mammalian cells, this protein regulates the cAMP and mTOR signaling pathways, and may additionally regulate autophagy. Reduced expression of this gene has been observed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients and a mutation in this gene has been identified in patients with a rare inherited vision defect. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING2-like

ring finger protein 128, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a type I transmembrane protein that localizes to the endocytic pathway. This protein contains a RING zinc-finger motif and has been shown to possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Expression of this gene in retrovirally transduced T cell hybridoma significantly inhibits activation-induced IL2 and IL4 cytokine production. Induced expression of this gene was observed in anergic CD4(+) T cells, which suggested a role in the induction of anergic phenotype. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ring finger protein 125, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase that contains a RING finger domain in the N-terminus and three zinc-binding and one ubiquitin-interacting motif in the C-terminus. As a result of myristoylation, this protein associates with membranes and is primarily localized to intracellular membrane systems. The encoded protein may function as a positive regulator in the T-cell receptor signaling pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) family. The protein is an E3 ligase and is involved in ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of specific proteins. The activity of this ubiquitin ligase has been implicated in the development of certain forms of Parkinson's disease, the regulation of the cellular response to hypoxia and induction of apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in several additional transcript variants, some encoding different isoforms and others that have not been fully characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) family. The protein is an E3 ligase and is involved in ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of specific proteins. The activity of this ubiquitin ligase has been implicated in regulating cellular response to hypoxia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3

Predicted to enable ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion and regulation of protein stability. Located in mitochondrion and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a component of a ubiquitination complex. The encoded protein is involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF), which is a transcription factor that plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression by oxygen. In addition to oxygen-related gene expression, this protein plays a role in many other cellular processes including cilia formation, cytokine signaling, regulation of senescence, and formation of the extracellular matrix. Variants of this gene are associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, pheochromocytoma, erythrocytosis, renal cell carcinoma, and cerebellar hemangioblastoma. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2022]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

ubiquitin protein ligase E3B

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: E1 ubiquitin-activating enzymes, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. This gene encodes a member of the E3 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and transfers the ubiquitin to the targeted substrates. A HECT (homology to E6-AP C-terminus) domain in the C-terminus of the longer isoform of this protein is the catalytic site of ubiquitin transfer and forms a complex with E2 conjugases. Shorter isoforms of this protein which lack the C-terminal HECT domain are therefore unlikely to bind E2 enzymes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3C

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in protein K29-linked ubiquitination; protein K48-linked ubiquitination; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be part of proteasome complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3A

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, part of the ubiquitin protein degradation system. This imprinted gene is maternally expressed in brain and biallelically expressed in other tissues. Maternally inherited deletion of this gene causes Angelman Syndrome, characterized by severe motor and intellectual retardation, ataxia, hypotonia, epilepsy, absence of speech, and characteristic facies. The protein also interacts with the E6 protein of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, resulting in ubiquitination and proteolysis of tumor protein p53. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding three isoforms with different N-termini. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full length nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3D

Enables cyclin binding activity; ubiquitin protein ligase activity; and ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme binding activity. Involved in protein autoubiquitination; protein monoubiquitination; and protein polyubiquitination. Part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Is active in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear protein which is involved in cell-cycle regulation. The encoded protein is a ubiquitin-ligase capable of ubiquinating PCNP (PEST-containing nuclear protein), and together they may play a role in tumorigenesis. The encoded protein contains an NIRF_N domain, a PHD finger, a set- and ring-associated (SRA) domain, and a RING finger domain and several of these domains have been shown to be essential for the regulation of cell proliferation. This protein may also have a role in intranuclear degradation of polyglutamine aggregates. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants some of which are non-protein coding. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

zinc and ring finger 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a role in neural-cell differentiation. Overexpression of this gene causes neurite-like elongation. The encoded protein contains both a zinc finger and a RING finger motif and is localized in the endosome/lysosome compartment, indicating that it may be involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein modification, and in synaptic vessicle membranes in neurons. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

zinc and ring finger 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane; nuclear lumen; and plasma membrane. Part of protein-containing complex. Is active in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 138, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 11

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Predicted to act upstream of or within microtubule severing and protein polyglutamylation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 10

Predicted to enable protein-glycine ligase activity, elongating. Predicted to be involved in protein polyglycylation. Predicted to be located in axoneme and microtubule cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 12

Enables H4K20me3 modified histone binding activity and tubulin binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway and regulation of mitotic cell cycle. Located in cytosol and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mahogunin ring finger 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in endosome to lysosome transport; negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; and protein monoubiquitination. Located in several cellular components, including early endosome; endoplasmic reticulum; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

checkpoint with forkhead and ring finger domains, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase required for the maintenance of the antephase checkpoint that regulates cell cycle entry into mitosis and, therefore, may play a key role in cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. The encoded protein has an N-terminal forkhead-associated domain, a central RING-finger domain, and a cysteine-rich C-terminal region. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

ring finger protein 19A, RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the ring between ring fingers (RBR) protein family, and the encoded protein contains two RING-finger motifs and an in between RING fingers motif. This protein is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is localized to Lewy bodies, and ubiquitylates synphilin-1, which is an interacting protein of alpha synuclein in neurons. The encoded protein may be involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that polyubiquitinates some proteins, tagging them for degradation. The encoded protein upregulates p53 in some cancer cells and may inhibit myelopoiesis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, although the full-length nature of some of them have not been determined yet. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables enzyme binding activity; ubiquitin-protein transferase activity; and zinc ion binding activity. Involved in protein ubiquitination. Located in several cellular components, including Lewy body; cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex; and nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3A pseudogene 1

ubiquitin protein ligase E3A pseudogene 2

autocrine motility factor receptor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This locus encodes a glycosylated transmembrane receptor. Its ligand, autocrine motility factor, is a tumor motility-stimulating protein secreted by tumor cells. The encoded receptor is also a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family of proteins. It catalyzes ubiquitination and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of specific proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

Cbl proto-oncogene-like 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains 10 tandem leucine-rich repeats. This protein is an essential element of the cyclin A-CDK2 S-phase kinase. It specifically recognizes phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B, also referred to as p27 or KIP1) predominantly in S phase and interacts with S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1 or p19). In addition, this gene is established as a protooncogene causally involved in the pathogenesis of lymphomas. Alternative splicing of this gene generates three transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP pseudogene

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1B

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis. Located in actin cytoskeleton and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT, C2 and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of dendrite morphogenesis and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT, C2 and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a member of a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases which plays an important role in the proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural crest cells as a regulator of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)/Ret signaling. This gene also plays an important role in angiogenesis through stabilization of endothelial cell-to-cell junctions as a regulator of angiomotin-like 1 stability. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal calcium/lipid-binding (C2) domain involved in membrane targeting, two-four WW domains responsible for cellular localization and substrate recognition, and a C-terminal homologous with E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECT) catalytic domain. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene are associated with neurodevelopmental delay, hypotonia, and epilepsy. The decreased expression of this gene in the aganglionic colon is associated with Hirschsprung's disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to a family of apoptotic suppressor proteins. Members of this family share a conserved motif termed, baculovirus IAP repeat, which is necessary for their anti-apoptotic function. This protein functions through binding to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors TRAF1 and TRAF2 and inhibits apoptosis induced by menadione, a potent inducer of free radicals, and interleukin 1-beta converting enzyme. This protein also inhibits at least two members of the caspase family of cell-death proteases, caspase-3 and caspase-7. Mutations in this gene are the cause of X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 2 and 11.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF12-B-like

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 1

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 2

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 3

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 3 (putative)

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including sensory perception of smell; suckling behavior; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the N-end rule pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within in utero embryonic development and olfactory behavior. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 2

Enables L-leucine binding activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to L-leucine; protein K63-linked ubiquitination; and regulation of signal transduction. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 1

The N-end rule pathway is one proteolytic pathway of the ubiquitin system. The recognition component of this pathway, encoded by this gene, binds to a destabilizing N-terminal residue of a substrate protein and participates in the formation of a substrate-linked multiubiquitin chain. This leads to the eventual degradation of the substrate protein. The protein described in this record has a RING-type zinc finger and a UBR-type zinc finger. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Johanson-Blizzard syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 7 (putative)

This gene encodes a UBR box-containing protein that belongs to the E3 ubiquitin ligase family. The protein also contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) in the C-terminus. In mammals, the encoded protein recognizes N-degrons, the destabilizing N-terminal residues of short-lived proteins, which results in ubiquitinylation, and proteolysis via the proteasome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 5

This gene encodes a progestin-induced protein, which belongs to the HECT (homology to E6-AP carboxyl terminus) family. The HECT family proteins function as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases, targeting specific proteins for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. This gene is localized to chromosome 8q22 which is disrupted in a variety of cancers. This gene potentially has a role in regulation of cell proliferation or differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 4

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with the retinoblastoma-associated protein in the nucleus and with calcium-bound calmodulin in the cytoplasm. The encoded protein appears to be a cytoskeletal component in the cytoplasm and part of the chromatin scaffold in the nucleus. In addition, this protein is a target of the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 13, pseudogene

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule bundle formation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4-like, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases. HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases transfer ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to protein substrates, thus targeting specific proteins for lysosomal degradation. The encoded protein mediates the ubiquitination of multiple target substrates and plays a critical role in epithelial sodium transport by regulating the cell surface expression of the epithelial sodium channel, ENaC. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with essential hypertension. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

ring-box 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This locus encodes a RING finger-like domain-containing protein. The encoded protein interacts with cullin proteins and likely plays a role in ubiquitination processes necessary for cell cycle progression. This protein may also affect protein turnover. Related pseudogenes exist on chromosomes 2 and 5.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3 pseudogene

phosphopantothenate--cysteine ligase pseudogene

tripartite motif containing 71, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that binds with miRNAs and maintains the growth and upkeep of embryonic stem cells. This gene also is involved in the G1-S phase transition of the cell cycle. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

topoisomerase I binding, arginine/serine-rich, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear protein which is serine and arginine rich, and contains a RING-type zinc finger domain. It is highly expressed in the testis, and functions as an ubiquitin-protein E3 ligase. Mutations in this gene are associated with retinitis pigmentosa type 31. Alternatively spliced transcript variants, encoding different isoforms, have been observed for this locus. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

