Harmonizome 3.0

like-glycosyltransferase

This gene encodes a member of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase gene family. It encodes a glycosyltransferase which participates in glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan, and may carry out the synthesis of glycoprotein and glycosphingolipid sugar chains. It may also be involved in the addition of a repeated disaccharide unit. The protein encoded by this gene is the glycotransferase that adds the final xylose and glucuronic acid to alpha-dystroglycan and thereby allows alpha-dystroglycan to bind ligands including laminin 211 and neurexin. Mutations in this gene cause several forms of congenital muscular dystrophy characterized by cognitive disability and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, May 2018]

LARGE antisense RNA 1

LARGE intronic transcript 1

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 2

The product of this gene is a membrane-associated protein that may play a role in synapse organization and signalling in neuronal cells. This gene is biallelically expressed in the brain, however, only the paternal allele is expressed in the testis (PMID:18055845). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 3

Predicted to enable PDZ domain binding activity; molecular adaptor activity; and scaffold protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission and protein-containing complex assembly. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including cholinergic synapse; glutamatergic synapse; and neuromuscular junction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 1

Predicted to enable molecular adaptor activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of postsynaptic density. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including aggresome assembly; protein localization to synapse; and regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse and postsynaptic density, intracellular component. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 4

The product of this gene is a membrane-associated guanylate kinase found at the postsynaptic density in neuronal cells. It is a signaling molecule that can interact with potassium channels and receptors, as well as other signaling molecules. The protein encoded by this gene can interact with PSD-95 through its guanylate kinase domain and may be involved in clustering PSD-95 in the postsynaptic density region. The encoded protein is one of at least four similar proteins that have been found. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 5

Predicted to enable microtubule binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including centrosome localization; kinetochore assembly; and mitotic spindle organization. Located in cytosol; nucleus; and spindle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal protein, large, P2 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 10

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 12

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 13

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 10

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 11

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 11

potassium channel, calcium activated large conductance subfamily M alpha, member 1

This gene encodes the alpha subunit of calcium-activated BK channel. The encoded protein is involved in several physiological processes including smooth muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability. Mutations in this gene are associated with a spectrum of neurological disorders including Paroxysmal Nonkinesigenic Dyskinesia 3, Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy 16 and Liang-Wang syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2022]

DNA primase large subunit-like

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 9

discs, large homolog 3 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein family. The encoded protein may play a role in clustering of NMDA receptors at excitatory synapses. It may also negatively regulate cell proliferation through interaction with the C-terminal region of the adenomatosis polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein. Mutations in this gene have been associated with X-linked cognitive disability. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

discs, large homolog 2 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family. The encoded protein forms a heterodimer with a related family member that may interact at postsynaptic sites to form a multimeric scaffold for the clustering of receptors, ion channels, and associated signaling proteins. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full-length nature is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

discs, large homolog 5 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the family of discs large (DLG) homologs, a subset of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) superfamily. The MAGUK proteins are composed of a catalytically inactive guanylate kinase domain, in addition to PDZ and SH3 domains, and are thought to function as scaffolding molecules at sites of cell-cell contact. The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm, and interacts with components of adherens junctions and the cytoskeleton. It is proposed to function in the transmission of extracellular signals to the cytoskeleton and in the maintenance of epithelial cell structure. Alternative splice variants have been described but their biological nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

discs, large homolog 1 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a multi-domain scaffolding protein that is required for normal development. This protein may have a role in septate junction formation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, synaptogenesis and lymphocyte activation. A multitude of transcript variants deriving from alternative splicing and the use of multiple alternate promoter have been observed, including some splice variants that may be specific to brain and other tissues. An upstream uORF may regulate translation at some splice variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2018]

discs, large homolog 4 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family. It heteromultimerizes with another MAGUK protein, DLG2, and is recruited into NMDA receptor and potassium channel clusters. These two MAGUK proteins may interact at postsynaptic sites to form a multimeric scaffold for the clustering of receptors, ion channels, and associated signaling proteins. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

large tumor suppressor kinase 2

This gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase belonging to the LATS tumor suppressor family. The protein localizes to centrosomes during interphase, and early and late metaphase. It interacts with the centrosomal proteins aurora-A and ajuba and is required for accumulation of gamma-tubulin and spindle formation at the onset of mitosis. It also interacts with a negative regulator of p53 and may function in a positive feedback loop with p53 that responds to cytoskeleton damage. Additionally, it can function as a co-repressor of androgen-responsive gene expression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

large tumor suppressor kinase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a putative serine/threonine kinase that localizes to the mitotic apparatus and complexes with cell cycle controller CDC2 kinase in early mitosis. The protein is phosphorylated in a cell-cycle dependent manner, with late prophase phosphorylation remaining through metaphase. The N-terminal region of the protein binds CDC2 to form a complex showing reduced H1 histone kinase activity, indicating a role as a negative regulator of CDC2/cyclin A. In addition, the C-terminal kinase domain binds to its own N-terminal region, suggesting potential negative regulation through interference with complex formation via intramolecular binding. Biochemical and genetic data suggest a role as a tumor suppressor. This is supported by studies in knockout mice showing development of soft-tissue sarcomas, ovarian stromal cell tumors and a high sensitivity to carcinogenic treatments. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 8

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 4

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 7

ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 6

Predicted to enable large ribosomal subunit rRNA binding activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of ribosome. Predicted to be involved in cytoplasmic translation. Predicted to be located in ribosome. Predicted to be part of cytosolic large ribosomal subunit. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal protein, large, P2

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal phosphoprotein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein, which is a functional equivalent of the E. coli L7/L12 ribosomal protein, belongs to the L12P family of ribosomal proteins. It plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis. Unlike most ribosomal proteins, which are basic, the encoded protein is acidic. Its C-terminal end is nearly identical to the C-terminal ends of the ribosomal phosphoproteins P0 and P1. The P2 protein can interact with P0 and P1 to form a pentameric complex consisting of P1 and P2 dimers, and a P0 monomer. The protein is located in the cytoplasm. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein, large, P1

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal phosphoprotein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein, which is a functional equivalent of the E. coli L7/L12 ribosomal protein, belongs to the L12P family of ribosomal proteins. It plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis. Unlike most ribosomal proteins, which are basic, the encoded protein is acidic. Its C-terminal end is nearly identical to the C-terminal ends of the ribosomal phosphoproteins P0 and P2. The P1 protein can interact with P0 and P2 to form a pentameric complex consisting of P1 and P2 dimers, and a P0 monomer. The protein is located in the cytoplasm. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different proteins have been observed. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ribosomal protein, large, P0

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein, which is the functional equivalent of the E. coli L10 ribosomal protein, belongs to the L10P family of ribosomal proteins. It is a neutral phosphoprotein with a C-terminal end that is nearly identical to the C-terminal ends of the acidic ribosomal phosphoproteins P1 and P2. The P0 protein can interact with P1 and P2 to form a pentameric complex consisting of P1 and P2 dimers, and a P0 monomer. The protein is located in the cytoplasm. Transcript variants derived from alternative splicing exist; they encode the same protein. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial assembly of ribosomal large subunit 1

Enables mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of mitochondrial translation and ribosomal large subunit biogenesis. Located in cytosol and mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 5 pseudogene 1

large 60S subunit nuclear export GTPase 1

This gene encodes a protein related to the yeast large subunit GTPase 1. The encoded protein is necessary for cell viability and may localize in the endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and cytoplasm.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

GTPase, very large interferon inducible pseudogene 1

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

GTPase, very large interferon inducible pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein, large, P2 pseudogene 3

ribosomal protein, large P2, pseudogene 1

ribosomal protein, large, P2 pseudogene 5

ribosomal protein, large, P2 pseudogene 4

calpain 2, (m/II) large subunit

The calpains, calcium-activated neutral proteases, are nonlysosomal, intracellular cysteine proteases. The mammalian calpains include ubiquitous, stomach-specific, and muscle-specific proteins. The ubiquitous enzymes consist of heterodimers with distinct large, catalytic subunits associated with a common small, regulatory subunit. This gene encodes the large subunit of the ubiquitous enzyme, calpain 2. Multiple heterogeneous transcriptional start sites in the 5' UTR have been reported. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

calpain 1, (mu/I) large subunit

The calpains, calcium-activated neutral proteases, are nonlysosomal, intracellular cysteine proteases. The mammalian calpains include ubiquitous, stomach-specific, and muscle-specific proteins. The ubiquitous enzymes consist of heterodimers with distinct large, catalytic subunits associated with a common small, regulatory subunit. This gene encodes the large subunit of the ubiquitous enzyme, calpain 1. Several transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 2

ribosomal protein, large, P1 pseudogene 6

LARGE xylosyl- and glucuronyltransferase 2

Predicted to enable dystroglycan binding activity; glucuronosyltransferase activity; and xylosyltransferase activity. Involved in protein O-linked mannosylation. Predicted to be located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. Predicted to be active in Golgi apparatus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

LARGE xylosyl- and glucuronyltransferase 1

This gene encodes a member of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase gene family. It encodes a glycosyltransferase which participates in glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan, and may carry out the synthesis of glycoprotein and glycosphingolipid sugar chains. It may also be involved in the addition of a repeated disaccharide unit. The protein encoded by this gene is the glycotransferase that adds the final xylose and glucuronic acid to alpha-dystroglycan and thereby allows alpha-dystroglycan to bind ligands including laminin 211 and neurexin. Mutations in this gene cause several forms of congenital muscular dystrophy characterized by cognitive disability and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, May 2018]

RGD motif, leucine rich repeats, tropomodulin domain and proline-rich containing

This gene encodes a member of the CARMIL (capping protein, Arp2/3, myosin-I linker) family of proteins. The encoded protein interacts with and negatively regulates the heterodimeric capping protein and promotes cell migration. Reduced expression of this gene has been observed in human psoriasis patients. Mutations in this gene cause a human immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by smooth muscle tumors and impaired T-cell function. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein

The protein encoded by this gene is a leucine-rich repeat protein present in connective tissue extracellular matrix. This protein functions as a molecule anchoring basement membranes to the underlying connective tissue. This protein has been shown to bind type I collagen to basement membranes and type II collagen to cartilage. It also binds the basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan. This protein is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria (HGP), which is reported to lack the binding of collagen in basement membranes and cartilage. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

proline rich 21 pseudogene

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 14

Members of the F-box protein family, such as FBXL14, are characterized by an approximately 40-amino acid F-box motif. SCF complexes, formed by SKP1 (MIM 601434), cullin (see CUL1; MIM 603134), and F-box proteins, act as protein-ubiquitin ligases. F-box proteins interact with SKP1 through the F box, and they interact with ubiquitination targets through other protein interaction domains (Jin et al., 2004 [PubMed 15520277]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 19

This gene encodes a member of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. The encoded protein is reported to bind to the transmembrane receptor interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 and regulate its ubiquitination and degradation. This protein has been linked to the regulation of pulmonary inflammation and psoriasis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

DMRT-like family B with proline-rich C-terminal, 1

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in germ cell development; regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; and sex differentiation. Predicted to be located in chromatin. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A10, pseudogene

basic salivary proline-rich protein 2-like

leucine rich repeat containing 27

Predicted to enable actin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cardiac muscle cell development. Predicted to be active in cytoskeleton and sarcomere. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 26