TNF receptor-associated factor 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) protein family. TRAF proteins are associated with, and mediate signal transduction from, members of the TNF receptor superfamily. This protein has an amino terminal RING domain which is followed by four zinc-finger motifs, a central coiled-coil region and a highly conserved carboxyl terminal domain, known as the TRAF-C domain and mediates signaling from members of the TNF receptor superfamily as well as the Toll/IL-1 family. Signals from receptors such as CD40, TNFSF11/RANCE and IL-1 have been shown to be mediated by this protein. This protein also interacts with various protein kinases including IRAK1/IRAK, SRC and PKCzeta, which provides a link between distinct signaling pathways. This protein functions as a signal transducer in the NF-kappaB pathway that activates IkappaB kinase (IKK) in response to proinflammatory cytokines. The interaction of this protein with UBE2N/UBC13, and UBE2V1/UEV1A, which are ubiquitin conjugating enzymes catalyzing the formation of polyubiquitin chains, has been found to be required for IKK activation by this protein. This protein also interacts with the transforming growth factor (TGF) beta receptor complex and is required for Smad-independent activation of the JNK and p38 kinases. The protein encoded by this gene is a key molecule in antiviral innate and antigen-specific immune responses. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2021]

TNF receptor-associated factor 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF; see MIM 191160) receptor-associated factors, such as TRAF7, are signal transducers for members of the TNF receptor superfamily (see MIM 191190). TRAFs are composed of an N-terminal cysteine/histidine-rich region containing zinc RING and/or zinc finger motifs; a coiled-coil (leucine zipper) motif; and a homologous region that defines the TRAF family, the TRAF domain, which is involved in self-association and receptor binding.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

ring finger protein 138, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 2

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine kinase and is part of some signal transduction cascades, including the ERK and JNK kinase pathways as well as the NF-kappa-B pathway. The encoded protein is activated by autophosphorylation and requires magnesium as a cofactor in phosphorylating other proteins. This protein has E3 ligase activity conferred by a plant homeodomain (PHD) in its N-terminus and phospho-kinase activity conferred by a kinase domain in its C-terminus. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 pseudogene 1

Cbl proto-oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene is a proto-oncogene that encodes a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein is one of the enzymes required for targeting substrates for degradation by the proteasome. This protein mediates the transfer of ubiquitin from ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) to specific substrates. This protein also contains an N-terminal phosphotyrosine binding domain that allows it to interact with numerous tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates and target them for proteasome degradation. As such it functions as a negative regulator of many signal transduction pathways. This gene has been found to be mutated or translocated in many cancers including acute myeloid leukaemia, and expansion of CGG repeats in the 5' UTR has been associated with Jacobsen syndrome. Mutations in this gene are also the cause of Noonan syndrome-like disorder. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

ring finger protein 34, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RINF finger, a motif known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. This protein interacts with DNAJA3/hTid-1, which is a DnaJ protein reported to function as a modulator of apoptosis. Overexpression of this gene in Hela cells was shown to confer the resistance to TNF-alpha induced apoptosis, suggesting an anti-apoptotic function of this protein. This protein can be cleaved by caspase-3 during the induction of apoptosis. This protein also targets p53 and phospho-p53 for degradation. Alternatively splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

ring finger protein 138, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger, a motif present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ring finger protein 8, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger motif and an FHA domain. This protein has been shown to interact with several class II ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2), including UBE2E1/UBCH6, UBE2E2, and UBE2E3, and may act as an ubiquitin ligase (E3) in the ubiquitination of certain nuclear proteins. This protein is also known to play a role in the DNA damage response and depletion of this protein causes cell growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

ring finger protein 5, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger, which is a motif known to be involved in protein-protein interactions. This protein is a membrane-bound ubiquitin ligase. It can regulate cell motility by targeting paxillin ubiquitination and altering the distribution and localization of paxillin in cytoplasm and cell focal adhesions. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

transmembrane protein 129, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in protein polyubiquitination; retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring-box 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

ring finger protein 5, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a ubiquitin ligase that is specific for receptor-regulated SMAD proteins in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. This protein plays a key roll in the regulation of cell motility, cell signalling, and cell polarity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

Enables SMAD binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nuclear speck. Part of ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase)

The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate, a precursor of reduced folates involved in 1-carbon metabolism. An increased activity of the encoded protein can result in an increased folate turnover rate and folate depletion. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 5

This gene encodes a member of the tubulin tyrosine ligase like protein family. This protein interacts with two glucocorticoid receptor coactivators, transcriptional intermediary factor 2 and steroid receptor coactivator 1. This protein may function as a coregulator of glucocorticoid receptor mediated gene induction and repression. This protein may also function as an alpha tubulin polyglutamylase.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 4

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization and protein polyglutamylation. Predicted to act upstream of or within regulation of blastocyst development. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 7

Enables alpha-tubulin binding activity; beta-tubulin binding activity; and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Involved in protein polyglutamylation. Predicted to be located in 9+0 non-motile cilium. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 6

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule bundle formation; protein polyglutamylation; and regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility. Predicted to act upstream of or within microtubule severing and positive regulation of cilium movement. Located in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 1

Enables tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Is active in microtubule. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 3

Enables protein-glycine ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including axoneme assembly; flagellated sperm motility; and protein polyglycylation. Predicted to be located in cilium. Predicted to be active in axoneme; microtubule cytoskeleton; and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 2

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 9

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in flagellated sperm motility and microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Predicted to act upstream of or within protein polyglutamylation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm; microtubule; and motile cilium. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 8

Predicted to enable protein-glycine ligase activity, initiating. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including axoneme assembly; flagellated sperm motility; and protein polyglycylation. Predicted to act upstream of or within cilium assembly. Predicted to be located in cilium. Predicted to be active in axoneme; microtubule cytoskeleton; and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MDM2 proto-oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear-localized E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein can promote tumor formation by targeting tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, for proteasomal degradation. This gene is itself transcriptionally-regulated by p53. Overexpression or amplification of this locus is detected in a variety of different cancers. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 2. Alternative splicing results in a multitude of transcript variants, many of which may be expressed only in tumor cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene was previously referred to as FBX30, and belongs to the Fbws class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains 7 tandem WD40 repeats. This protein binds directly to cyclin E and probably targets cyclin E for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Mutations in this gene are detected in ovarian and breast cancer cell lines, implicating the gene's potential role in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

G2/M-phase specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in apoptotic process and protein ubiquitination. Predicted to act upstream of or within blastocyst development; negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway; and protein polyubiquitination. Located in Golgi apparatus and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

deltex 3 like, E3 ubiquitin ligase

Enables several functions, including STAT family protein binding activity; histone H4K91 ubiquitin ligase activity; and protein ADP-ribosyltransferase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of protein localization; protein ubiquitination; and regulation of macromolecule metabolic process. Located in several cellular components, including early endosome; lysosome; and nucleoplasm. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tripartite motif containing 72, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including plasma membrane repair; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein homooligomerization. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway; negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway; and negative regulation of myotube differentiation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and sarcolemma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3

The protein encoded by this gene transfers ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to targeted substrates, leading to the degradation of those substrates. The encoded protein has been shown to transfer ubiquitin to TRIOBP to facilitate cell cycle progression, and to STX8. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4

Predicted to enable ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in glucose homeostasis and glucose metabolic process. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

Cbl proto-oncogene C, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Cbl family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Cbl proteins play important roles in cell signaling through the ubiquitination and subsequent downregulation of tyrosine kinases. Expression of this gene may be restricted to epithelial cells, and alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

Cbl proto-oncogene B, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which promotes proteosome-mediated protein degradation by transferring ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to a substrate. The encoded protein is involved in the regulation of immune response by limiting T-cell receptor, B-cell receptor, and high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor activation. Studies in mouse suggest that this gene is involved in antifungal host defense and that its inhibition leads to increased fungal killing. Manipulation of this gene may be beneficial in implementing immunotherapies for a variety of conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and infections. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2017]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including chordate embryonic development; circulatory system development; and protein ubiquitination. Predicted to be active in nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase

TTL is a cytosolic enzyme involved in the posttranslational modification of alpha-tubulin (see MIM 602529). Alpha-tubulin within assembled microtubules is detyrosinated over time at the C terminus. After microtubule disassembly, TTL restores the tyrosine residues and consequently participates in a cycle of tubulin detyrosination and tyrosination (Erck et al., 2003 [PubMed 14571137]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

praja ring finger 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an enzyme that has E2-dependent E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. This enzyme belongs to a class of ubiquitin ligases that include a RING finger motif, and it can interact with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5B. This gene is located in an area of chromosome X where several X-linked cognitive disability disorders have been associated, and it has also been found as part of a contiguous gene deletion associated with craniofrontonasal syndrome, though a direct link to any disorder has yet to be demonstrated. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

praja ring finger 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding activity; protein kinase A regulatory subunit binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; regulation of macrophage activation; and regulation of signal transduction. Located in cytoplasm; cytoskeleton; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 41, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein plays a role in type 1 cytokine receptor signaling by controlling the balance between JAK2-associated cytokine receptor degradation and ectodomain shedding. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 4, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH4 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH4 reduces surface accumulation of several membrane glycoproteins by directing them to the endosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH7 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH proteins add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of a family of membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin ligases containing RING-CH-type zinc finger motifs. Ubiquitination of type II deiodinase by the encoded protein is an important regulatory step in thyroid hormone signalling. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH1 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH proteins add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH1 downregulates the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules (see MIM 142880) and other glycoproteins by directing them to the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Thibodeau et al., 2008 [PubMed 18389477]; De Gassart et al., 2008 [PubMed 18305173]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 3, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family. The encoded protein is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may be involved in regulation of the endosomal transport pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH2 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH2 reduces surface accumulation of several glycoproteins and appears to regulate early endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) trafficking (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Nakamura et al., 2005 [PubMed 15689499]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 8, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH8 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH8 induces the internalization of several membrane glycoproteins (Goto et al., 2003 [PubMed 12582153]; Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

ring finger and CHY zinc finger domain containing 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene has ubiquitin ligase activity. It mediates E3-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of target proteins, including tumor protein 53, histone deacetylase 1, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B, thus regulating their levels and cell cycle progression. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

ring finger protein 168, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase protein that contains a RING finger, a motif present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. The protein is involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Mutations in this gene result in Riddle syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

apoptosis resistant E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process; protein polyubiquitination; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT, UBA and WWE domain containing 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a protein containing a C-terminal HECT (E6AP type E3 ubiquitin protein ligase) domain that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein is required for the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl1 (myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (BCL2-related)). This protein also ubiquitinates the p53 tumor suppressor, core histones, and DNA polymerase beta. Mutations in this gene are associated with Turner type X-linked syndromic cognitive disability. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

ligand of numb-protein X 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a membrane-bound protein that is involved in signal transduction and protein interactions. The encoded product is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, which mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of proteins containing phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains. This protein may play an important role in tumorogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. A pseudogene, which is located on chromosome 17, has been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

cyclin B1 interacting protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

HEI10 is a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family and functions in progression of the cell cycle through G(2)/M.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier subunit

Glutamate-cysteine ligase, also known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, is the first rate limiting enzyme of glutathione synthesis. The enzyme consists of two subunits, a heavy catalytic subunit and a light regulatory subunit. Gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency has been implicated in some forms of hemolytic anemia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit

Glutamate-cysteine ligase, also known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase is the first rate-limiting enzyme of glutathione synthesis. The enzyme consists of two subunits, a heavy catalytic subunit and a light regulatory subunit. This locus encodes the catalytic subunit, while the regulatory subunit is derived from a different gene located on chromosome 1p22-p21. Mutations at this locus have been associated with hemolytic anemia due to deficiency of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and susceptibility to myocardial infarction.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

denticleless E3 ubiquitin protein ligase homolog (Drosophila)

Contributes to ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in several processes, including protein ubiquitination; regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle; and translesion synthesis. Located in centrosome; cytosol; and nuclear lumen. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and Cul4B-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit

Succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that acts as a heterodimer, being composed of an invariant alpha subunit and a substrate-specific beta subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is an ATP-specific SCS beta subunit that dimerizes with the SCS alpha subunit to form SCS-A, an essential component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. SCS-A hydrolyzes ATP to convert succinate to succinyl-CoA. Defects in this gene are a cause of myopathic mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. A pseudogene of this gene has been found on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2-like

RNA 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH ligase

Enables RNA ligase (GTP) activity and vinculin binding activity. Involved in tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TNF receptor-associated factor 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

tripartite motif containing 63, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the RING zinc finger protein family found in striated muscle and iris. The product of this gene is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that localizes to the Z-line and M-line lattices of myofibrils. This protein plays an important role in the atrophy of skeletal and cardiac muscle and is required for the degradation of myosin heavy chain proteins, myosin light chain, myosin binding protein, and for muscle-type creatine kinase. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The precise function of this gene is unknown; however, the encoded protein is a component of a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates the targeting of substrate proteins for proteasomal degradation. Mutations in this gene are known to cause Parkinson disease and autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease. Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Additional splice variants of this gene have been described but currently lack transcript support. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

MDM2 oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2-like

mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a protein containing multiple ankyrin repeats and RING finger domains that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein positively regulates Notch signaling by ubiquitinating the Notch receptors, thereby facilitating their endocytosis. This protein may also promote the ubiquitination and degradation of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1). [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination of proteins in the Notch signaling pathway. The encoded protein may be a suppressor of melanoma invasion. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ring finger protein 40, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger, a motif known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. This protein was reported to interact with the tumor suppressor protein RB1. Studies of the rat counterpart suggested that this protein may function as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, and facilitate the ubiquitination and degradation of syntaxin 1, which is an essential component of the neurotransmitter release machinery. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbws class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains multiple WD-40 repeats. The encoded protein mediates degradation of CD4 via its interaction with HIV-1 Vpu. It has also been shown to ubiquitinate phosphorylated NFKBIA (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha), targeting it for degradation and thus activating nuclear factor kappa-B. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. A related pseudogene exists in chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables several functions, including p53 binding activity; ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity; and ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of defense response; positive regulation of protein metabolic process; and regulation of mitochondrion organization. Located in several cellular components, including mitochondrial outer membrane; neuronal cell body; and peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

deltex 4, E3 ubiquitin ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of innate immune response; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein K48-linked ubiquitination. Is active in centrosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

deltex 1, E3 ubiquitin ligase

Studies in Drosophila have identified this gene as encoding a positive regulator of the Notch-signaling pathway. The human gene encodes a protein of unknown function; however, it may play a role in basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor activity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

deltex 2, E3 ubiquitin ligase

DTX2 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Takeyama et al., 2003 [PubMed 12670957]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2009]

deltex 3, E3 ubiquitin ligase

DTX3 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Takeyama et al., 2003 [PubMed 12670957]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2009]

NHL repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a single subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase. Laforin is polyubiquitinated by the encoded protein. Defects in this intronless gene lead to an accumulation of laforin and onset of Lafora disease, also known as progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 2 (EPM2).[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and response to ionizing radiation. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 20, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene shares similarity with BRE1 of S. cerevisiae. The protein encoded by this human gene is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates chromosome structure by monoubiquitinating histone H2B. This protein acts as a putative tumor suppressor and positively regulates the p53 tumor suppressor as well as numerous histone H2A and H2B genes. In contrast, this protein also suppresses the expression of several protooncogenes and growth-related genes, including many genes that are induced by epidermal growth factor. This gene selectively suppresses the expression of some genes by interfering with chromatin recruitment of transcription elongation factor SII (TFIIS). [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2-like

g2/M phase-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase-like

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 4

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 2

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 3

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 1

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 1

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 2

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 3

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 4

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 5

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 6

SNF2 histone linker PHD RING helicase, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

SHPRH is a ubiquitously expressed protein that contains motifs characteristics of several DNA repair proteins, transcription factors, and helicases. SHPRH is a functional homolog of S. cerevisiae RAD5 (Unk et al., 2006 [PubMed 17108083]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

ring-box 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables ubiquitin-ubiquitin ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of TORC1 signaling; negative regulation of necroptotic process; and protein polyubiquitination. Is active in site of double-strand break. Implicated in colorectal cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a scaffold protein and an intermediate signaling protein in the innate immune response pathway. The encoded protein helps transmit the immune response signal from Toll-like receptors to IRAK1/TRAF6 complexes. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 2

Predicted to enable protein-macromolecule adaptor activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of MAPK cascade and positive regulation of protein phosphorylation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene is the founding member of the NEDD4 family of HECT ubiquitin ligases that function in the ubiquitin proteasome system of protein degradation. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal calcium and phospholipid binding C2 domain followed by multiple tryptophan-rich WW domains and, a C-terminal HECT ubiquitin ligase catalytic domain. It plays critical role in the regulation of a number of membrane receptors, endocytic machinery components and the tumor suppressor PTEN. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Predicted to enable translation factor activity, non-nucleic acid binding and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway; negative regulation of cell population proliferation; and positive regulation of apoptotic process. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a protein that is involved in the regulation of myofibril organization. This protein is likely the adaptor component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex in striated muscle, and it regulates the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin during myogenesis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis. Predicted to act upstream of or within protein ubiquitination. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in early endosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4

The protein encoded by this gene is predicted and it includes two isoforms resulting from two alternatively spliced transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing 11, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ankyrin repeat and SOCS box-containing (ASB) family of proteins. They contain ankyrin repeat sequence and SOCS box domain. The SOCS box serves to couple suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins and their binding partners with the elongin B and C complex, possibly targeting them for degradation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

UFM1-specific ligase 1

Enables UFM1 ligase activity and protein kinase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of reticulophagy; regulation of intracellular signal transduction; and regulation of primary metabolic process. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including positive regulation of cell population proliferation; regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Located in cytoplasm; nucleus; and site of double-strand break. Part of protein-containing complex. Is active in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and mitochondrial outer membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAD18 E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to S. cerevisiae DNA damage repair protein Rad18. Yeast Rad18 functions through its interaction with Rad6, which is an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme required for post-replication repair of damaged DNA. Similar to its yeast counterpart, this protein is able to interact with the human homolog of yeast Rad6 protein through a conserved ring-finger motif. Mutation of this motif results in defective replication of UV-damaged DNA and hypersensitivity to multiple mutagens. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 pseudogene 1

STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a protein containing tetratricopeptide repeat and a U-box that functions as a ubiquitin ligase/cochaperone. The encoded protein binds to and ubiquitinates shock cognate 71 kDa protein (Hspa8) and DNA polymerase beta (Polb), among other targets. Mutations in this gene cause spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 16. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit

This gene encodes a GTP-specific beta subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase. Succinyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes the reversible reaction involving the formation of succinyl-CoA and succinate. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 5 and 12. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

succinate-CoA ligase, alpha subunit

This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the heterodimeric enzyme succinate coenzyme A ligase. This enzyme is targeted to the mitochondria and catalyzes the conversion of succinyl CoA and ADP or GDP to succinate and ATP or GTP. Mutations in this gene are the cause of the metabolic disorder fatal infantile lactic acidosis and mitochondrial DNA depletion. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

tubulin tyrosine ligase like 13

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule bundle formation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ORC ubiquitin ligase 1

Enables chromatin binding activity and ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in protein autoubiquitination; protein monoubiquitination; and regulation of DNA replication. Located in chromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