Enables potassium channel activator activity; transmembrane transporter binding activity; and voltage-gated potassium channel activity. Involved in positive regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity and potassium ion transmembrane transport. Located in plasma membrane. Part of voltage-gated potassium channel complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 24

Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of synapse assembly. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in external side of plasma membrane; extracellular matrix; and extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 23

Involved in flagellated sperm motility and radial spoke assembly. Located in sperm flagellum. Implicated in spermatogenic failure 92. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 20

leucine rich repeat containing 29

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls class and, in addition to an F-box, contains 9 tandem leucine-rich repeats. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Other variants may occur, but their full-length natures have not been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

leucine rich repeat containing 28

Predicted to be involved in intracellular signal transduction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat neuronal 4

Predicted to be involved in long-term memory. Predicted to act upstream of or within visual learning. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat neuronal 1

Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of synapse assembly. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in extracellular matrix and extracellular space. Biomarker of stomach cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 9 pseudogene 1

arginine/serine-rich coiled-coil 1

This gene encodes a member of the serine and arginine rich-related protein family. The encoded protein is involved in both constitutive and alternative mRNA splicing. This gene may be associated with schizophrenia. A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 9. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

arginine/serine-rich coiled-coil 2

Enables RNA binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine and glycine-rich protein 2 pseudogene

Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator, with Glu/Asp-rich carboxy-terminal domain, 1

This gene encodes a member of the CREB-binding protein/p300-interacting transactivator with Asp/Glu-rich C-terminal domain (CITED) family of proteins. The encoded protein, also known as melanocyte-specific gene 1, may function as a transcriptional coactivator and may play a role in pigmentation of melanocytes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator, with Glu/Asp-rich carboxy-terminal domain, 4

The protein encoded by this intronless gene belongs to the CITED family of transcriptional coactivators that bind to several proteins, including CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300, via a conserved 32 aa C-terminal motif, and regulate gene transcription. This protein also interacts with transcription factor AP2 (TFAP2), and thus may function as a co-activator for TFAP2. Hypermethylation and transcriptional downregulation of this gene has been observed in oligodendroglial tumors with deletions of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q, and associated with longer recurrence-free and overall survival of patients with oligodendroglial tumors. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

small EDRK-rich factor 2

Involved in protein destabilization. Predicted to be located in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 3C pseudogene

proline/histidine/glycine-rich 1

small EDRK-rich factor 2 pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 25

Located in cytosol; endoplasmic reticulum; and microtubule cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small proline-rich protein 4

Predicted to be involved in keratinization. Predicted to be located in cell cortex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small proline-rich protein 3

Predicted to enable structural molecule activity. Predicted to be involved in keratinocyte differentiation and wound healing. Located in Golgi apparatus and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein (FLRT) family. The family members may function in cell adhesion and/or receptor signalling. Their protein structures resemble small leucine-rich proteoglycans found in the extracellular matrix. The encoded protein shares sequence similarity with two other family members, FLRT2 and FLRT3. This gene is expressed in kidney and brain. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 3

This gene encodes a member of the fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein (FLRT) family. FLRTs may function in cell adhesion and/or receptor signalling. Their protein structures resemble small leucine-rich proteoglycans found in the extracellular matrix. This gene is expressed in many tissues. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 2

This gene encodes a member of the fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane (FLRT) family of cell adhesion molecules, which regulate early embryonic vascular and neural development. The encoded type I transmembrane protein has an extracellular region consisting of an N-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain and a type 3 fibronectin domain, followed by a transmembrane domain and a short C-terminal cytoplasmic tail domain. It functions as both a homophilic cell adhesion molecule and a heterophilic chemorepellent through its interaction with members of the uncoordinated-5 receptor family. Proteolytic removal of the extracellular region controls the migration of neurons in the developing cortex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

proline-rich receptor-like protein kinase PERK2

proline rich 13 pseudogene 3

proline rich 13 pseudogene 1

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A2

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A3

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich 13 pseudogene 5

proline rich 13 pseudogene 4

BCL2-like 12 (proline rich)

This gene encodes a member of a family of proteins containing a Bcl-2 homology domain 2 (BH2). The encoded protein is an anti-apoptotic factor that acts as an inhibitor of caspases 3 and 7 in the cytoplasm. In the nucleus, it binds to the p53 tumor suppressor protein, preventing its association with target genes. Overexpression of this gene has been detected in a number of different cancers. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 3. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

cysteine-rich hydrophobic domain 2

This gene encodes a member of the CHIC family of proteins. The encoded protein contains a cysteine-rich hydrophobic (CHIC) motif, and is localized to vesicular structures and the plasma membrane. This gene is associated with some cases of acute myeloid leukemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cysteine-rich hydrophobic domain 1

This gene encodes a cysteine-rich hydrophobic (CHIC) domain-containing protein, and is one of the few protein-coding genes found near the X-inactivation center. Studies in mouse indicate that the mouse ortholog of this gene is subject to X-inactivation in mouse. Experiments with other CHIC domain-containing family members show that the cysteine residues are palmitoylated post-translationally, resulting in membrane association. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

basic proline-rich protein-like

splicing regulatory glutamine/lysine-rich protein 1

This gene encodes a member of a family of serine/arginine-rich (SR) splicing proteins containing RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains. The encoded protein interacts with other SR proteins to modulate splice site selection. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

small EDRK-rich factor 2 pseudogene

cysteine-rich, DPF motif domain containing 1

jumonji, AT rich interactive domain 2

This gene encodes a Jumonji- and AT-rich interaction domain (ARID)-domain-containing protein. The encoded protein is a DNA-binding protein that functions as a transcriptional repressor. This protein interacts with the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) which plays an essential role in regulating gene expression during embryonic development. This protein facilitates the recruitment of the PRC2 complex to target genes. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Mutations in this gene are associated with chronic myeloid malignancies. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

proline-rich protein HaeIII subfamily 2

This gene encodes a member of the heterogeneous family of proline-rich salivary glycoproteins. The encoded preproprotein undergoes proteolytic processing to generate one or more mature isoforms before secretion from the parotid and submandibular/sublingual glands. In western population this locus is commonly biallelic and encodes proline-rich protein (PRP) isoforms, PRP-1 and PRP-2. The reference genome encodes the PRP-1 allele. Certain alleles of this gene are associated with susceptibility to dental caries. This gene is located in a cluster of closely related salivary proline-rich proteins on chromosome 12. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

proline-rich protein HaeIII subfamily 1

This gene encodes a member of the heterogeneous family of proline-rich salivary glycoproteins. The encoded preproprotein undergoes proteolytic processing to generate one or more mature isoforms before secretion from the parotid and submandibular/sublingual glands. Multiple distinct alleles of this locus including the parotid isoelectric-focusing variant slow (PIF-s), the parotid acidic protein (Pa), and the double band slow (Db-s) isoforms have been characterized. The reference genome encodes the Db-s allele. Certain alleles of this gene are associated with susceptibility to dental caries. This gene is located in a cluster of closely related salivary proline-rich proteins on chromosome 12. Co-transcription of this gene with adjacent genes has been observed. Alternate splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 37A3 pseudogene

basic salivary proline-rich protein 2-like

leucine rich repeat containing 9

Predicted to enable U2 snRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 4

Predicted to be involved in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission and synapse organization. Predicted to act upstream of or within synapse organization. Predicted to be located in dendritic spine; excitatory synapse; and postsynaptic membrane. Predicted to be active in Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse; glutamatergic synapse; and postsynaptic density membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 6

The protein encoded by this gene contains several leucine-rich repeat domains and appears to be involved in the motility of cilia. Defects in this gene are a cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia-19 (CILD19). Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 4, 11 and 22. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

leucine rich repeat containing 7

Predicted to enable protein kinase binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity; protein localization to postsynapse; and receptor clustering. Located in several cellular components, including centrosome; cytosol; and nucleoplasm. Implicated in cocaine dependence. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 1

Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 3

Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich single-pass membrane protein 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich single-pass membrane protein 2

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 11

This gene encodes 54-kD nuclear protein that contains an arginine/serine-rich region similar to segments found in pre-mRNA splicing factors. Although the function of this protein is not yet known, structure and immunolocalization data suggest that it may play a role in pre-mRNA processing. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different proteins. In addition, a pseudogene of this gene has been found on chromosome 12.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 10

This gene product is a member of the serine-arginine (SR) family of proteins, which are involved in constitutive and regulated RNA splicing. Members of this family are characterized by N-terminal RNP1 and RNP2 motifs, which are required for binding to RNA, and multiple C-terminal SR/RS repeats, which are important in mediating association with other cellular proteins. This protein interacts with the oncoprotein TLS, and abrogates the influence of TLS on adenovirus E1A pre-mRNA splicing. This gene has pseudogenes on chromosomes 4, 9, 14, 18, and 20. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 12

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in mRNA 5'-splice site recognition and regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be active in nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (AU-rich element RNA binding protein 1, 37kDa) pseudogene 1

proline rich 30

proline rich 31

proline rich 32

proline rich 33

Predicted to act upstream of or within response to wounding. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich 34

proline rich 35

proline rich 36

This gene encodes a large protein of unknown function that contains internal regions of low complexity sequence. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. The transcript structure of the protein-coding variant at this locus is conserved between human and mouse. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2013]

proline-rich transmembrane protein 1-like

Predicted to be active in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 18

Predicted to enable protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity. Predicted to be involved in intracellular signal transduction. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 19

Predicted to enable signaling receptor activity. Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 17

Predicted to be involved in bone marrow development and negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular matrix and extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 14

This gene encodes a leucine-rich repeat-containing protein. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

leucine rich repeat containing 15

Enables several functions, including fibronectin binding activity; laminin binding activity; and protein sequestering activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane; negative regulation of viral entry into host cell; and receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell. Located in collagen-containing extracellular matrix and plasma membrane. Is active in apical plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 10

Predicted to enable actin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cardiac muscle cell development. Predicted to be located in mitochondrion; myofibril; and nucleus. Predicted to be active in cytoskeleton and sarcomere. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

alanine and arginine rich domain containing protein

Predicted to act upstream of or within response to testosterone. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain containing 2

Predicted to enable glycosaminoglycan binding activity. Involved in face morphogenesis. Located in transport vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain containing 1

Involved in face morphogenesis. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 20

Members of the F-box protein family, such as FBXL20, are characterized by an approximately 40-amino acid F-box motif. SCF complexes, formed by SKP1 (MIM 601434), cullin (see CUL1; MIM 603134), and F-box proteins, act as protein-ubiquitin ligases. F-box proteins interact with SKP1 through the F box, and they interact with ubiquitination targets through other protein interaction domains (Jin et al., 2004 [PubMed 15520277]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 21 (gene/pseudogene)

This locus represents a transcribed pseudogene that is related to genes encoding members of the F-box family of proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2017]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 22

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family. This F-box protein interacts with S-phase kinase-associated protein 1A and cullin in order to form SCF complexes which function as ubiquitin ligases.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

basic proline-rich protein-like

cysteine/tyrosine-rich 1 antisense RNA 1

leucine-rich repeat kinase 1

This gene encodes a multi-domain protein that is a leucine-rich repeat kinase and a GDP/GTP binding protein. The encoded protein is thought to play a role in the regulation of bone mass. Mice lacking a similar gene showed severe osteopetrosis, increased bone mineralization and decreased bone resorption. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

leucine-rich repeat kinase 2

This gene is a member of the leucine-rich repeat kinase family and encodes a protein with an ankryin repeat region, a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, a kinase domain, a DFG-like motif, a RAS domain, a GTPase domain, a MLK-like domain, and a WD40 domain. The protein is present largely in the cytoplasm but also associates with the mitochondrial outer membrane. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Parkinson disease-8. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 1

This gene encodes a member of the serine/threonine phosphatase family. The encoded protein promotes apoptosis by dephosphorylating and inactivating the serine/threonine kinase Akt, and functions as a tumor suppressor in multiple types of cancer. Increased expression of this gene may also play a role in obesity and type 2 diabetes by interfering with Akt-mediated insulin signaling. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

histidine rich carboxyl terminus 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

scavenger receptor cysteine rich family, 5 domains

Predicted to enable fibronectin binding activity; laminin binding activity; and scavenger receptor activity. Predicted to be involved in defense response; detection of bacterial lipoprotein; and negative regulation of interleukin-8 production. Predicted to act upstream of or within regulation of interleukin-8 production. Predicted to be located in collagen-containing extracellular matrix. Predicted to be active in extracellular matrix and extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat

Predicted to be involved in cell adhesion. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine/histidine-rich 1

Predicted to enable zinc ion binding activity. Predicted to be located in nuclear envelope and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member B pseudogene 2

acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member F

acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member D

Phosphoprotein 32 (PP32) is a tumor suppressor that can inhibit several types of cancers, including prostate and breast cancers. The protein encoded by this gene is one of at least two proteins that are similar in amino acid sequence to PP32 and are part of the same acidic nuclear phosphoprotein gene family. However, unlike PP32, the encoded protein is tumorigenic. The tumor suppressor function of PP32 has been localized to a 25 amino acid region that is absent in the protein encoded by this gene. This gene does not contain introns. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member E

Enables histone binding activity; histone chaperone activity; and protein folding chaperone. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process. Located in nucleus. Part of Swr1 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member B

Enables RNA polymerase binding activity and histone binding activity. Involved in several processes, including nucleosome assembly; positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity; and positive regulation of protein export from nucleus. Located in cytoplasm; nucleolus; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member C

Predicted to enable histone binding activity. Predicted to be involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport and regulation of apoptotic process. Predicted to be active in nucleus and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member A

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Located in endoplasmic reticulum; nucleus; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich 23A

proline rich 23B

leucine rich repeat neuronal 3

Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of synapse assembly. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in extracellular matrix and extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat neuronal 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the leucine-rich repeat superfamily. This gene was found to be amplified and overexpressed in malignant gliomas. The encoded protein has homology with other proteins that function as cell-adhesion molecules or as signal transduction receptors and is a candidate for the target gene in the 1q32.1 amplicon in malignant gliomas. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cysteine-serine-rich nuclear protein 1

This gene encodes a protein that localizes to the nucleus and expression of this gene is induced in response to elevated levels of axin. The Wnt signalling pathway, which is negatively regulated by axin, is important in axis formation in early development and impaired regulation of this signalling pathway is often involved in tumors. A decreased level of expression of this gene in tumors compared to the level of expression in their corresponding normal tissues suggests that this gene product has a tumor suppressor function. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

cysteine-serine-rich nuclear protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the CSRNP family of nuclear proteins that share conserved regions, including cysteine- and serine- rich regions, a basic domain, a transcriptional activation domain, and bind the sequence 'AGAGTG', thus have the hallmark of transcription factors. Studies in mice suggest that these genes may have redundant functions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

cysteine-serine-rich nuclear protein 3

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of apoptotic process and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in chromatin. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

arginine/serine-rich coiled-coil 2 pseudogene

basic proline-rich protein-like

proline and serine rich 1

This gene encodes a conserved protein containing proline and serine rich regions. These regions may be important in protein-protein interactions. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

proline and serine rich 2

proline and serine rich 3

Located in centrosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 37B-like

proline rich 9

CLK4-associating serine/arginine rich protein

Predicted to be involved in RNA splicing and mRNA processing. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (AU-rich element RNA binding protein 1, 37kDa)

This gene belongs to the subfamily of ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). The hnRNPs are nucleic acid binding proteins and they complex with heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). These proteins are associated with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and appear to influence pre-mRNA processing and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport. While all of the hnRNPs are present in the nucleus, some seem to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The hnRNP proteins have distinct nucleic acid binding properties. The protein encoded by this gene has two repeats of quasi-RRM domains that bind to RNAs. It localizes to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This protein is implicated in the regulation of mRNA stability. Alternative splicing of this gene results in four transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

SH3 domain binding glutamate-rich protein like

Enables protein-RNA adaptor activity and ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in positive regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation and proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

basic salivary proline-rich protein 4-like

acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member B pseudogene 1

glutamate-rich 6B

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A4, pseudogene

leucine-rich repeats and IQ motif containing 3

proline-rich protein 2-like

GC-rich promoter binding protein 1

This gene was originally isolated by subtractive hybridization of cDNAs expressed in atherosclerotic plaques with a thrombus, and was found to be expressed only in vascular smooth muscle cells. However, a shorter splice variant was found to be more ubiquitously expressed. This protein is suggested to play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. Studies in mice suggest that it may also function as a GC-rich promoter-specific trans-activating transcription factor. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

proline-rich protein 23D1-like

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2 pseudogene

zinc finger (CCCH type), RNA-binding motif and serine/arginine rich 2 pseudogene

tsukushi, small leucine rich proteoglycan

Predicted to enable transforming growth factor beta binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including cholesterol efflux; cholesterol homeostasis; and nervous system development. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including ciliary body morphogenesis; negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway; and telencephalon development. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich repeats and transmembrane domains 2

Predicted to enable Roundabout binding activity and heparin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in axon guidance and negative chemotaxis. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of synapse assembly. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 1 pseudogene

proline-rich protein 36-like

glutamate-rich 6

glutamate-rich 5

glutamate-rich 4

glutamate-rich 3

Involved in cilium assembly. Located in cytoplasm and non-motile cilium. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamate-rich 2

glutamate-rich 1

small lysine-rich protein 1

pollen-specific leucine-rich repeat extensin-like protein 1

PAXIP1 associated glutamate-rich protein 1

Enables nuclear estrogen receptor binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition; positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway; and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleus. Part of MLL3/4 complex. Biomarker of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing pseudogene

SH3 domain binding glutamate-rich protein

Predicted to enable SH3 domain binding activity. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 41

Predicted to enable identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein ubiquitination. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 40

Predicted to be involved in intracellular signal transduction. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 43

Predicted to enable dynein complex binding activity. Predicted to be involved in axoneme assembly. Predicted to be active in axoneme. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 42

leucine rich repeat containing 45

Located in several cellular components, including centrosome; cytosol; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 47

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in phenylalanyl-tRNA aminoacylation. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 46

leucine rich repeat containing 49

Located in centriolar satellite. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 48

Located in axoneme. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 4C

NGL1 is a specific binding partner for netrin G1 (NTNG1; MIM 608818), which is a member of the netrin family of axon guidance molecules (Lin et al., 2003 [PubMed 14595443]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

leucine rich repeat containing 4B

Predicted to enable signaling receptor binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of synapse assembly and synaptic membrane adhesion. Predicted to be located in cerebellar mossy fiber and presynaptic membrane. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse and postsynaptic density membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator, with Glu/Asp-rich carboxy-terminal domain, 2

The protein encoded by this gene inhibits transactivation of HIF1A-induced genes by competing with binding of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha to p300-CH1. Mutations in this gene are a cause of cardiac septal defects. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate

The protein encoded by this gene is a substrate for protein kinase C. It is localized to the plasma membrane and is an actin filament crosslinking protein. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C or binding to calcium-calmodulin inhibits its association with actin and with the plasma membrane, leading to its presence in the cytoplasm. The protein is thought to be involved in cell motility, phagocytosis, membrane trafficking and mitogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

leucine rich repeat containing 37B pseudogene 1

reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs

The protein encoded by this gene is a cysteine-rich, extracellular protein with protease inhibitor-like domains whose expression is suppressed strongly in many tumors and cells transformed by various kinds of oncogenes. In normal cells, this membrane-anchored glycoprotein may serve as a negative regulator for matrix metalloproteinase-9, a key enzyme involved in tumor invasion and metastasis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

leucine rich colipase-like 1

Predicted to enable enzyme activator activity. Predicted to be involved in digestion and lipid catabolic process. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member A pseudogene 1

splicing factor proline/glutamine-rich (polypyrimidine tract binding protein associated) pseudogene 1

leucine rich repeat containing 32

This gene encodes a type I membrane protein which contains 20 leucine-rich repeats. Alterations in the chromosomal region 11q13-11q14 are involved in several pathologies. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

leucine rich repeat containing 36

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 3

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls class and, in addition to an F-box, contains several tandem leucine-rich repeats and is localized in the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 5

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls class and, in addition to an F-box, contains several tandem leucine-rich repeats. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this locus. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

spermatogenesis associated, serine-rich 2-like

Enables RNA binding activity. Located in cytosol; nucleolus; and nucleoplasm. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA binding protein S1, serine-rich domain pseudogene 1

basic proline-rich protein-like

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2 pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A9, pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 2 pseudogene

Parotid proline-rich salivary protein Pc

proline rich 15-like

lysine-rich coiled-coil 1 pseudogene

leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 1

Enables DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific; RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity; and protein homodimerization activity. Involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in cytosol and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene, along with MYD88, binds to the cytosolic tail of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which results in activation of nuclear factor kappa B signaling. The ubiquitin-like protein FAT10 prevents the interaction of the encoded protein and TLR4, thereby inactivating the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. In addition, this protein can downregulate the NLRP3 inflammasome by recruiting the caspase-1 inhibitor Flightless-I to the inflammasome complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 2 pseudogene

proline rich 5 like

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including TORC2 signaling; regulation of fibroblast migration; and regulation of primary metabolic process. Part of TORC2 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamine and serine rich 1

Predicted to be located in chromosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

purine-rich element binding protein B

This gene product is a sequence-specific, single-stranded DNA-binding protein. It binds preferentially to the single strand of the purine-rich element termed PUR, which is present at origins of replication and in gene flanking regions in a variety of eukaryotes from yeasts through humans. Thus, it is implicated in the control of both DNA replication and transcription. Deletion of this gene has been associated with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

purine-rich element binding protein A

This gene product is a sequence-specific, single-stranded DNA-binding protein. It binds preferentially to the single strand of the purine-rich element termed PUR, which is present at origins of replication and in gene flanking regions in a variety of eukaryotes from yeasts through humans. Thus, it is implicated in the control of both DNA replication and transcription. Deletion of this gene has been associated with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

purine-rich element binding protein G

The exact function of this gene is not known, however, its encoded product is highly similar to purine-rich element binding protein A. The latter is a DNA-binding protein which binds preferentially to the single strand of the purine-rich element termed PUR, and has been implicated in the control of both DNA replication and transcription. This gene lies in close proximity to the Werner syndrome gene, but on the opposite strand, on chromosome 8p11. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

proline-rich protein 2-like

proline-rich protein 23D1-like

leucine rich repeat containing 74A

leucine rich repeat containing 74B

proline rich, Y-linked

proline-rich receptor-like protein kinase PERK2

proline-rich acidic protein 1

Predicted to enable triglyceride binding activity. Involved in DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest; deactivation of mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint; and negative regulation of apoptotic process. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum and extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich protein 23D1-like

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A11, pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 3B