COP1 E3 ubiquitin ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and response to ionizing radiation. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The precise function of this gene is unknown; however, the encoded protein is a component of a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates the targeting of substrate proteins for proteasomal degradation. Mutations in this gene are known to cause Parkinson disease and autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease. Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Additional splice variants of this gene have been described but currently lack transcript support. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

RNA 5'-phosphate and 3'-OH ligase 1

Enables RNA ligase (ATP) activity. Involved in response to reactive oxygen species. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

arkadia (RNF111) C-terminal like ring finger ubiquitin ligase 2C

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in motor neuron axon guidance and positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including forelimb morphogenesis; nervous system development; and protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to be part of protein-containing complex. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 1

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. Involved in tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 3B

Enables identical protein binding activity and protein methyltransferase activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell population proliferation; positive regulation of gene expression; and protein methylation. Located in cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 2

Predicted to be involved in tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 3C

Predicted to be part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 3A

Enables protein methyltransferase activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell population proliferation; positive regulation of gene expression; and protein methylation. Predicted to be part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide D pseudogene

thymine-DNA glycosylase

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the TDG/mug DNA glycosylase family. Thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) removes thymine moieties from G/T mismatches by hydrolyzing the carbon-nitrogen bond between the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and the mispaired thymine. With lower activity, this enzyme also removes thymine from C/T and T/T mispairings. TDG can also remove uracil and 5-bromouracil from mispairings with guanine. This enzyme plays a central role in cellular defense against genetic mutation caused by the spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine and cytosine. This gene may have a pseudogene in the p arm of chromosome 12. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3

This gene encodes a member of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors. The protein functions as a dominant-negative inhibitor by forming heterodimers with other C/EBP members, such as C/EBP and LAP (liver activator protein), and preventing their DNA binding activity. The protein is implicated in adipogenesis and erythropoiesis, is activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress, and promotes apoptosis. Fusion of this gene and FUS on chromosome 16 or EWSR1 on chromosome 22 induced by translocation generates chimeric proteins in myxoid liposarcomas or Ewing sarcoma. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding two isoforms with different length have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4

Predicted to enable 14-3-3 protein binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of TOR signaling and response to hypoxia. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TAR DNA binding protein pseudogene 1

TAR DNA binding protein pseudogene 2

DNA-damage inducible 1 homolog 2 (S. cerevisiae)

Enables aspartic-type endopeptidase activity; identical protein binding activity; and ubiquitin binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to hydroxyurea; proteolysis; and regulation of DNA stability. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DNA-damage inducible 1 homolog 1 (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable aspartic-type endopeptidase activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to hydroxyurea; regulation of DNA stability; and regulation of protein stability. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

N-6 adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase 1 (putative)

This gene encodes an N(6)-adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase. The encoded enzyme may be involved in the methylation of release factor I during translation termination. This enzyme is also involved in converting the arsenic metabolite monomethylarsonous acid to the less toxic dimethylarsonic acid. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 11. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2023]

N-6 adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase 2 (putative)

Enables protein-lysine N-methyltransferase activity. Involved in peptidyl-lysine methylation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3-like

single stranded DNA binding protein 4 pseudogene

single stranded DNA binding protein 4

Predicted to enable single-stranded DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

polymerase (RNA) mitochondrial (DNA directed) pseudogene

DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G-like

single stranded DNA binding protein 4 pseudogene

tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2

This gene encodes a member of a superfamily of divalent cation-dependent phosphodiesterases. The encoded protein associates with CD40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-75 and TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs), and inhibits nuclear factor-kappa-B activation. This protein has sequence and structural similarities with APE1 endonuclease, which is involved in both DNA repair and the activation of transcription factors. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha

This gene is a member of a group of genes whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. The protein encoded by this gene responds to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway via MTK1/MEKK4 kinase. The DNA damage-induced transcription of this gene is mediated by both p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta

This gene is a member of a group of genes whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. The genes in this group respond to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway. This activation is mediated via their proteins binding and activating MTK1/MEKK4 kinase, which is an upstream activator of both p38 and JNK MAPKs. The function of these genes or their protein products is involved in the regulation of growth and apoptosis. These genes are regulated by different mechanisms, but they are often coordinately expressed and can function cooperatively in inhibiting cell growth. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma

This gene is a member of a group of genes whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. The protein encoded by this gene responds to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway via MTK1/MEKK4 kinase. The GADD45G is highly expressed in placenta. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide G (32kD) pseudogene 2

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide G (32kD) pseudogene 1

polymerase (DNA directed) nu

This gene encodes a DNA polymerase type-A family member. The encoded protein plays a role in DNA repair and homologous recombination. This gene shares its 5' exons with some transcripts from overlapping GeneID: 79441, which encodes an augmentin-like protein complex subunit. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide C, pseudogene

CENPB DNA-binding domains containing 1

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Predicted to be located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DNA nucleotidylexotransferase

This gene is a member of the DNA polymerase type-X family and encodes a template-independent DNA polymerase that catalyzes the addition of deoxynucleotides to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus of oligonucleotide primers. In vivo, the encoded protein is expressed in a restricted population of normal and malignant pre-B and pre-T lymphocytes during early differentiation, where it generates antigen receptor diversity by synthesizing non-germ line elements (N-regions) at the junctions of rearranged Ig heavy chain and T cell receptor gene segments. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms of this gene have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

primase, DNA, polypeptide 1 (49kDa)

The replication of DNA in eukaryotic cells is carried out by a complex chromosomal replication apparatus, in which DNA polymerase alpha and primase are two key enzymatic components. Primase, which is a heterodimer of a small subunit and a large subunit, synthesizes small RNA primers for the Okazaki fragments made during discontinuous DNA replication. The protein encoded by this gene is the small, 49 kDa primase subunit. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

primase, DNA, polypeptide 2 (58kDa)

This gene encodes the 58 kilodalton subunit of DNA primase, an enzyme that plays a key role in the replication of DNA. The encoded protein forms a heterodimer with a 49 kilodalton subunit. This heterodimer functions as a DNA-directed RNA polymerase to synthesize small RNA primers that are used to create Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand of the DNA. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. This gene has a related pseudogene, which is also present on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide E, 25kDa pseudogene

Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain containing 2 pseudogene 1

primase and polymerase (DNA-directed)

This gene encodes a DNA primase-polymerase that belongs to a superfamily of archaeao-eukaryotic primases. Members of this family have primase activity, catalyzing the synthesis of short RNA primers that serve as starting points for DNA synthesis, as well as DNA polymerase activity. The encoded protein facilitates DNA damage tolerance by mediating uninterrupted fork progression after UV irradiation and reinitiating DNA synthesis. An allelic variant in this gene is associated with myopia 22. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in repairing stalled topoisomerase I-DNA complexes by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond between the tyrosine residue of topoisomerase I and the 3-prime phosphate of DNA. This protein may also remove glycolate from single-stranded DNA containing 3-prime phosphoglycolate, suggesting a role in repair of free-radical mediated DNA double-strand breaks. This gene is a member of the phospholipase D family and contains two PLD phosphodiesterase domains. Mutations in this gene are associated with the disease spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy (SCAN1). [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC5

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide F, 39 kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is one of more than a dozen subunits forming eukaryotic RNA polymerase III (RNA Pol III), which transcribes 5S ribosomal RNA and tRNA genes. This protein has been shown to bind both TFIIIB90 and TBP, two subunits of RNA polymerase III transcription initiation factor IIIB (TFIIIB). Unlike most of the other RNA Pol III subunits, the encoded protein is unique to this polymerase. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide G (32kD)

Enables chromatin binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of innate immune response; positive regulation of interferon-beta production; and transcription by RNA polymerase III. Acts upstream of or within cell population proliferation. Located in cytosol and nuclear body. Part of RNA polymerase III complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide D, 44kDa

This gene complements a temperature-sensitive mutant isolated from the BHK-21 Syrian hamster cell line. It leads to a block in progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle at nonpermissive temperatures. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide E (80kD)

Predicted to be involved in tRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of RNA polymerase III complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide B

This gene encodes the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase III, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing transfer and small ribosomal RNAs in eukaryotes. The largest subunit and the encoded protein form the catalytic center of RNA polymerase III. Mutations in this gene are a cause of hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide C (62kD)

Enables single-stranded DNA binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of innate immune response and positive regulation of interferon-beta production. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of RNA polymerase III complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide A, 155kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is the catalytic component of RNA polymerase III, which synthesizes small RNAs. The encoded protein also acts as a sensor to detect foreign DNA and trigger an innate immune response. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide K, 12.3 kDa

This gene encodes a small essential subunit of RNA polymerase III, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing transfer and small ribosomal RNAs in eukaryotes. The carboxy-terminal domain of this subunit shares a high degree of sequence similarity to the carboxy-terminal domain of an RNA polymerase II elongation factor. This similarity in sequence is supported by functional studies showing that this subunit is required for proper pausing and termination during transcription. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 13 and 17.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide H (22.9kD)

Enables DNA-directed 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity. Involved in transcription by RNA polymerase III. Located in centrosome and nucleoplasm. Part of RNA polymerase III complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1

This gene encodes an enzyme that transfers methyl groups to cytosine nucleotides of genomic DNA. This protein is the major enzyme responsible for maintaining methylation patterns following DNA replication and shows a preference for hemi-methylated DNA. Methylation of DNA is an important component of mammalian epigenetic gene regulation. Aberrant methylation patterns are found in human tumors and associated with developmental abnormalities. Variation in this gene has been associated with cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy, and neuropathy, hereditary sensory, type IE. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic polypeptide

This gene encodes the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). It functions with the Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer protein in DNA double strand break repair and recombination. The protein encoded is a member of the PI3/PI4-kinase family.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