The protein encoded by this gene is a tumor suppressor, with lowered expression levels found in gastric, renal, colorectal, lung, and breast cancer tissues. The promoter of this gene is frequently hypermethylated in these cancer tissues, although the hypermethylation does not appear to be the cause of the reduced expression of this gene. Several transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

proline rich membrane anchor 1

The product of this gene functions to organize acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into tetramers, and to anchor AChE at neural cell membranes. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

leucine rich repeat containing 38

Enables potassium channel activator activity and transmembrane transporter binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity and potassium ion transmembrane transport. Part of voltage-gated potassium channel complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 39

Predicted to be involved in intracellular signal transduction. Predicted to be located in M band. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 30

Predicted to be involved in intracellular signal transduction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 31

leucine rich repeat containing 34

Predicted to be involved in cell differentiation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 3

Predicted to act upstream of or within otolith morphogenesis. Located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 2

This gene encodes a transmembrane protein containing leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains. The encoded protein promotes epidermal growth factor signalling, resulting in increased proliferation. Its expression in the cytoplasm of glioma cells is correlated with poor survival. Mutations in this gene can cause urofacial syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1

Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including innervation; otolith morphogenesis; and sensory perception of sound. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in extracellular matrix and extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamate-rich WD repeat containing 1

This gene encodes a glutamate-rich protein that contains five WD-repeat motifs. The encoded protein may play a critical role in ribosome biogenesis and may also play a role in histone methylation through interactions with CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin E3 ligase. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

G-rich RNA sequence binding factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a cellular protein that binds RNAs containing the G-rich element. The protein is localized in the cytoplasm, and has been shown to stimulate translation of viral mRNAs in vitro. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

oxidative stress responsive serine-rich 1

Predicted to be involved in cellular response to hydrogen peroxide. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate pseudogene 1

tryptophan rich basic protein

This gene is located in the candidate region for congenital heart disease (CHD) in Down syndrome (DS). It encodes a basic protein that functions as a receptor that promotes insertion of tail-anchored proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. This gene is located at a maternally-methylated differentially methylated region (DMR); however, its transcription may be biallelic, not imprinted. Alternative splicing results in different transcript variants. A pseudogene has been defined on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

uncharacterized proline-rich protein-like

LIM and cysteine-rich domains 1

This gene encodes a member of the LIM-domain family of zinc finger proteins. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain and two C-terminal LIM domains. The presence of LIM domains suggests involvement in protein-protein interactions. The protein may act as a co-regulator of transcription along with other transcription factors. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity and protein disulfide isomerase activity. Predicted to be located in Golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; and extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 1

This gene encodes a member of a subfamily of epidermal growth factor-related proteins. The encoded protein is characterized by a cysteine-rich with epidermal growth factor-like domain. This protein may function as a cell adhesion molecule. Mutations in this gene are the cause of atrioventricular septal defect. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

proline-rich protein 3 pseudogene

proline rich 11 pseudogene

proline rich 13 pseudogene 7

secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich (osteonectin)

This gene encodes a cysteine-rich acidic matrix-associated protein. The encoded protein is required for the collagen in bone to become calcified but is also involved in extracellular matrix synthesis and promotion of changes to cell shape. The gene product has been associated with tumor suppression but has also been correlated with metastasis based on changes to cell shape which can promote tumor cell invasion. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2015]

basic proline-rich protein-like

immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat 2

Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of axon extension. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in cell surface. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

topoisomerase I binding, arginine/serine-rich, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear protein which is serine and arginine rich, and contains a RING-type zinc finger domain. It is highly expressed in the testis, and functions as an ubiquitin-protein E3 ligase. Mutations in this gene are associated with retinitis pigmentosa type 31. Alternatively spliced transcript variants, encoding different isoforms, have been observed for this locus. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 12 pseudogene

lysine-rich nucleolar protein 1 pseudogene 5

lysine-rich nucleolar protein 1 pseudogene 2

histidine-rich glycoprotein

This histidine-rich glycoprotein contains two cystatin-like domains and is located in plasma and platelets. The physiological function has not been determined but it is known that the protein binds heme, dyes and divalent metal ions. The encoded protein also has a peptide that displays antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. faecalis. It can inhibit rosette formation and interacts with heparin, thrombospondin and plasminogen. Two of the protein's effects, the inhibition of fibrinolysis and the reduction of inhibition of coagulation, indicate a potential prothrombotic effect. Mutations in this gene lead to thrombophilia due to abnormal histidine-rich glycoprotein levels. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

histidine rich calcium binding protein

This gene encodes a luminal sarcoplasmic reticulum protein identified by its ability to bind low-density lipoprotein with high affinity. The protein interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of triadin, the main transmembrane protein of the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle. The protein functions in the regulation of releasable calcium into the SR. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]

leucine-rich repeats and transmembrane domains 1

Predicted to enable Roundabout binding activity and heparin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in axon guidance and negative chemotaxis. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of synapse assembly. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine-rich tail protein 1

Enables identical protein binding activity. Involved in biological process involved in interaction with symbiont and establishment of skin barrier. Located in cornified envelope. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline/serine-rich coiled-coil 1

This gene encodes a proline-rich protein that is a target for regulation by the tumor suppressor protein p53. The encoded protein plays an important role in mitosis by recruiting and regulating microtubule depolymerases that destabalize microtubules. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

basic salivary proline-rich protein 3-like

proline rich 21 pseudogene

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 4

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family, which are characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. F-box proteins constitute one subunit of modular E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, called SCF complexes, which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box domain mediates protein-protein interactions and binds directly to S-phase kinase-associated protein 1. In addition to an F-box domain, the encoded protein contains at least 9 tandem leucine-rich repeats. The ubiquitin ligase complex containing the encoded protein may function in cell-cycle control by regulating levels of lysine-specific demethylase 4A. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

histidine-rich glycoprotein pseudogene

proline rich 21 pseudogene

topoisomerase I binding, arginine/serine-rich like, pseudogene

leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 37B-like

AT rich interactive domain 5B (MRF1-like)

This gene encodes a member of the AT-rich interaction domain (ARID) family of DNA binding proteins. The encoded protein forms a histone H3K9Me2 demethylase complex with PHD finger protein 2 and regulates the transcription of target genes involved in adipogenesis and liver development. This gene also plays a role in cell growth and differentiation of B-lymphocyte progenitors, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene are associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

AT rich interactive domain 5A (MRF1-like)

Members of the ARID protein family, including ARID5A, have diverse functions but all appear to play important roles in development, tissue-specific gene expression, and regulation of cell growth (Patsialou et al., 2005 [PubMed 15640446]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

proline-rich nuclear receptor coactivator 2 pseudogene

splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 6 pseudogene

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 10 pseudogene 2

serine-rich and transmembrane domain containing 1

Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich 29

proline rich 27

Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich 26

proline rich 25

proline rich 22

proline rich 21

zinc finger (CCCH type), RNA-binding motif and serine/arginine rich 1

Predicted to enable pre-mRNA 3'-splice site binding activity. Predicted to be involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of U2AF complex and spliceosomal complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small EDRK-rich factor 2 pseudogene

AT rich interactive domain 3B pseudogene

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 13

Members of the F-box protein family, such as FBXL13, are characterized by an approximately 40-amino acid F-box motif. SCF complexes, formed by SKP1 (MIM 601434), cullin (see CUL1; MIM 603134), and F-box proteins, act as protein-ubiquitin ligases. F-box proteins interact with SKP1 through the F box, and they interact with ubiquitination targets through other protein interaction domains (Jin et al., 2004 [PubMed 15520277]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 12

Members of the F-box protein family, such as FBXL12, are characterized by an approximately 40-amino acid F-box motif. SCF complexes, formed by SKP1 (MIM 601434), cullin (see CUL1; MIM 603134), and F-box proteins, act as protein-ubiquitin ligases. F-box proteins interact with SKP1 through the F box, and they interact with ubiquitination targets through other protein interaction domains (Jin et al., 2004 [PubMed 15520277]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 15

Involved in several processes, including G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle; SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway. Located in cytoplasm. Part of SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 17

Members of the F-box protein family, such as FBXL17, are characterized by an approximately 40-amino acid F-box motif. SCF complexes, formed by SKP1 (MIM 601434), cullin (see CUL1; MIM 603134), and F-box proteins, act as protein-ubiquitin ligases. F-box proteins interact with SKP1 through the F box, and they interact with ubiquitination targets through other protein interaction domains (Jin et al., 2004 [PubMed 15520277]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 16

Members of the F-box protein family, such as FBXL16, are characterized by an approximately 40-amino acid F-box motif. SCF complexes, formed by SKP1 (MIM 601434), cullin (see CUL1; MIM 603134), and F-box proteins, act as protein-ubiquitin ligases. F-box proteins interact with SKP1 through the F box, and they interact with ubiquitination targets through other protein interaction domains (Jin et al., 2004 [PubMed 15520277]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 18

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of a family of proteins that contain an approximately 40-amino acid F-box motif. This motif is important for interaction with SKP1 and for targeting some proteins for degradation. The encoded protein has been shown to control the cellular level of FBXL7, a protein that induces mitotic arrest, by targeting it for polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Members of the F-box protein family, such as FBXL18, are characterized by an approximately 40-amino acid F-box motif. F-box proteins interact with SKP1 through the F box, and they interact with ubiquitination targets through other protein interaction domains. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

cysteine-rich, DPF motif domain containing 1 pseudogene

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 34 pseudogene 2

leucine rich repeat containing 34 pseudogene 1

cysteine and glycine-rich protein 2 pseudogene

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 10 pseudogene

cysteine-rich transmembrane module containing 1

Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 10 pseudogene

cysteine-rich transmembrane module containing 1 pseudogene

SH3 domain binding glutamate-rich protein like 3 pseudogene

proline rich 21 pseudogene

single-pass membrane protein with aspartate-rich tail 1

This gene encodes a core regulatory component of a calcium channel in the mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

leucine rich repeat containing 69

Predicted to be involved in intracellular signal transduction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 63

Predicted to be involved in intracellular signal transduction. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 61

Predicted to enable alpha-tubulin binding activity and dynein heavy chain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in outer dynein arm assembly. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 66

This gene encodes a protein belonging to the leucine-rich repeat family of proteins, which are involved in diverse biological processes, including cell adhesion, cellular trafficking, and hormone-receptor interactions. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5

The protein encoded by this gene is a leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor (LGR) and member of the G protein-coupled, 7-transmembrane receptor (GPCR) superfamily. The encoded protein is a receptor for R-spondins and is involved in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. This protein plays a role in the formation and maintenance of adult intestinal stem cells during postembryonic development. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a G-protein coupled receptor that binds R-spondins and activates the Wnt signaling pathway. This Wnt signaling pathway activation is necessary for proper development of many organs of the body. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 6

This gene encodes a member of the leucine-rich repeat-containing subgroup of the G protein-coupled 7-transmembrane protein superfamily. The encoded protein is a glycoprotein hormone receptor with a large N-terminal extracellular domain that contains leucine-rich repeats important for the formation of a horseshoe-shaped interaction motif for ligand binding. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

proline, glutamate and leucine rich protein 1

This gene encodes a transcription factor which coactivates transcription of estrogen receptor responsive genes and corepresses genes activated by other hormone receptors or sequence-specific transcription factors. Expression of this gene is regulated by both members of the estrogen receptor family. This gene may be involved in the progression of several types of cancer. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

leucine-rich repeats and IQ motif containing 1

Predicted to be involved in regulation of signal transduction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich repeats and IQ motif containing 4

Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich 21 pseudogene

leucine-rich repeat LGI family, member 4

Involved in regulation of myelination. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. Implicated in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita-1 and childhood absence epilepsy. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1

This gene encodes a member of the secreted leucine-rich repeat (LRR) superfamily and shares homology with members of the SLIT protein family. The encoded protein may regulate the activity of voltage-gated potassium channels and may be involved in neuronal growth regulation and cell survival. This gene is rearranged as a result of translocations in glioblastoma cell lines, and it is frequently down-regulated or rearranged in malignant gliomas. Mutations in this gene result in autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

leucine-rich repeat LGI family, member 2

Predicted to be involved in inhibitory synapse assembly. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich repeat LGI family, member 3

Predicted to be involved in regulation of exocytosis. Located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat and sterile alpha motif containing 1

This gene encodes a ring finger protein involved in a variety of functions, including regulation of signaling pathways and cell adhesion, mediation of self-ubiquitylation, and involvement in cargo sorting during receptor endocytosis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

proline rich, lacrimal 1

This gene encodes a member of the proline-rich protein family. The encoded protein has multiple proposed functions, including roles in pain suppression, penile erection, and protection of the eye surface. The QRFSR pentapeptide, known as opiorphin, is derived from the N-terminal of this protein. Opiorphin inhibits the enkephalin-inactivating peptidases neprilysin and aminopeptidase N, and this activity is thought to reduce sensitivity to painful stimuli by effecting enkephalin-related activation of opioid-dependent pathways. Opiorphin may also act as an anti-depressant. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-containing, beta

Predicted to enable molecular adaptor activity. Predicted to be involved in post-translational protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Predicted to be part of TRC complex. Predicted to be active in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-containing, alpha

This gene encodes a protein which is capable of interacting with the major nonstructural protein of parvovirus H-1 and 70-kDa heat shock cognate protein; however, its function is not known. Since this transcript is expressed ubiquitously in various tissues, this protein may serve a housekeeping function. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cysteine-rich PDZ-binding protein

This gene encodes a protein that binds to the PDZ3 peptide recognition domain. The encoded protein may modulates protein interactions with the cytoskeleton. A mutation in this gene resulted in short stature with microcephaly and distinctive facies. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

cysteine-rich protein 1 (intestinal)

Cysteine-rich intestinal protein (CRIP) belongs to the LIM/double zinc finger protein family, members of which include cysteine- and glycine-rich protein-1 (CSRP1; MIM 123876), rhombotin-1 (RBTN1; MIM 186921), rhombotin-2 (RBTN2; MIM 180385), and rhombotin-3 (RBTN3; MIM 180386). CRIP may be involved in intestinal zinc transport (Hempe and Cousins, 1991 [PubMed 1946385]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

cysteine-rich protein 3

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. Predicted to act upstream of or within T cell proliferation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine-rich protein 2

This gene encodes a putative transcription factor with two LIM zinc-binding domains. The encoded protein may participate in the differentiation of smooth muscle tissue. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 pseudogene

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 10B

proline-rich nuclear receptor coactivator 1

Predicted to be involved in nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay. Predicted to be active in P-body and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich nuclear receptor coactivator 2

Involved in nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay. Located in Golgi apparatus; P-body; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 6 pseudogene 1

mitochondria-localized glutamic acid-rich protein

Predicted to be involved in several processes, including axonal transport; cellular response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone; and nervous system development. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A7, pseudogene

cysteine rich transmembrane BMP regulator 1 (chordin-like)

This gene encodes a transmembrane protein containing six cysteine-rich repeat domains and an insulin-like growth factor-binding domain. The encoded protein may play a role in tissue development though interactions with members of the transforming growth factor beta family, such as bone morphogenetic proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 6 pseudogene

small proline-rich protein 1A

A structural constituent of skin epidermis. Involved in keratinocyte differentiation and peptide cross-linking. Located in cornified envelope. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small proline-rich protein 1B

The protein encoded by this gene is an envelope protein of keratinocytes. The encoded protein is crosslinked to membrane proteins by transglutaminase, forming an insoluble layer under the plasma membrane. This protein is proline-rich and contains several tandem amino acid repeats. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

small EDRK-rich factor 1A (telomeric)

This gene is part of a 500 kb inverted duplication on chromosome 5q13. This duplicated region contains at least four genes and repetitive elements which make it prone to rearrangements and deletions. The repetitiveness and complexity of the sequence have also caused difficulty in determining the organization of this genomic region. The duplication region includes both a telomeric and a centromeric copy of this gene. Deletions of this gene, the telomeric copy, often accompany deletions of the neighboring SMN1 gene in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients, and so it is thought that this gene may be a modifier of the SMA phenotype. The function of this protein is not known; however, it bears low-level homology with the RNA-binding domain of matrin-cyclophilin, a protein which colocalizes with small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and the SMN1 gene product. Alternatively spliced transcripts have been documented but it is unclear whether alternative splicing occurs for both the centromeric and telomeric copies of the gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

small EDRK-rich factor 1B (centromeric)

This gene is part of a 500 kb inverted duplication on chromosome 5q13. This duplicated region contains at least four genes and repetitive elements which make it prone to rearrangements and deletions. The repetitiveness and complexity of the sequence have also caused difficulty in determining the organization of this genomic region. This gene is the centromeric copy which is identical to the telomeric copy. Alternatively spliced transcripts have been documented but it is unclear whether alternative splicing occurs for both the centromeric and telomeric copies of the gene. The gene encodes a protein of unknown function which bears low-level homology with the RNA-binding domain of matrin-cyclophilin, a protein which colocalizes with small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and the SMN1 gene product. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

leucine rich repeat containing 59 pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 37A

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine-rich C-terminal 1

leucine rich repeat containing 8 family, member B pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 2

This gene encodes a member of the leucine-rich repeat-containing family of proteins, which function in diverse biological pathways. This family member may possibly be a nuclear protein. Similarity to the RAS suppressor protein, as well as expression down-regulation observed in tumor cells, suggests that it may function as a tumor suppressor. The gene is located in the chromosome 3 common eliminated region 1 (C3CER1), a 1.4 Mb region that is commonly deleted in diverse tumors. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

coiled-coil serine-rich protein 1

Implicated in cocaine dependence. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A3 pseudogene

SH3 domain binding glutamate-rich protein like 3

Involved in cytoskeleton organization. Located in cytosol; nuclear body; and ruffle membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SH3 domain binding glutamate-rich protein like 2

Predicted to enable SH3 domain binding activity. Located in nuclear membrane and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing

This gene encodes a leucine-rich protein that has multiple pentatricopeptide repeats (PPR). The precise role of this protein is unknown but studies suggest it may play a role in cytoskeletal organization, vesicular transport, or in transcriptional regulation of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes. The protein localizes primarily to mitochondria and is predicted to have an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence. Mutations in this gene are associated with the French-Canadian type of Leigh syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1

The leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family of proteins, including LRG1, have been shown to be involved in protein-protein interaction, signal transduction, and cell adhesion and development. LRG1 is expressed during granulocyte differentiation (O'Donnell et al., 2002 [PubMed 12223515]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

PNN-interacting serine/arginine-rich protein

Enables RNA binding activity. Located in cytosol; nuclear speck; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine-rich single-pass membrane protein 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich protein gene cluster

TLR4 interactor with leucine-rich repeats

TRIL is a component of the TLR4 (MIM 603030) complex and is induced in a number of cell types by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Carpenter et al., 2009 [PubMed 19710467]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

anther-specific proline-rich protein APG-like

leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology (CH) domain containing 4

This gene encodes a protein that contains leucine-rich repeats (LRR) at its amino terminus and that is known to be involved in ligand binding. The carboxyl terminus may act as a membrane anchor. Identified structural elements suggest that the encoded protein resembles a receptor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology (CH) domain containing 1

This gene encodes a protein with a leucine-rich repeat and a calponin homology domain. Polymorphism in this gene may be associated with susceptibililty to knee osteoarthritis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology (CH) domain containing 2

This gene encodes a member of the leucine-rich repeat and calponin homology domain-containing protein family. These family members contain multiple N-terminal leucine-rich repeats, in addition to a C-terminal calponin homology domain, a type of domain that mediates interactions with actin filaments. These proteins are conserved across animal species, and studies of a similar Drosophila protein indicate a function as a cytoskeletal scaffolding protein. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology (CH) domain containing 3

Involved in septin cytoskeleton organization. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 37B

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 52

Enables potassium channel activator activity; transmembrane transporter binding activity; and voltage-gated potassium channel activity. Involved in positive regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity and potassium ion transmembrane transport. Part of voltage-gated potassium channel complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 53

leucine rich repeat containing 56

Predicted to be involved in cell projection organization. Predicted to be located in cilium. Implicated in primary ciliary dyskinesia 39. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 57

Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 55

Enables potassium channel activator activity; transmembrane transporter binding activity; and voltage-gated potassium channel activity. Involved in positive regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity and potassium ion transmembrane transport. Part of voltage-gated potassium channel complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 58

Predicted to be involved in intracellular signal transduction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 59

Enables RNA binding activity and cadherin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in intracellular signal transduction. Located in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial nucleoid. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich protein 18-like

proline-rich basic protein 1

Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 37A pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 37A pseudogene

proline rich 21 pseudogene

lysine-rich coiled-coil 1

leucine rich repeat containing 14B

The protein encoded by this gene is a leucine-rich repeat containing protein that is a member of the PRAME family. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

aspartate-rich 1

cysteine-rich secretory protein 1

Fertilization consists of a sequence of specific cell-cell interactions culminating in the fusion of the sperm and egg plasma membranes. Recognition, binding, and fusion occur through the interaction of complementary molecules that are localized to specific domains of the sperm and egg plasma membranes. In the sperm, the postacrosomal region or equatorial segment is involved in sperm-egg plasma membrane fusion. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) family. It is expressed in the epididymis, is secreted into the epididymal lumen, and binds to the postacrosomal region of the sperm head, where it plays a role in sperm-egg fusion. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

cysteine-rich secretory protein 3

This gene encodes a member of the cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) family within the CRISP, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins superfamily. The encoded protein has an N-terminal CRISP, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins domain, a hinge region, and a C-terminal ion channel regulator domain. This protein contains cysteine residues, located in both the N- and C-terminal domains, that form eight disulfide bonds, a distinguishing characteristic of this family. This gene is expressed in the male reproductive tract where it plays a role in sperm function and fertilization, and the female reproductive tract where it plays a role in endometrial receptivity for embryo implantation. This gene is upregulated in certain types of prostate cancer. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

cysteine-rich secretory protein 2

Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich protein 36-like

RNA binding protein S1, serine-rich domain

This gene encodes a protein that is part of a post-splicing multiprotein complex involved in both mRNA nuclear export and mRNA surveillance. mRNA surveillance detects exported mRNAs with truncated open reading frames and initiates nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). When translation ends upstream from the last exon-exon junction, this triggers NMD to degrade mRNAs containing premature stop codons. This protein binds to the mRNA and remains bound after nuclear export, acting as a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein. This protein contains many serine residues. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

basic proline-rich protein-like

glutaredoxin, cysteine rich 2

This gene encodes a protein containing a glutaredoxin domain, which functions in protein S-glutathionylation. A mutation in this gene was found in a family with autoosomal recessive nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness-101. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

proline-rich coiled-coil 2C pseudogene 1

proline-rich nuclear receptor coactivator 2 pseudogene

cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 1 pseudogene

leucine rich transmembrane and O-methyltransferase domain containing

This locus represents naturally occurring readthrough transcription between the neighboring LRRC51 (leucine-rich repeat containing 51) and TOMT (transmembrane O-methyltransferase) genes on chromosome 11. The readthrough transcript encodes a fusion protein that shares sequence identity with each individual gene product. Multiple reports implicate mutations in this gene in nonsyndromic deafness.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2021]

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A6, pseudogene

proline rich 21 pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A8, pseudogene

basic salivary proline-rich protein 2-like

basic proline-rich protein-like

proline rich 23C

leucine rich repeat transmembrane neuronal 4

Predicted to enable heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of synapse assembly. Predicted to act upstream of or within AMPA glutamate receptor clustering; positive regulation of synapse assembly; and regulation of presynaptic membrane organization. Predicted to be located in postsynaptic membrane. Predicted to be part of AMPA glutamate receptor complex. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including GABA-ergic synapse; photoreceptor ribbon synapse; and postsynaptic density membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat transmembrane neuronal 1

Predicted to be involved in regulation of postsynaptic density assembly and regulation of presynapse assembly. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including long-term synaptic potentiation; negative regulation of receptor internalization; and positive regulation of synapse assembly. Located in endoplasmic reticulum and growth cone. Is active in GABA-ergic synapse and postsynaptic specialization membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat transmembrane neuronal 3

Involved in regulation of presynapse assembly. Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation. Is active in glutamatergic synapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat transmembrane neuronal 2

Predicted to enable neurexin family protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of postsynaptic density assembly. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including long-term synaptic potentiation; negative regulation of receptor internalization; and positive regulation of synapse assembly. Is active in GABA-ergic synapse and postsynaptic specialization membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 pseudogene 1

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 8

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of the ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls class. It shares 78% sequence identity with the mouse protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 2

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls class and, in addition to an F-box, contains 12 tandem leucine-rich repeats. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 7

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by a 42-48 amino acid motif, the F-box, which binds to the S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (Skp1) protein. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases called SCFs (SKP1-Cul1-F-box), which play a role in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination of proteins. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 subfamilies based on the other domain in the protein: F-box proteins that also have a WD-40 domain (Fbws subfamily), F-box proteins that also have leucine-rich repeats (Fbls subfamily) and F-box proteins that contain other motifs or lack known protein-interaction domains (Fbxs subfamily). The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls subfamily. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 6

This gene encodes a member of a family of proteins that are characterized by an F-box motif. The encoded protein also contains leucine-rich repeats. F-box-containing proteins comprise one of the subunits of the SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) complex, which functions in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

basic proline-rich protein-like

leucine rich repeat containing 8 family, member E

This gene encodes a member of a small, conserved family of proteins with similar structure, including a string of extracellular leucine-rich repeats. A related protein was shown to be involved in B-cell development. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

leucine rich repeat containing 8 family, member D

Enables volume-sensitive anion channel activity. Involved in several processes, including monoatomic anion transmembrane transport; organic acid transmembrane transport; and protein hexamerization. Located in cytoplasm and plasma membrane. Part of monoatomic ion channel complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 8 family, member A

This gene encodes a protein belonging to the leucine-rich repeat family of proteins, which are involved in diverse biological processes, including cell adhesion, cellular trafficking, and hormone-receptor interactions. This family member is a putative four-pass transmembrane protein that plays a role in B cell development. Defects in this gene cause autosomal dominant non-Bruton type agammaglobulinemia, an immunodeficiency disease resulting from defects in B cell maturation. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants, which encode the same protein, have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

leucine rich repeat containing 8 family, member B

Contributes to volume-sensitive anion channel activity. Involved in monoatomic anion transmembrane transport. Located in cytoplasm and plasma membrane. Part of monoatomic ion channel complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

BCL2-like 12 (proline rich) pseudogene 1

proline rich 20A

This gene is one of five identical loci in a cluster on chromosome 13q21.1. The predicted protein is proline-rich and contains several dopamine D4 receptor signatures and PRINTS domains. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

glutamine rich 2

Involved in cell projection assembly; flagellated sperm motility; and negative regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in sperm flagellum. Implicated in spermatogenic failure 35. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamine-rich 1

Enables DNA binding activity. Involved in intracellular signal transduction; positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and positive regulation of apoptotic process. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A17, pseudogene

coiled-coil serine-rich protein 2

Predicted to enable microtubule binding activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule bundle formation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and cytoskeleton. Predicted to be active in microtubule cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

aspartate, glycine, lysine and serine-rich protein-like

AT rich interactive domain 3A (BRIGHT-like)

This gene encodes a member of the ARID (AT-rich interaction domain) family of DNA binding proteins. It was found by homology to the Drosophila dead ringer gene, which is important for normal embryogenesis. Other ARID family members have roles in embryonic patterning, cell lineage gene regulation, cell cycle control, transcriptional regulation, and possibly in chromatin structure modification. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

AT rich interactive domain 3C (BRIGHT-like)

This gene is a member of the ARID (AT-rich interaction domain) family of proteins. The ARID domain is a helix-turn-helix motif-based DNA-binding domain. ARID family members have roles in embryonic patterning, cell lineage gene regulation, cell cycle control, transcriptional regulation and possibly in chromatin structure modification. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

AT rich interactive domain 3B (BRIGHT-like)

This gene encodes a member of the ARID (AT-rich interaction domain) family of DNA-binding proteins. The encoded protein is homologous with two proteins that bind to the retinoblastoma gene product, and also with the mouse Bright and Drosophila dead ringer proteins. A pseudogene on chromosome 1p31 exists for this gene. Members of the ARID family have roles in embryonic patterning, cell lineage gene regulation, cell cycle control, transcriptional regulation and possibly in chromatin structure modification. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

basic proline-rich protein-like

leucine-rich repeats and death domain containing 1

Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

AKT1 substrate 1 (proline-rich)

AKT1S1 is a proline-rich substrate of AKT (MIM 164730) that binds 14-3-3 protein (see YWHAH, MIM 113508) when phosphorylated (Kovacina et al., 2003 [PubMed 12524439]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

basic proline-rich protein-like

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 11 pseudogene 1

cysteine and glycine-rich protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the cysteine-rich protein (CSRP) family. This gene family includes a group of LIM domain proteins, which may be involved in regulatory processes important for development and cellular differentiation. The LIM/double zinc-finger motif found in this gene product occurs in proteins with critical functions in gene regulation, cell growth, and somatic differentiation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

cysteine and glycine-rich protein 3 (cardiac LIM protein)

This gene encodes a member of the CSRP family of LIM domain proteins, which may be involved in regulatory processes important for development and cellular differentiation. The LIM/double zinc-finger motif found in this protein is found in a group of proteins with critical functions in gene regulation, cell growth, and somatic differentiation. Mutations in this gene are thought to cause heritable forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in humans. Alternatively spliced transcript variants with different 5' UTR, but encoding the same protein, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cysteine and glycine-rich protein 2

CSRP2 is a member of the CSRP family of genes, encoding a group of LIM domain proteins, which may be involved in regulatory processes important for development and cellular differentiation. CRP2 contains two copies of the cysteine-rich amino acid sequence motif (LIM) with putative zinc-binding activity, and may be involved in regulating ordered cell growth. Other genes in the family include CSRP1 and CSRP3. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

leucine rich adaptor protein 1-like

Predicted to be involved in regulation of signal transduction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

basic proline-rich protein-like

zinc finger (CCCH type), RNA-binding motif and serine/arginine rich 2

This gene encodes an essential splicing factor. The encoded protein associates with the U2 auxiliary factor heterodimer, which is required for the recognition of a functional 3' splice site in pre-mRNA splicing, and may play a role in network interactions during spliceosome assembly. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A16, pseudogene

leucine-rich repeats and guanylate kinase domain containing

Predicted to enable guanylate kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in axoneme assembly and spermatogenesis. Predicted to be located in acrosomal vesicle and manchette. Predicted to be active in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich adaptor protein 1

Involved in positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction and positive regulation of cytokine production. Located in cytosol and intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 5

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the leucine-rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain-containing family of proteins. A similar protein in mouse, a glycosylated transmembrane protein, is thought to function in presynaptic differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 5

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/arginine (SR)-rich family of pre-mRNA splicing factors, which constitute part of the spliceosome. Each of these factors contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM) for binding RNA and an RS domain for binding other proteins. The RS domain is rich in serine and arginine residues and facilitates interaction between different SR splicing factors. In addition to being critical for mRNA splicing, the SR proteins have also been shown to be involved in mRNA export from the nucleus and in translation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 4

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Located in nuclear speck. Biomarker of Down syndrome; acute myeloid leukemia; clear cell renal cell carcinoma; and colon adenocarcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 7

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/arginine (SR)-rich family of pre-mRNA splicing factors, which constitute part of the spliceosome. Each of these factors contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM) for binding RNA and a C-terminal RS domain for binding other proteins. The RS domain is rich in serine and arginine residues and facilitates interaction between different SR splicing factors. In addition to being critical for mRNA splicing, the SR proteins have also been shown to be involved in mRNA export from the nucleus and in translation. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2018]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 6

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in mRNA splicing and may play a role in the determination of alternative splicing. The encoded nuclear protein belongs to the splicing factor SR family and has been shown to bind with and modulate another member of the family, SFRS12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. In addition, two pseudogenes, one on chromosome 17 and the other on the X chromosome, have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1

This gene encodes a member of the arginine/serine-rich splicing factor protein family. The encoded protein can either activate or repress splicing, depending on its phosphorylation state and its interaction partners. Multiple transcript variants have been found for this gene. There is a pseudogene of this gene on chromosome 13. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/arginine (SR)-rich family of pre-mRNA splicing factors, which constitute part of the spliceosome. Each of these factors contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM) for binding RNA and an RS domain for binding other proteins. The RS domain is rich in serine and arginine residues and facilitates interaction between different SR splicing factors. In addition to being critical for mRNA splicing, the SR proteins have also been shown to be involved in mRNA export from the nucleus and in translation. Two transcript variants, one protein-coding and the other non-coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/arginine (SR)-rich family of pre-mRNA splicing factors, which constitute part of the spliceosome. Each of these factors contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM) for binding RNA and an RS domain for binding other proteins. The RS domain is rich in serine and arginine residues and facilitates interaction between different SR splicing factors. In addition to being critical for mRNA splicing, the SR proteins have also been shown to be involved in mRNA export from the nucleus and in translation. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein and one non-coding transcript variant have been found for this gene. In addition, a pseudogene of this gene has been found on chromosome 11. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 9

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/arginine (SR)-rich family of pre-mRNA splicing factors, which constitute part of the spliceosome. Each of these factors contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM) for binding RNA and an RS domain for binding other proteins. The RS domain is rich in serine and arginine residues and facilitates interaction between different SR splicing factors. In addition to being critical for mRNA splicing, the SR proteins have also been shown to be involved in mRNA export from the nucleus and in translation. Two pseudogenes, one on chromosome 15 and the other on chromosome 21, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 8

This gene encodes a member of a family of proteins containing a ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-type RNA binding motif and a carboxyl-terminal arginine-serine-rich (RS) domain. The encoded protein functions as a pre-mRNA splicing factor. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 7. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