DNA replication and sister chromatid cohesion 1

CHTF18 (MIM 613201), CHTF8 (MIM 613202), and DSCC1 are components of an alternative replication factor C (RFC) (see MIM 600404) complex that loads PCNA (MIM 176740) onto DNA during S phase of the cell cycle (Merkle et al., 2003 [PubMed 12766176]; Bermudez et al., 2003 [PubMed 12930902]).[supplied by OMIM, Dec 2009]

uracil-DNA glycosylase pseudogene

DNA segment on chromosome 6 (unique, pseudogene) 2723 expressed sequence

DNA cross-link repair 1C pseudogene 1

DNA replication helicase/nuclease 2

This gene encodes a member of the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family. The encoded protein is a conserved helicase/nuclease involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA stability. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia-6 (PEOA6) and Seckel syndrome 8. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014]

DNA methyltransferase 3A pseudogene 1

damage-specific DNA binding protein 2, 48kDa

This gene encodes a protein that is necessary for the repair of ultraviolet light-damaged DNA. This protein is the smaller subunit of a heterodimeric protein complex that participates in nucleotide excision repair, and this complex mediates the ubiquitylation of histones H3 and H4, which facilitates the cellular response to DNA damage. This subunit appears to be required for DNA binding. Mutations in this gene cause xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E, a recessive disease that is characterized by an increased sensitivity to UV light and a high predisposition for skin cancer development, in some cases accompanied by neurological abnormalities. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

single stranded DNA binding protein 3 pseudogene

single stranded DNA binding protein 4 pseudogene

TAR DNA-binding protein 43 pseudogene

chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the formation of the pre-replication complex that is necessary for DNA replication. The encoded protein can bind geminin, which prevents replication and may function to prevent this protein from initiating replication at inappropriate origins. Phosphorylation of this protein by cyclin A-dependent kinases results in degradation of the protein. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

polymerase (DNA-directed), delta 4, accessory subunit

This gene encodes the smallest subunit of DNA polymerase delta. DNA polymerase delta possesses both polymerase and 3' to 5' exonuclease activity and plays a critical role in DNA replication and repair. The encoded protein enhances the activity of DNA polymerase delta and plays a role in fork repair and stabilization through interactions with the DNA helicase Bloom syndrome protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

helicase (DNA) B

This gene encodes a DNA-dependent ATPase which catalyzes the unwinding of DNA necessary for DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. This gene is thought to function specifically during the S phase entry of the cell cycle. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

Z-DNA binding protein 1

This gene encodes a Z-DNA binding protein. The encoded protein plays a role in the innate immune response by binding to foreign DNA and inducing type-I interferon production. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

polymerase (DNA directed), epsilon 3, accessory subunit

POLE3 is a histone-fold protein that interacts with other histone-fold proteins to bind DNA in a sequence-independent manner. These histone-fold protein dimers combine within larger enzymatic complexes for DNA transcription, replication, and packaging.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

AT hook, DNA binding motif, containing 1

This gene encodes a protein containing two AT-hooks, which likely function in DNA binding. Mutations in this gene were found in individuals with Xia-Gibbs syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

Oncogene liposarcoma (DNA segment, single copy, expressed, probes

RFX family member 8, lacking RFX DNA binding domain

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in chromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TAR DNA binding protein pseudogene

DNA directed RNA polymerase II polypeptide J-related gene

DNA directed RNA polymerase II polypeptide J-related gene

TAR DNA-binding protein 43 pseudogene

alkylated DNA repair protein alkB homolog 8-like

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide K, 12.3 kDa pseudogene 2

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide K, 12.3 kDa pseudogene 1

polymerase (DNA-directed), delta interacting protein 3

This gene encodes an RRM (RNA recognition motif)-containing protein that participates in the regulation of translation by recruiting ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 to mRNAs. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

polymerase (DNA-directed), delta interacting protein 2

This gene encodes a protein that interacts with the DNA polymerase delta p50 subunit, as well as with proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The encoded protein maybe play a role in the ability of the replication fork to bypass DNA lesions. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

DNA fragmentation factor, 45kDa, alpha polypeptide

Apoptosis is a cell death process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. DFFA is the substrate for caspase-3 and triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. The cleaved fragments of DFFA dissociate from DFFB, the active component of DFF. DFFB has been found to trigger both DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DNA fragmentation factor, 40kDa, beta polypeptide (caspase-activated DNase)

Apoptosis is a cell death process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. DFFA is the substrate for caspase-3 and triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. The cleaved fragments of DFFA dissociate from DFFB, the active component of DFF. DFFB has been found to trigger both DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene but the biological validity of some of these variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

REV3-like, polymerase (DNA directed), zeta, catalytic subunit

The protein encoded by this gene represents the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase zeta, which functions in translesion DNA synthesis. The encoded protein can be found in mitochondria, where it protects DNA from damage. Defects in this gene are a cause of Mobius syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

p53 and DNA damage-regulated protein 1 pseudogene

multiciliate differentiation and DNA synthesis associated cell cycle protein

This gene encodes a member of the geminin family of proteins. The encoded nuclear protein is required for the generation of multiciliated cells in respiratory epithelium. Mutations in this gene cause a rare mucociliary clearance disorder associated with recurring respiratory infections in human patients, known as reduced generation of multiple motile cilia (RGMC). [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

WD repeat and HMG-box DNA binding protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene contains multiple N-terminal WD40 domains and a C-terminal high mobility group (HMG) box. WD40 domains are found in a variety of eukaryotic proteins and may function as adaptor/regulatory modules in signal transduction, pre-mRNA processing and cytoskeleton assembly. HMG boxes are found in many eukaryotic proteins involved in chromatin assembly, transcription and replication. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DNA primase large subunit-like

single stranded DNA binding protein 4 pseudogene

single stranded DNA binding protein 3 pseudogene

thymine-DNA glycosylase pseudogene 1

REV1, polymerase (DNA directed)

This gene encodes a protein with similarity to the S. cerevisiae mutagenesis protein Rev1. The Rev1 proteins contain a BRCT domain, which is important in protein-protein interactions. A suggested role for the human Rev1-like protein is as a scaffold that recruits DNA polymerases involved in translesion synthesis (TLS) of damaged DNA. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

TAR DNA-binding protein 43-like

inhibitor of DNA binding 2B, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein (pseudogene)

RAD1 checkpoint DNA exonuclease

This gene encodes a component of a heterotrimeric cell cycle checkpoint complex, known as the 9-1-1 complex, that is activated to stop cell cycle progression in response to DNA damage or incomplete DNA replication. The 9-1-1 complex is recruited by RAD17 to affected sites where it may attract specialized DNA polymerases and other DNA repair effectors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

uracil-DNA glycosylase pseudogene

PIF1 5'-to-3' DNA helicase

This gene encodes a DNA-dependent adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-metabolizing enzyme that functions as a 5' to 3' DNA helicase. The encoded protein can resolve G-quadruplex structures and RNA-DNA hybrids at the ends of chromosomes. It also prevents telomere elongation by inhibiting the actions of telomerase. Alternative splicing and the use of alternative start codons results in multiple isoforms that are differentially localized to either the mitochondria or the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide K, 7.0kDa pseudogene 1

topoisomerase (DNA) III beta pseudogene 1

This gene was predicted by automated computational analysis. It encodes a protein with similarity to human topoisomerase (DNA) III beta, which is thought to relax supercoiled DNA upon replication, transcription, and cell division. This gene lies in the immunoglobulin lambda gene cluster on chromosome 22q11.21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain containing 4 with coiled-coils

Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain containing 1

Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be active in nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain containing 2

Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain containing 3

TAR DNA binding protein

HIV-1, the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), contains an RNA genome that produces a chromosomally integrated DNA during the replicative cycle. Activation of HIV-1 gene expression by the transactivator Tat is dependent on an RNA regulatory element (TAR) located downstream of the transcription initiation site. The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional repressor that binds to chromosomally integrated TAR DNA and represses HIV-1 transcription. In addition, this protein regulates alternate splicing of the CFTR gene. A similar pseudogene is present on chromosome 20. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Banded krait minor satellite DNA-1

polymerase (DNA directed), gamma

Mitochondrial DNA polymerase is heterotrimeric, consisting of a homodimer of accessory subunits plus a catalytic subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is the catalytic subunit of mitochondrial DNA polymerase. The encoded protein contains a polyglutamine tract near its N-terminus that may be polymorphic. Defects in this gene are a cause of progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions 1 (PEOA1), sensory ataxic neuropathy dysarthria and ophthalmoparesis (SANDO), Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS), and mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome (MNGIE). Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (DNA directed), epsilon, catalytic subunit

This gene encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase epsilon. The enzyme is involved in DNA repair and chromosomal DNA replication. Mutations in this gene have been associated with colorectal cancer 12 and facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

polymerase (DNA directed), beta

The protein encoded by this gene is a DNA polymerase involved in base excision and repair, also called gap-filling DNA synthesis. The encoded protein, acting as a monomer, is normally found in the cytoplasm, but it translocates to the nucleus upon DNA damage. Several transcript variants of this gene exist, but the full-length nature of only one has been described to date. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

polymerase (DNA directed), mu

Predicted to enable DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity. Predicted to be involved in double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining. Predicted to act upstream of or within B cell differentiation and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

polymerase (DNA directed), lambda

This gene encodes a DNA polymerase. DNA polymerases catalyze DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of a DNA strand. This particular polymerase, which is a member of the X family of DNA polymerases, likely plays a role in non-homologous end joining and other DNA repair processes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

polymerase (DNA directed) kappa

This gene encodes a member of the DNA polymerase type-Y family of proteins. The encoded protein is a specialized DNA polymerase that catalyzes translesion DNA synthesis, which allows DNA replication in the presence of DNA lesions. Human cell lines lacking a functional copy of this gene exhibit impaired genome integrity and enhanced susceptibility to oxidative damage. Mutations in this gene that impair enzyme activity may be associated with prostate cancer in human patients. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