GC-rich promoter binding protein 1 pseudogene

leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 1 pseudogene 1

proline-rich protein BstNI subfamily 1

Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

scavenger receptor cysteine rich family, 4 domains

The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily is an ancient and highly conserved group of cell surface and/or secreted proteins, some of which are involved in the development of the immune system and the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Group B SRCR domains usually contain 8 regularly spaced cysteines that give rise to a well-defined intradomain disulfide-bond pattern.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

proline-rich protein 20A

glutaredoxin, cysteine rich 1

This gene is one of 60 loci associated with autosomal-recessive nonsyndromic hearing impairment. This gene encodes a protein which contains GRX-like domains; these domains play a role in the S-glutathionylation of proteins and may be involved in actin organization in hair cells. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

small EDRK-rich factor 1A (telomeric) pseudogene 1

proline rich 20B

This gene is one of five identical loci in a cluster on chromosome 13q21.1. The predicted protein is proline-rich and contains several dopamine D4 receptor signatures and PRINTS domains. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

proline rich 20C

This gene is one of five identical loci in a cluster on chromosome 13q21.1. The predicted protein is proline-rich and contains several dopamine D4 receptor signatures and PRINTS domains. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

proline rich 20D

This gene is one of five identical loci in a cluster on chromosome 13q21.1. The predicted protein is proline-rich and contains several dopamine D4 receptor signatures and PRINTS domains. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

proline rich 20E

This gene is one of five identical loci in a cluster on chromosome 13q21.1. The predicted protein is proline-rich and contains several dopamine D4 receptor signatures and PRINTS domains. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 1

Enables Hsp90 protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including centrosome duplication; chaperone-mediated protein folding; and negative regulation of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 3

Predicted to be involved in regulation of presynapse assembly; regulation of synaptic membrane adhesion; and synaptic membrane adhesion. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in cell surface; glutamatergic synapse; and synaptic membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 2

Predicted to be involved in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission and regulation of postsynapse organization. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse; cell surface; and postsynaptic density membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 1

Predicted to be involved in regulation of postsynaptic density assembly. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in cell surface; postsynaptic density membrane; and presynaptic active zone membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 4

Predicted to be involved in regulation of postsynaptic density assembly; regulation of presynapse assembly; and synaptic membrane adhesion. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including GABA-ergic synapse; glutamatergic synapse; and postsynaptic density membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich protein BstNI subfamily 2

This gene encodes a member of the heterogeneous family of basic, proline-rich, human salivary glycoproteins. The encoded preproprotein undergoes proteolytic processing to generate one or more mature isoforms before secretion from the parotid glands. Multiple alleles of this gene exhibiting variations in the length of the tandem repeats, polymorphic cleavage sites and polymorphic stop codons have been identified. This gene is located in a cluster of closely related salivary proline-rich proteins on chromosome 12. [provided by RefSeq, May 2023]

proline-rich protein BstNI subfamily 3

This gene encodes a member of the heterogeneous family of basic, proline-rich, human salivary glycoproteins. Multiple alleles of this gene exhibiting variations in the length of the tandem repeats have been identified. The reference genome encodes the `Long` allele. The protein isoforms encoded by this gene are recognized as the `first line of oral defense` against the detrimental effects of polyphenols in the diet and pathogen infections. This gene is located in a cluster of closely related salivary proline-rich proteins on chromosome 12. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

proline-rich protein BstNI subfamily 4

This gene encodes a member of the heterogeneous family of basic, proline-rich, human salivary glycoproteins. The encoded preproprotein undergoes proteolytic processing to generate one or more mature peptides before secretion from the parotid glands. Multiple alleles of this gene exhibiting variations in the length of the tandem repeats have been identified. The reference genome encodes the `Small` allele. This gene is located in a cluster of closely related salivary proline-rich proteins on chromosome 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms that may undergo similar proteolytic processing. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

proline rich 21 pseudogene

leucine-rich repeats and WD repeat domain containing 1

The protein encoded by this gene interacts with components of the origin recognition complex (ORC) and regulates the formation of the prereplicative complex. The encoded protein stabilizes the ORC and therefore aids in DNA replication. This protein is required for the G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle. In addition, the encoded protein binds to trimethylated histone H3 in heterochromatin and recruits the ORC and lysine methyltransferases, which help maintain the repressive heterochromatic state. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

SH3 and cysteine rich domain

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane; positive regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity; and skeletal muscle contraction. Predicted to act upstream of or within cellular response to heat; muscle contraction; and regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity. Predicted to be located in cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich protein 23D1-like

proline-rich protein HaeIII subfamily 1-like

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 9 pseudogene

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 10 pseudogene

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 8 pseudogene

proline rich Gla (G-carboxyglutamic acid) 4 (transmembrane)

Enables WW domain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in blood coagulation. Located in plasma membrane. Biomarker of cholangiocarcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich Gla (G-carboxyglutamic acid) 1

This gene encodes a vitamin K-dependent, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-containing, single-pass transmembrane protein. This protein contains a Gla domain at the N-terminus, preceded by a propeptide sequence required for post-translational gamma-carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues by a vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase. The C-terminus is proline-rich containing PPXY and PXXP motifs found in a variety of signaling and cytoskeletal proteins. This gene is highly expressed in the spinal cord. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

proline rich Gla (G-carboxyglutamic acid) 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a single-pass transmembrane protein containing an N-terminal gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domain and tandem Pro/Leu-Pro-Xaa-Tyr (PY) motifs at its C-terminal end. The Gla domain is exposed on the cell surface while the PY motifs are cytoplasmic. The PY motifs of the encoded protein have been shown to interact with YAP1, a WW domain-containing protein. Therefore, it is thought that the encoded protein may be part of a signal transduction pathway. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

proline rich Gla (G-carboxyglutamic acid) 3 (transmembrane)

This gene encodes a protein which contains a vitamin K-dependent carboxylation/gamma-carboxyglutamic domain. The encoded protein is a member of a family of vitamin K-dependent transmembrane proteins which contain a glutamate-rich extracellular domain. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 53

leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 53-like

Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 37B pseudogene

proline-rich receptor-like protein kinase PERK2

basic proline-rich protein-like

AT rich interactive domain 2 (ARID, RFX-like)

This gene encodes a member of the AT-rich interactive domain (ARID)-containing family of DNA-binding proteins. Members of the ARID family have roles in embryonic patterning, cell lineage gene regulation, cell cycle control, transcriptional regulation and chromatin structure modification. This protein functions as a subunit of the polybromo- and BRG1-associated factor or PBAF (SWI/SNF-B) chromatin remodeling complex which facilitates ligand-dependent transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors. Mutations in this gene are associated with hepatocellular carcinomas. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome1. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

arginine and glutamate rich 1

Enables nuclear receptor coactivator activity and pre-mRNA binding activity. Involved in regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Located in cytosol; mitochondrion; and nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 1 pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 8 family, member C

Enables volume-sensitive anion channel activity. Involved in cyclic-GMP-AMP transmembrane import across plasma membrane and monoatomic anion transmembrane transport. Located in cytoplasm and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich repeat, immunoglobulin-like and transmembrane domains 2

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich repeat, immunoglobulin-like and transmembrane domains 3

This gene encodes a protein that has a fibronectin type III domain and a C-terminal transmembrane domain, as well as a leucine-rich repeat domain and immunoglobulin-like domain near the N-terminus. The encoded protein may regulate fibroblast growth factor receptors and affect the modification of these receptors, which are glycosylated differently in the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital stationary night blindness, type 1F. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

leucine-rich repeat, immunoglobulin-like and transmembrane domains 1

Predicted to be involved in visual perception. Predicted to be located in dendrite; endoplasmic reticulum; and membrane. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

basic salivary proline-rich protein 2-like

proline-rich extensin-like protein EPR1

PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 2

Predicted to enable protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity. Predicted to be involved in intracellular signal transduction. Located in several cellular components, including intercellular bridge; mitotic spindle; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A5, pseudogene

AT rich interactive domain 4A (RBP1-like)

The protein encoded by this gene is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein. It binds directly, with several other proteins, to retinoblastoma protein (pRB) which regulates cell proliferation. pRB represses transcription by recruiting the encoded protein. This protein, in turn, serves as a bridging molecule to recruit HDACs and, in addition, provides a second HDAC-independent repression function. The encoded protein possesses transcriptional repression activity. Multiple alternatively spliced transcripts have been observed for this gene, although not all transcript variants have been fully described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

AT rich interactive domain 4B (RBP1-like)

This gene encodes a protein with sequence similarity to retinoblastoma-binding protein-1. The encoded protein is a subunit of the histone deacetylase-dependant SIN3A transcriptional corepressor complex, which functions in diverse cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, oncogenesis, and cell fate determination. The gene product is recognized by IgG antibody isolated from a breast cancer patient and appears to be a molecular marker associated with a broad range of human malignancies. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lysine-rich nucleolar protein 1 pseudogene 4

proline-rich transmembrane protein 4

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich transmembrane protein 1

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including long-term synaptic depression; protein localization to cell surface; and regulation of AMPA receptor activity. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including learning or memory; long-term synaptic potentiation; and synapse organization. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane and synaptic vesicle membrane. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse and postsynaptic density membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich transmembrane protein 3

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich transmembrane protein 2

This gene encodes a transmembrane protein containing a proline-rich domain in its N-terminal half. Studies in mice suggest that it is predominantly expressed in brain and spinal cord in embryonic and postnatal stages. Mutations in this gene are associated with episodic kinesigenic dyskinesia-1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

tryptophan rich basic protein pseudogene 1

arginine/serine-rich protein 1

Involved in spliceosomal complex assembly. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 10 pseudogene 1

proline rich 12

This gene encodes a proline-rich protein that contains two A-T hook DNA binding domains. A chromosomal translocation and gene fusion between this gene and zinc finger, MIZ-type containing 1 (Gene ID: 57178) may underlie intellectual disability and neuropsychiatric problems in a human patient. Enriched expression of this gene in embryonic mouse brain suggests that this gene may play a role in nervous system development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

proline rich 13

Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich 11

Involved in regulation of cell cycle. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich 16

Involved in positive regulation of cell size and positive regulation of translation. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich 14

The protein encoded by this gene tethers heterochromatin to the nuclear laminar scaffold by binding heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) and the nuclear lamina. The tether is broken during mitosis and reforms quickly after mitosis, with the encoded protein first binding HP1 and then attaching to the nuclear lamina. This protein also has been shown to promote MyoD activity and skeletal myogenesis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

proline rich 15

proline rich 18

proline rich 19

Predicted to be involved in meiotic cell cycle. Predicted to be located in chromosome and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene contains a leucine-rich repeat (LRR). It specifically interacts with TNFRSF9/4-1BB, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. Overexpression of this gene suppresses the activation of NF-kappa B induced by TNFRSF9 or TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), which suggests that this protein is a negative regulator of TNFRSF9-mediated signaling cascades. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

leucine rich repeat and coiled-coil centrosomal protein 1

This gene encodes a centrosomal protein that maintains the structural integrity of the centrosome and plays a key role in mitotic spindle formation. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. It associates with the centrosome throughout the cell cycle and accumulates on the mitotic centrosome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

proline rich 3

Enables RNA binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich 4 (lacrimal)

This gene encodes a member of the proline-rich protein family that lacks a conserved repetitive domain. This protein may play a role in protective functions in the eye. Alternative splicing result in multiple transcript variants. Read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the upstream PRH1 (proline-rich protein HaeIII subfamily 1) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

proline rich 5 (renal)

This gene encodes a protein with a proline-rich domain. This gene is located in a region of chromosome 22 reported to contain a tumor suppressor gene that may be involved in breast and colorectal tumorigenesis. The protein is a component of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), and it regulates platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor beta expression and PDGF signaling to Akt and S6K1. Alternative splicing and the use of alternative promoters results in transcripts encoding different isoforms. Read-through transcripts from this gene into the downstream Rho GTPase activating protein 8 (ARHGAP8) gene also exist, which led to the original description of PRR5 and ARHGAP8 being a single gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

proline rich 7 (synaptic)

Enables long-chain fatty acid binding activity; protein tyrosine kinase binding activity; and ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of apoptotic process; positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity; and regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I. Located in several cellular components, including cytosol; nucleoplasm; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cysteine-rich PAK1 inhibitor

CRIPAK is a negative regulator of PAK1 (MIM 602590) that is upregulated by estrogen (Talukder et al., 2006 [PubMed 16278681]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD) containing 1 pseudogene

cysteine/tyrosine-rich 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 3C

Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in extracellular matrix and extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 pseudogene

arginine/serine-rich coiled-coil 1 pseudogene

keratinocyte proline-rich protein

This gene encodes a proline-rich skin protein possibly involved in keratinocyte differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

GC-rich sequence DNA-binding factor 2

The first mRNA transcript isolated for this gene was part of an artificial chimera derived from two distinct gene transcripts and a primer used in the cloning process (see Genbank accession M29204). A positively charged amino terminus present only in the chimera was determined to bind GC-rich DNA, thus mistakenly thought to identify a transcription factor gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cysteine-rich protein 1 (intestinal) pseudogene 4

cysteine-rich protein 1 (intestinal) pseudogene 2

sperm-tail PG-rich repeat containing 2

sperm-tail PG-rich repeat containing 1

Involved in positive regulation of apoptotic process and positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process. Predicted to be located in mitochondrion and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 70

Involved in positive regulation of response to cytokine stimulus. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 71

leucine rich repeat containing 72

leucine rich repeat containing 73

splicing factor proline/glutamine-rich

Enables DNA binding activity; histone deacetylase binding activity; and protein homodimerization activity. Involved in several processes, including alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome; positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway; and regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Acts upstream of or within double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Located in chromatin; nuclear matrix; and paraspeckles. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 57 pseudogene

leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 37A2-like

leucine rich repeat containing 37, member A2 pseudogene

sperm mitochondria-associated cysteine-rich protein

Sperm mitochondria differ in morphology and subcellular localization from those of somatic cells. They are elongated, flattened, and arranged circumferentially to form a helical coiled sheath in the midpiece of the sperm flagellum. The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the capsule associated with the mitochondrial outer membranes and is thought to function in the organization and stabilization of the helical structure of the sperm's mitochondrial sheath. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lysine-rich nucleolar protein 1 pseudogene 1

lysine-rich nucleolar protein 1 pseudogene 3

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 11-like

leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 2 pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 16A

Involved in several processes, including actin filament network formation; plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization; and positive regulation of cellular component organization. Located in several cellular components, including lamellipodium; macropinosome; and nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 16B

Predicted to be involved in cell migration and regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation. Located in cytoplasm and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SH3 and cysteine rich domain 2

This gene encodes a protein containing an SH3 domain and a zinc finger domain. The encoded protein has been shown to regulate calcium channel inactivation in a human cell line. Reduced expression of this gene has been observed in human heart failure. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

SH3 and cysteine rich domain 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the excitation-contraction coupling machinery of muscles. This protein is a member of the Stac gene family and contains an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain and two SH3 domains. Mutations in this gene are a cause of Native American myopathy. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

leucine rich repeat containing 59 pseudogene

leucine, glutamate and lysine rich 1

cysteine-rich, angiogenic inducer, 61

The secreted protein encoded by this gene is growth factor-inducible and promotes the adhesion of endothelial cells. The encoded protein interacts with several integrins and with heparan sulfate proteoglycan. This protein also plays a role in cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix formation. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 pseudogene

GC-rich promoter binding protein 1-like 1

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity and RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member B pseudogene 3

coiled-coil serine-rich protein 2 pseudogene

proline rich 21 pseudogene

proline rich 21 pseudogene

proline rich 21 pseudogene

proline rich 21 pseudogene

leucine rich repeat containing 14 pseudogene

uncharacterized threonine-rich GPI-anchored glycoprotein PJ4664.02-like

late cornified envelope-like proline-rich 1

small leucine-rich protein 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich 23 domain containing 2

proline rich 23 domain containing 1

proline rich 14-like

small proline-rich protein 2E

This gene encodes a member of a family of small proline-rich proteins clustered in the epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 1q21. The encoded protein, along with other family members, is a component of the cornified cell envelope that forms beneath the plasma membrane in terminally differentiated stratified squamous epithelia. This envelope serves as a barrier against extracellular and environmental factors. The seven SPRR2 genes (A-G) appear to have been homogenized by gene conversion compared to others in the cluster that exhibit greater differences in protein structure. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

small proline-rich protein 2D

Predicted to be involved in female gonad development. Predicted to act upstream of or within response to estradiol. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small proline-rich protein 2G

Predicted to be involved in keratinocyte differentiation. Predicted to act upstream of or within response to estradiol. Predicted to be located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small proline-rich protein 2F

Predicted to be involved in keratinocyte differentiation. Predicted to act upstream of or within response to estradiol. Predicted to be located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small proline-rich protein 2A

Enables lipid binding activity. Involved in antibacterial humoral response and defense response to Gram-positive bacterium. Located in cytoplasm. Is active in extracellular region and secretory granule. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small proline-rich protein 2C (pseudogene)

small proline-rich protein 2B

Predicted to be involved in keratinocyte differentiation. Predicted to act upstream of or within response to estradiol. Predicted to be located in cornified envelope and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich receptor-like protein kinase PERK13

coiled-coil glutamate-rich protein 1

coiled-coil glutamate-rich protein 2

Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

basic proline-rich protein-like

proline-rich coiled-coil 2C

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in stress granule assembly. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich coiled-coil 2B

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cell differentiation. Predicted to act upstream of or within in utero embryonic development. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline-rich coiled-coil 2A

A cluster of genes, BAT1-BAT5, has been localized in the vicinity of the genes for TNF alpha and TNF beta. These genes are all within the human major histocompatibility complex class III region. This gene has microsatellite repeats which are associated with the age-at-onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and possibly thought to be involved with the inflammatory process of pancreatic beta-cell destruction during the development of IDDM. This gene is also a candidate gene for the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

proline-rich coiled-coil 1

Predicted to enable protein kinase A regulatory subunit binding activity. Predicted to be involved in epithelial structure maintenance. Predicted to be located in Golgi apparatus. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich 20B pseudogene

proline-rich protein 2-like

AT rich interactive domain 1B (SWI1-like)

This locus encodes an AT-rich DNA interacting domain-containing protein. The encoded protein is a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and may play a role in cell-cycle activation. The protein encoded by this locus is similar to AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A. These two proteins function as alternative, mutually exclusive ARID-subunits of the SWI/SNF complex. The associated complexes play opposing roles. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

AT rich interactive domain 1A (SWI-like)

This gene encodes a member of the SWI/SNF family, whose members have helicase and ATPase activities and are thought to regulate transcription of certain genes by altering the chromatin structure around those genes. The encoded protein is part of the large ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SNF/SWI, which is required for transcriptional activation of genes normally repressed by chromatin. It possesses at least two conserved domains that could be important for its function. First, it has a DNA-binding domain that can specifically bind an AT-rich DNA sequence known to be recognized by a SNF/SWI complex at the beta-globin locus. Second, the C-terminus of the protein can stimulate glucocorticoid receptor-dependent transcriptional activation. It is thought that the protein encoded by this gene confers specificity to the SNF/SWI complex and may recruit the complex to its targets through either protein-DNA or protein-protein interactions. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

leucine rich repeat containing 75B

leucine rich repeat containing 75A

Predicted to enable ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Predicted to be involved in proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be part of Cul2-RING ubiquitin ligase complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat and Ig domain containing 4

Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of synapse assembly. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in extracellular matrix and extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat and Ig domain containing 3

Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in extracellular matrix and extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat and Ig domain containing 2

Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of synapse assembly. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including extracellular space; glutamatergic synapse; and synaptic membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat and Ig domain containing 1

Predicted to enable epidermal growth factor receptor binding activity. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation; negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction; and neuron development. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including extracellular space; glutamatergic synapse; and presynapse. Implicated in autosomal recessive intellectual developmental disorder 64 and glaucoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor SR45-like

lysine-rich nucleolar protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a nucleolar protein that interacts with zinc finger 106 protein. The encoded protein has several of the same characteristics as nucleostemin and may be involved in testis development. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

extracellular leucine-rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 1

Predicted to enable protein phosphatase inhibitor activity. Predicted to be involved in synapse organization. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including chemical synaptic transmission; synapse assembly; and visual perception. Predicted to be located in dendrite and excitatory synapse. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including axon terminus; glutamatergic synapse; and postsynaptic density membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

extracellular leucine-rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 2

Predicted to enable protein phosphatase inhibitor activity. Predicted to be involved in synaptic membrane adhesion. Predicted to act upstream of or within chemical synaptic transmission; establishment of protein localization; and gene expression. Located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spermatogenesis associated, serine-rich 1

spermatogenesis associated, serine-rich 2

Enables RNA binding activity. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DERPC proline and glycine rich nuclear protein

Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine rich repeat containing 51

This gene belongs to the leucine-rich repeat containing family. The encoded protein contains a transmembrane domain and two leucine-rich repeat domains. Unlike in mouse and other mammals, readthrough transcription is observed in primates between this gene and the adjacent transmembrane O-methyltransferase (Tomt) gene. Previously, this locus was annotated as a single gene representing the readthrough transcripts as well as the two different transcript species that encoded different proteins. It has since been split into three genes, including the two stand-alone genes and a third gene representing the readthrough transcription. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2022]

F-box and leucine rich repeat protein, pseudogene

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls class and, in addition to an F-box, contains 9 tandem leucine-rich repeats. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Other variants may occur, but their full-length natures have not been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sperm-tail PG-rich repeat containing 4

Predicted to enable chromatin binding activity and histone binding activity. Predicted to be involved in epigenetic programing of male pronucleus. Predicted to act upstream of or within pyrimidine-containing compound catabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Predicted to be active in female pronucleus; germinal vesicle; and male pronucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

F-box and leucine rich repeat protein 21, pseudogene

This locus represents a transcribed pseudogene that is related to genes encoding members of the F-box family of proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2017]

leucine rich melanocyte differentiation associated

This gene encodes a leucine-rich repeat protein. The encoded protein is thought to play a role in melanocyte differentiation. Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal recessive oculocutaneous albinism 7 (OCA7). Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

sperm-tail PG-rich repeat containing 3

Predicted to be active in cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine rich and transmembrane domain containing 2

Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glycine rich extracellular protein 1

leucine rich repeat containing 77, pseudogene

testis-specific serine/proline-rich protein

proline rich transmembrane protein 1B

Predicted to be active in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small proline rich protein 5

proline rich 20G

secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein proline-glutamine rich 1

leucine rich repeat transmembrane protein 3