polymerase (DNA directed) iota

The protein encoded by this gene is an error-prone DNA polymerase involved in DNA repair. The encoded protein promotes DNA synthesis across lesions in the template DNA, which other polymerases cannot do. The encoded polymerase inserts deoxynucleotides across lesions and then relies on DNA polymerase zeta to extend the nascent DNA strand to bypass the lesion. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

polymerase (DNA directed), eta

This gene encodes a member of the Y family of specialized DNA polymerases. It copies undamaged DNA with a lower fidelity than other DNA-directed polymerases. However, it accurately replicates UV-damaged DNA; when thymine dimers are present, this polymerase inserts the complementary nucleotides in the newly synthesized DNA, thereby bypassing the lesion and suppressing the mutagenic effect of UV-induced DNA damage. This polymerase is thought to be involved in hypermutation during immunoglobulin class switch recombination. Mutations in this gene result in XPV, a variant type of xeroderma pigmentosum. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain containing 3 pseudogene

polymerase (DNA directed), epsilon 2, accessory subunit

DNA polymerase epsilon, which is involved in DNA repair and replication, is composed of a large catalytic subunit and a small accessory subunit. The protein encoded by this gene represents the small subunit (B). Defects in this gene have been linked to colorectal cancer and to combined immunodeficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

polymerase (DNA-directed), epsilon 4, accessory subunit

POLE4 is a histone-fold protein that interacts with other histone-fold proteins to bind DNA in a sequence-independent manner. These histone-fold protein dimers combine within larger enzymatic complexes for DNA transcription, replication, and packaging.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

topoisomerase (DNA) II beta 180kDa

This gene encodes a DNA topoisomerase, an enzyme that controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during transcription. This nuclear enzyme is involved in processes such as chromosome condensation, chromatid separation, and the relief of torsional stress that occurs during DNA transcription and replication. It catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of two strands of duplex DNA which allows the strands to pass through one another, thus altering the topology of DNA. Two forms of this enzyme exist as likely products of a gene duplication event. The gene encoding this form, beta, is localized to chromosome 3 and the alpha form is localized to chromosome 17. The gene encoding this enzyme functions as the target for several anticancer agents and a variety of mutations in this gene have been associated with the development of drug resistance. Reduced activity of this enzyme may also play a role in ataxia-telangiectasia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha 170kDa

This gene encodes a DNA topoisomerase, an enzyme that controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during transcription. This nuclear enzyme is involved in processes such as chromosome condensation, chromatid separation, and the relief of torsional stress that occurs during DNA transcription and replication. It catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of two strands of duplex DNA which allows the strands to pass through one another, thus altering the topology of DNA. Two forms of this enzyme exist as likely products of a gene duplication event. The gene encoding this form, alpha, is localized to chromosome 17 and the beta gene is localized to chromosome 3. The gene encoding this enzyme functions as the target for several anticancer agents and a variety of mutations in this gene have been associated with the development of drug resistance. Reduced activity of this enzyme may also play a role in ataxia-telangiectasia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma interacting protein 1

This gene encodes a nuclear-localized protein that may be induced by p53 and regulates the cell cycle by inhibiting G1 to S phase progression. The encoded protein may interact with other cell cycle regulators. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

DNA cross-link repair 1B

DNA interstrand cross-links prevent strand separation, thereby physically blocking transcription, replication, and segregation of DNA. DCLRE1B is one of several evolutionarily conserved genes involved in repair of interstrand cross-links (Dronkert et al., 2000 [PubMed 10848582]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

DNA cross-link repair 1C

This gene encodes a nuclear protein that is involved in V(D)J recombination and DNA repair. The encoded protein has single-strand-specific 5'-3' exonuclease activity; it also exhibits endonuclease activity on 5' and 3' overhangs and hairpins. The protein also functions in the regulation of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. Mutations in this gene can cause Athabascan-type severe combined immunodeficiency (SCIDA) and Omenn syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

DNA cross-link repair 1A

This gene encodes a conserved protein that is involved in the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links. DNA cross-links suppress transcription, replication, and DNA segregation. The encoded protein is a regulator of the mitotic cell cycle checkpoint. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

DNA fragmentation factor, 40kDa, beta polypeptide pseudogene 1

killin, p53-regulated DNA replication inhibitor

The protein encoded by this intronless gene is found in the nucleus, where it can inhibit DNA synthesis and promote S phase arrest coupled to apoptosis. The expression of this DNA binding protein is upregulated by transcription factor p53. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1-like

This gene encodes a DNA helicase protein involved in DNA repair. The protein converts ATP to add poly(ADP-ribose) as it regulates chromatin relaxation following DNA damage. Overexpression of this gene has been linked to several types of cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1

The CHD family of proteins is characterized by the presence of chromo (chromatin organization modifier) domains and SNF2-related helicase/ATPase domains. CHD genes alter gene expression possibly by modification of chromatin structure thus altering access of the transcriptional apparatus to its chromosomal DNA template. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 3

This gene encodes a member of the CHD family of proteins which are characterized by the presence of chromo (chromatin organization modifier) domains and SNF2-related helicase/ATPase domains. This protein is one of the components of a histone deacetylase complex referred to as the Mi-2/NuRD complex which participates in the remodeling of chromatin by deacetylating histones. Chromatin remodeling is essential for many processes including transcription. Autoantibodies against this protein are found in a subset of patients with dermatomyositis. Three alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2

The CHD family of proteins is characterized by the presence of chromo (chromatin organization modifier) domains and SNF2-related helicase/ATPase domains. CHD genes alter gene expression possibly by modification of chromatin structure thus altering access of the transcriptional apparatus to its chromosomal DNA template. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 5

This gene encodes a member of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein family. Members of this family are characterized by a chromodomain, a helicase ATP-binding domain and an additional functional domain. This gene encodes a neuron-specific protein that may function in chromatin remodeling and gene transcription. This gene is a potential tumor suppressor gene that may play a role in the development of neuroblastoma. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4

The product of this gene belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. It represents the main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex and plays an important role in epigenetic transcriptional repression. Patients with dermatomyositis develop antibodies against this protein. Somatic mutations in this gene are associated with serous endometrial tumors. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7

This gene encodes a protein that contains several helicase family domains. Mutations in this gene have been found in some patients with the CHARGE syndrome. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 6

This gene encodes a member of the SNF2/RAD54 helicase protein family. The encoded protein contains two chromodomains, a helicase domain, and an ATPase domain. Several multi-subunit protein complexes remodel chromatin to allow patterns of cell type-specific gene expression, and the encoded protein is thought to be a core member of one or more of these chromatin remodeling complexes. The encoded protein may function as a transcriptional repressor and is involved in the cellular repression of influenza virus replication. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 9

Predicted to enable several functions, including ATP binding activity; ATP hydrolysis activity; and ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA. Predicted to be involved in DNA duplex unwinding; chromatin looping; and chromatin remodeling. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8

This gene encodes a member of the chromodomain-helicase-DNA binding protein family, which is characterized by a SNF2-like domain and two chromatin organization modifier domains. The encoded protein also contains brahma and kismet domains, which are common to the subfamily of chromodomain-helicase-DNA binding proteins to which this protein belongs. This gene has been shown to function in several processes that include transcriptional regulation, epigenetic remodeling, promotion of cell proliferation, and regulation of RNA synthesis. Allelic variants of this gene are associated with autism spectrum disorder. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

CENPB DNA-binding domains containing 1 pseudogene 1

N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase

Predicted to enable alkylbase DNA N-glycosylase activity. Predicted to be involved in base-excision repair. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

polymerase (RNA) mitochondrial (DNA directed)

This gene encodes a mitochondrial DNA-directed RNA polymerase. The gene product is responsible for mitochondrial gene expression as well as for providing RNA primers for initiation of replication of the mitochondrial genome. Although this polypeptide has the same function as the three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases, it is more closely related to RNA polymerases of phage and mitochondrial polymerases of lower eukaryotes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 1 pseudogene

O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase

Alkylating agents are potent carcinogens that can result in cell death, mutation and cancer. The protein encoded by this gene is a DNA repair protein that is involved in cellular defense against mutagenesis and toxicity from alkylating agents. The protein catalyzes transfer of methyl groups from O(6)-alkylguanine and other methylated moieties of the DNA to its own molecule, which repairs the toxic lesions. Methylation of the genes promoter has been associated with several cancer types, including colorectal cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma and glioblastoma. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

geminin, DNA replication inhibitor

This gene encodes a protein that plays a critical role in cell cycle regulation. The encoded protein inhibits DNA replication by binding to DNA replication factor Cdt1, preventing the incorporation of minichromosome maintenance proteins into the pre-replication complex. The encoded protein is expressed during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle and is degraded by the anaphase-promoting complex during the metaphase-anaphase transition. Increased expression of this gene may play a role in several malignancies including colon, rectal and breast cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene, and two pseudogenes of this gene are located on the short arm of chromosome 16. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

polymerase (DNA directed), theta

Enables several functions, including catalytic activity, acting on DNA; identical protein binding activity; and magnesium ion binding activity. Involved in DNA metabolic process; negative regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination; and protein homooligomerization. Located in Golgi apparatus; cytosol; and nucleoplasm. Is active in mitochondrial nucleoid; nucleus; and site of double-strand break. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha pseudogene 1

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide G (32kD)-like

Predicted to enable chromatin binding activity. Involved in transcription by RNA polymerase III. Located in nucleus. Part of RNA polymerase III complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

single-stranded DNA binding protein 2 pseudogene

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide L pseudogene

DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 1

This gene is regulated as part of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway. The gene encodes a lysosomal membrane protein that is required for the induction of autophagy by the pathway. Decreased transcriptional expression of this gene is associated with various tumors. This gene has a pseudogene on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 2

The protein encoded by this gene binds microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 and is required for autophagy. Defects in this gene are a cause of retinal dystrophy. In addition, two microRNAs (microRNA 125b-1 and microRNA 144) can bind to the mRNA of this gene and produce the disease state. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

APEX nuclease (multifunctional DNA repair enzyme) 1

The APEX gene encodes the major AP endonuclease in human cells. It encodes the APEX endonuclease, a DNA repair enzyme with apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) activity. Such AP activity sites occur frequently in DNA molecules by spontaneous hydrolysis, by DNA damaging agents or by DNA glycosylases that remove specific abnormal bases. The AP sites are the most frequent pre-mutagenic lesions that can prevent normal DNA replication. Splice variants have been found for this gene; all encode the same protein. Disruptions in the biological functions related to APEX are associated with many various malignancies and neurodegenerative diseases.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2019]

8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase

This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for the excision of 8-oxoguanine, a mutagenic base byproduct which occurs as a result of exposure to reactive oxygen. The action of this enzyme includes lyase activity for chain cleavage. Alternative splicing of the C-terminal region of this gene classifies splice variants into two major groups, type 1 and type 2, depending on the last exon of the sequence. Type 1 alternative splice variants end with exon 7 and type 2 end with exon 8. All variants share the N-terminal region in common, which contains a mitochondrial targeting signal that is essential for mitochondrial localization. Many alternative splice variants for this gene have been described, but the full-length nature for every variant has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

topoisomerase (DNA) I pseudogene 1

topoisomerase (DNA) I pseudogene 2

scaffolding protein involved in DNA repair

Involved in several processes, including cellular response to camptothecin; cellular response to hydroxyurea; and regulation of double-strand break repair. Located in nuclear chromosome and nucleoplasm. Implicated in 46 XX gonadal dysgenesis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

p53 and DNA-damage regulated 1

Predicted to enable unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein stabilization. Part of RPAP3/R2TP/prefoldin-like complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DNA methyltransferase 1 associated protein 1

This gene encodes a subunit of several, distinct complexes involved in the repression or activation of transcription. The encoded protein can independently repress transcription and is targeted to replication foci throughout S phase by interacting directly with the N-terminus of DNA methyltransferase 1. During late S phase, histone deacetylase 2 is added to this complex, providing a means to deacetylate histones in transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin following replication. The encoded protein is also a component of the nucleosome acetyltransferase of H4 complex and interacts with the transcriptional corepressor tumor susceptibility gene 101 and the pro-apoptotic death-associated protein 6, among others. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase 1

This gene encodes a protein that participates in base excision repair by removing uracil from single- and double-stranded DNA. Many alternatively spliced transcript variants exist for this gene; the full-length nature is known for some but not all of the variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

SON DNA binding protein

This gene encodes a protein that contains multiple simple repeats. The encoded protein binds RNA and promotes pre-mRNA splicing, particularly of transcripts with poor splice sites. The protein also recognizes a specific DNA sequence found in the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and represses HBV core promoter activity. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4-like

Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of signal transduction. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

uracil-DNA glycosylase pseudogene

geminin, DNA replication inhibitor pseudogene 1

damage-specific DNA binding protein 1, 127kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is the large subunit (p127) of the heterodimeric DNA damage-binding (DDB) complex while another protein (p48) forms the small subunit. This protein complex functions in nucleotide-excision repair and binds to DNA following UV damage. Defective activity of this complex causes the repair defect in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E (XPE) - an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by photosensitivity and early onset of carcinomas. However, it remains for mutation analysis to demonstrate whether the defect in XPE patients is in this gene or the gene encoding the small subunit. In addition, Best vitelliform mascular dystrophy is mapped to the same region as this gene on 11q, but no sequence alternations of this gene are demonstrated in Best disease patients. The protein encoded by this gene also functions as an adaptor molecule for the cullin 4 (CUL4) ubiquitin E3 ligase complex by facilitating the binding of substrates to this complex and the ubiquitination of proteins. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

polymerase (DNA directed), alpha 2, accessory subunit

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Involved in DNA replication initiation and DNA replication, synthesis of primer. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of alpha DNA polymerase:primase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

polymerase (DNA directed), alpha 1, catalytic subunit

This gene encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase, which together with a regulatory and two primase subunits, forms the DNA polymerase alpha complex. The catalytic subunit plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide K, 7.0kDa pseudogene 2

MMS22-like, DNA repair protein

The protein encoded by this gene forms a complex with tonsoku-like, DNA repair protein (TONSL), and this complex recognizes and repairs DNA double-strand breaks at sites of stalled or collapsed replication forks. The encoded protein also can bind with the histone-associated protein NFKBIL2 to help regulate the chromatin state at stalled replication forks. Finally, this gene appears to be overexpressed in most lung and esophageal cancers. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide D, 44kDa pseudogene 1

topoisomerase (DNA) I, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial DNA topoisomerase that plays a role in the modification of DNA topology. The encoded protein is a type IB topoisomerase and catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of DNA to relieve tension and DNA supercoiling generated in the mitochondrial genome during replication and transcription. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 beta

CpG methylation is an epigenetic modification that is important for embryonic development, imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation. Studies in mice have demonstrated that DNA methylation is required for mammalian development. This gene encodes a DNA methyltransferase which is thought to function in de novo methylation, rather than maintenance methylation. The protein localizes primarily to the nucleus and its expression is developmentally regulated. Mutations in this gene cause the immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome. Eight alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. The full length sequences of variants 4 and 5 have not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 alpha

CpG methylation is an epigenetic modification that is important for embryonic development, imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation. Studies in mice have demonstrated that DNA methylation is required for mammalian development. This gene encodes a DNA methyltransferase that is thought to function in de novo methylation, rather than maintenance methylation. The protein localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleus and its expression is developmentally regulated. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3-like

CpG methylation is an epigenetic modification that is important for embryonic development, imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation. Studies in mice have demonstrated that DNA methylation is required for mammalian development. This gene encodes a nuclear protein with similarity to DNA methyltransferases, but is not thought to function as a DNA methyltransferase as it does not contain the amino acid residues necessary for methyltransferase activity. However, it does stimulate de novo methylation by DNA cytosine methyltransferase 3 alpha and is thought to be required for the establishment of maternal genomic imprints. This protein also mediates transcriptional repression through interaction with histone deacetylase 1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1-like

N-6 adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase 1 (putative) pseudogene

uracil-DNA glycosylase

This gene encodes one of several uracil-DNA glycosylases. One important function of uracil-DNA glycosylases is to prevent mutagenesis by eliminating uracil from DNA molecules by cleaving the N-glycosylic bond and initiating the base-excision repair (BER) pathway. Uracil bases occur from cytosine deamination or misincorporation of dUMP residues. Alternative promoter usage and splicing of this gene leads to two different isoforms: the mitochondrial UNG1 and the nuclear UNG2. The UNG2 term was used as a previous symbol for the CCNO gene (GeneID 10309), which has been confused with this gene, in the literature and some databases. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

Kin17 DNA and RNA binding protein

The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear protein that forms intranuclear foci during proliferation and is redistributed in the nucleoplasm during the cell cycle. Short-wave ultraviolet light provokes the relocalization of the protein, suggesting its participation in the cellular response to DNA damage. Originally selected based on protein-binding with RecA antibodies, the mouse protein presents a limited similarity with a functional domain of the bacterial RecA protein, a characteristic shared by this human ortholog. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide J4, pseudogene

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide J2

This gene is a member of the RNA polymerase II subunit 11 gene family, which includes three genes in a cluster on chromosome 7q22.1 and a pseudogene on chromosome 7p13. The founding member of this family, DNA directed RNA polymerase II polypeptide J, has been shown to encode a subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. This locus produces multiple, alternatively spliced transcripts that potentially express isoforms with distinct C-termini compared to DNA directed RNA polymerase II polypeptide J. Most or all variants are spliced to include additional non-coding exons at the 3' end which makes them candidates for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). Consequently, it is not known if this locus expresses a protein or proteins in vivo. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide J3

This gene is a member of the RNA polymerase II subunit 11 gene family, which includes three genes in a cluster on chromosome 7q22.1 and a pseudogene on chromosome 7p13. The founding member of this family, DNA directed RNA polymerase II polypeptide J, has been shown to encode a subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. This locus produces multiple, alternatively spliced transcripts that potentially express isoforms with distinct C-termini compared to DNA directed RNA polymerase II polypeptide J. Most or all variants are spliced to include additional non-coding exons at the 3' end which makes them candidates for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). Consequently, it is not known if this locus expresses a protein or proteins in vivo. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (DNA directed), delta 2, accessory subunit pseudogene 1

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide E, 25kDa

This gene encodes the fifth largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. This subunit is shared by the other two DNA-directed RNA polymerases and is present in two-fold molar excess over the other polymerase subunits. An interaction between this subunit and a hepatitis virus transactivating protein has been demonstrated, suggesting that interaction between transcriptional activators and the polymerase can occur through this subunit. A pseudogene is located on chromosome 11. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide D

This gene encodes the fourth largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. In yeast, this polymerase subunit is associated with the polymerase under suboptimal growth conditions and may have a stress protective role. A sequence for a ribosomal pseudogene is contained within the 3' untranslated region of the transcript from this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide G

This gene encodes the seventh largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. The protein functions in transcription initiation, and is also thought to help stabilize transcribing polyermase molecules during elongation. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide F

This gene encodes the sixth largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. In yeast, this polymerase subunit, in combination with at least two other subunits, forms a structure that stabilizes the transcribing polymerase on the DNA template. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide A, 220kDa

This gene encodes the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. The product of this gene contains a carboxy terminal domain composed of heptapeptide repeats that are essential for polymerase activity. These repeats contain serine and threonine residues that are phosphorylated in actively transcribing RNA polymerase. In addition, this subunit, in combination with several other polymerase subunits, forms the DNA binding domain of the polymerase, a groove in which the DNA template is transcribed into RNA. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide C, 33kDa

This gene encodes the third largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. The product of this gene contains a cysteine rich region and exists as a heterodimer with another polymerase subunit, POLR2J. These two subunits form a core subassembly unit of the polymerase. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide B, 140kDa

This gene encodes the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II), a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that catalyzes the transcription of DNA into precursors of mRNA, snRNA and microRNA. This subunit and the largest subunit form opposite sides of the center cleft of Pol II. Deletion of the flap loop region of this subunit results in a decrease in the rate of transcriptional elongation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide M

This gene encodes a subunit of a specific form of RNA polymerase II termed Pol II(G). The encoded protein may act as a negative regulator of transcriptional activation by the Mediator complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 4. Readthrough transcription between this gene and the neighboring upstream gene MYZAP (myocardial zonula adherens protein) is represented with GeneID 145781. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2013]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide L, 7.6kDa

This gene encodes a subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. The product of this gene contains four conserved cysteines characteristic of an atypical zinc-binding domain. Like its counterpart in yeast, this subunit may be shared by the other two DNA-directed RNA polymerases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide I, 14.5kDa

This gene encodes a subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. This subunit, in combination with two other polymerase subunits, forms the DNA binding domain of the polymerase, a groove in which the DNA template is transcribed into RNA. The product of this gene has two zinc finger motifs with conserved cysteines and the subunit does possess zinc binding activity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide H

The three eukaryotic RNA polymerases are complex multisubunit enzymes that play a central role in the transcription of nuclear genes. This gene encodes an essential and highly conserved subunit of RNA polymerase II that is shared by the other two eukaryotic DNA-directed RNA polymerases, I and III. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide K, 7.0kDa

This gene encodes one of the smallest subunits of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. This subunit is shared by the other two DNA-directed RNA polymerases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide J, 13.3kDa

This gene encodes a subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. The product of this gene exists as a heterodimer with another polymerase subunit; together they form a core subassembly unit of the polymerase. Two similar genes are located nearby on chromosome 7q22.1 and a pseudogene is found on chromosome 7p13. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G-like

topoisomerase (DNA) III alpha

This gene encodes a DNA topoisomerase, an enzyme that controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during transcription. This enzyme catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of a single strand of DNA which allows the strands to pass through one another, thus reducing the number of supercoils and altering the topology of DNA. This enzyme forms a complex with BLM which functions in the regulation of recombination in somatic cells. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

topoisomerase (DNA) III beta

This gene encodes a DNA topoisomerase, an enzyme that controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during transcription. This enzyme catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of a single strand of DNA which allows the strands to pass through one another, thus relaxing the supercoils and altering the topology of DNA. The enzyme interacts with DNA helicase SGS1 and plays a role in DNA recombination, cellular aging and maintenance of genome stability. Low expression of this gene may be related to higher survival rates in breast cancer patients. This gene has a pseudogene on chromosome 22. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Additional alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

DNA meiotic recombinase 1

This gene encodes a member of the superfamily of recombinases (also called DNA strand-exchange proteins). Recombinases are important for repairing double-strand DNA breaks during mitosis and meiosis. This protein, which is evolutionarily conserved, is reported to be essential for meiotic homologous recombination and may thus play an important role in generating diversity of genetic information. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

single-stranded DNA binding protein 1, mitochondrial

SSBP1 is a housekeeping gene involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (Tiranti et al., 1995 [PubMed 7789991]). It is also a subunit of a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding complex involved in the maintenance of genome stability (Huang et al., 2009) [PubMed 19683501].[supplied by OMIM, Feb 2010]

single stranded DNA binding protein 3

Predicted to enable single-stranded DNA binding activity and transcription coactivator activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. Predicted to be part of transcription regulator complex. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

single-stranded DNA binding protein 2

This gene encodes a subunit of a protein complex that interacts with single-stranded DNA and is involved in the DNA damage response and maintenance of genome stability. The encoded protein may also play a role in telomere repair. A variant of this gene may be associated with survival in human glioblastoma patients. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

polymerase (DNA directed), delta 1, catalytic subunit 125kDa pseudogene

topoisomerase (DNA) II binding protein 1

This gene encodes a binding protein which interacts with the C-terminal region of topoisomerase II beta. This interaction suggests a supportive role for this protein in the catalytic reactions of topoisomerase II beta through transient breakages of DNA strands. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (DNA directed), delta 1, catalytic subunit

This gene encodes the 125-kDa catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase delta. DNA polymerase delta possesses both polymerase and 3' to 5' exonuclease activity and plays a critical role in DNA replication and repair. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

polymerase (DNA directed), delta 2, accessory subunit

This gene encodes the 50-kDa catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase delta. DNA polymerase delta possesses both polymerase and 3' to 5' exonuclease activity and plays a critical role in DNA replication and repair. The encoded protein is required for the stimulation of DNA polymerase delta activity by the processivity cofactor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Expression of this gene may be a marker for ovarian carcinomas. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 5. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

polymerase (DNA-directed), delta 3, accessory subunit

This gene encodes the 66-kDa subunit of DNA polymerase delta. DNA polymerase delta possesses both polymerase and 3' to 5' exonuclease activity and plays a critical role in DNA replication and repair. The encoded protein plays a role in regulating the activity of DNA polymerase delta through interactions with other subunits and the processivity cofactor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

inhibitor of DNA binding 4, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein

This gene encodes a member of the inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) protein family. The encoded protein lacks DNA binding ability, and instead regulates gene expression through binding to and inhibiting basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. This protein has been implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular processes that play a role in development and tumorigenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

inhibitor of DNA binding 2, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the inhibitor of DNA binding family, members of which are transcriptional regulators that contain a helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain but not a basic domain. Members of the inhibitor of DNA binding family inhibit the functions of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in a dominant-negative manner by suppressing their heterodimerization partners through the HLH domains. This protein may play a role in negatively regulating cell differentiation. A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 3. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

inhibitor of DNA binding 3, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein

The protein encoded by this gene is a helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein that can form heterodimers with other HLH proteins. However, the encoded protein lacks a basic DNA-binding domain and therefore inhibits the DNA binding of any HLH protein with which it interacts. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

inhibitor of DNA binding 1, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein

The protein encoded by this gene is a helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein that can form heterodimers with members of the basic HLH family of transcription factors. The encoded protein has no DNA binding activity and therefore can inhibit the DNA binding and transcriptional activation ability of basic HLH proteins with which it interacts. This protein may play a role in cell growth, senescence, and differentiation. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

single stranded DNA binding protein 4 pseudogene

GC-rich sequence DNA-binding factor 2

The first mRNA transcript isolated for this gene was part of an artificial chimera derived from two distinct gene transcripts and a primer used in the cloning process (see Genbank accession M29204). A positively charged amino terminus present only in the chimera was determined to bind GC-rich DNA, thus mistakenly thought to identify a transcription factor gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

primase, DNA, polypeptide 1 (49kDa) pseudogene

polymerase (RNA) mitochondrial (DNA directed) pseudogene 1

geminin, DNA replication inhibitor pseudogene 2

DNA damage-induced apoptosis suppressor

Involved in negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage and regulation of DNA stability. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

topoisomerase (DNA) I

This gene encodes a DNA topoisomerase, an enzyme that controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during transcription. This enzyme catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of a single strand of DNA which allows the strands to pass through one another, thus altering the topology of DNA. This gene is localized to chromosome 20 and has pseudogenes which reside on chromosomes 1 and 22. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

primase, DNA, polypeptide 2 (58kDa) pseudogene

tonsoku-like, DNA repair protein

The protein encoded by this gene is thought to be a negative regulator of NF-kappa-B mediated transcription. The encoded protein may bind NF-kappa-B complexes and trap them in the cytoplasm, preventing them from entering the nucleus and interacting with the DNA. Phosphorylation of this protein targets it for degradation by the ubiquitination pathway, which frees the NF-kappa-B complexes to enter the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polymerase (DNA directed), epsilon 2, accessory subunit pseudogene

uracil-DNA glycosylase pseudogene 1

uracil-DNA glycosylase pseudogene 3

uracil-DNA glycosylase pseudogene 2

DNA associated with cytoplasmic membrane

single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase 1 pseudogene 1

DNA fragmentation factor, 45kDa, alpha polypeptide pseudogene

polymerase (DNA directed), gamma 2, accessory subunit

This gene encodes the processivity subunit of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma. The encoded protein forms a heterotrimer containing one catalytic subunit and two processivity subunits. This protein enhances DNA binding and promotes processive DNA synthesis. Mutations in this gene result in autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

mediator of DNA-damage checkpoint 1

The protein encoded by this gene contains an N-terminal forkhead domain, two BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) motifs and a central domain with 13 repetitions of an approximately 41-amino acid sequence. The encoded protein is required to activate the intra-S phase and G2/M phase cell cycle checkpoints in response to DNA damage. This nuclear protein interacts with phosphorylated histone H2AX near sites of DNA double-strand breaks through its BRCT motifs, and facilitates recruitment of the ATM kinase and meiotic recombination 11 protein complex to DNA damage foci. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

promoter of CDKN1A antisense DNA damage activated RNA

This gene produces a non-coding RNA that is thought to regulate the response to DNA damage. This gene is induced by tumor protein p53 and interacts with and modulates the activity of a transcription factor that induce pro-apoptotic genes. Deregulation of this gene is associated with cancer progression. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2017]

RPA1 related single stranded DNA binding protein, X-linked

Enables single-stranded DNA binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Located in nuclear speck and replication fork. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

PWWP domain containing 3A, DNA repair factor

Enables nucleosome binding activity. Involved in DNA repair and chromatin organization. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

F-box DNA helicase 1

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family, members of which are characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into three classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbx class. It contains an F-box motif and seven conserved helicase motifs, and has both DNA-dependent ATPase and DNA unwinding activities. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

CENPB DNA-binding domains containing 2, pseudogene

Myb/SANT DNA binding domain containing 5

CENPB DNA-binding domain containing 1, pseudogene

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Predicted to be located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage

Predicted to enable protein sequestering activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including determination of adult lifespan; hair follicle development; and skeletal muscle fiber development. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. Biomarker of lung non-small cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Myb/SANT DNA binding domain containing 7

regulator of DNA class I crossover intermediates 1