Harmonizome 3.0

Sep (O-phosphoserine) tRNA:Sec (selenocysteine) tRNA synthase

The amino acid selenocysteine is the only amino acid that does not have its own tRNA synthetase. Instead, this amino acid is synthesized on its cognate tRNA in a three step process. The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the third step in the process, the conversion of O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) to selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec).[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

methionyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene produces a mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA synthetase protein that is encoded by the nuclear genome and imported to the mitochondrion. This protein likely functions as a monomer and is predicted to localize to the mitochondrial matrix. Mutations in this gene are associated with the autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease spastic ataxia-3 (SPAX3). [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene 1

cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative)

This gene encodes a putative member of the class I family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. This protein is encoded by the nuclear genome but is likely to be imported to the mitochondrion where it is thought to catalyze the ligation of cysteine to tRNA molecules. A splice-site mutation in this gene has been associated with a novel progressive myoclonic epilepsy disease with similar symptoms to MERRF syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2017]

valyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, which catalyzes the attachment of valine to tRNA(Val) for mitochondrial translation. Mutations in this gene cause combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-20, and are also associated with early-onset mitochondrial encephalopathies. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2014]

threonyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative)

This gene encodes a member of the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The encoded protein is a mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

mitochondrial tRNA translation optimization 1

This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein thought to be involved in mitochondrial tRNA modification. The encoded protein may also play a role in the expression of the non-syndromic and aminoglycoside-induced deafness phenotypes associated with a specific mutation in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

threonyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

histidyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme belonging to the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Functioning in the synthesis of histidyl-transfer RNA, the enzyme plays an accessory role in the regulation of protein biosynthesis. The gene is located in a head-to-head orientation with HARS on chromosome five, where the homologous genes likely share a bidirectional promoter. Mutations in this gene are associated with the pathogenesis of Perrault syndrome, which involves ovarian dysgenesis and sensorineural hearing loss. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form, named WARS, and a mitochondrial form, named WARS2. This gene encodes the mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. Two alternative transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a protein that transfers phenylalanine to its cognate tRNA. This protein localizes to the mitochondrion and plays a role in mitochondrial protein translation. Mutations in this gene can cause combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 14 (Alpers encephalopathy). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

alanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases play critical roles in mRNA translation by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The encoded protein is a mitochondrial enzyme that specifically aminoacylates alanyl-tRNA. Mutations in this gene are a cause of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 8. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

seryl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes the mitochondrial seryl-tRNA synthethase precursor, a member of the class II tRNA synthetase family. The mature enzyme catalyzes the ligation of Serine to tRNA(Ser) and participates in the biosynthesis of selenocysteinyl-tRNA(sec) in mitochondria. The enzyme contains an N-terminal tRNA binding domain and a core catalytic domain. It functions in a homodimeric form, which is stabilized by tRNA binding. This gene is regulated by a bidirectional promoter that also controls the expression of mitochondrial ribosomal protein S12. Both genes are within the critical interval for the autosomal dominant deafness locus DFNA4 and might be linked to this disease. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

leucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a class 1 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase. Each of the twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyzes the aminoacylation of a specific tRNA or tRNA isoaccepting family with the cognate amino acid. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

prolyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative)

This gene encodes a putative member of the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. This protein is encoded by the nuclear genome but is likely to be imported to the mitochondrion where it is thought to catalyze the ligation of proline to tRNA molecules. Mutations have been found in this gene in some patients with Alpers syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase

The protein encoded by this nuclear gene localizes to the mitochondrion, where it catalyzes the formylation of methionyl-tRNA. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

glutamyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a member of the class I family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. This protein is encoded by the nuclear genome but is likely to be imported to the mitochondrion where it is thought to catalyze the ligation of glutamate to tRNA molecules. Mutations in this gene have been associated with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 12 (COXPD12). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

arginyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This nuclear gene encodes a protein that localizes to the mitochondria, where it catalyzes the transfer of L-arginine to its cognate tRNA, an important step in translation of mitochondrially-encoded proteins. Defects in this gene are a cause of pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 6 (PCH6). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein that catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr). Mutations in this gene are associated with myopathy with lactic acidosis and sideroblastic anemia type 2 (MLASA2). [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative)

This gene encodes a putative member of the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. This protein is encoded by the nuclear genome but is likely to be imported to the mitochondrion where it is thought to catalyze the ligation of asparagine to tRNA molecules. Mutations in this gene have been associated with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 24 (COXPD24). [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAS, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Two forms of isoleucine-tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form and a mitochondrial form. This gene encodes the mitochondrial isoleucine-tRNA synthetase which belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

aspartyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. It is a mitochondrial enzyme that specifically aminoacylates aspartyl-tRNA. Mutations in this gene are associated with leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL). [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables protein heterodimerization activity; protein methyltransferase activity; and tRNA methyltransferase activator activity. Involved in macromolecule methylation and positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process. Located in nucleoplasm and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 1

asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 2

tRNA methyltransferase 44 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is a putative tRNA methyltransferase found in the cytoplasm. Defects in this gene may be a cause of partial epilepsy with pericentral spikes (PEPS), but that has not been proven definitively. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

tRNA phosphotransferase 1

Predicted to enable tRNA 2'-phosphotransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation. Predicted to act upstream of or within regulation of protein kinase activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 14 (tRNA-guanine transglycosylase)

This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-specific processing (UBP) family of proteases that is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) with His and Cys domains. This protein is located in the cytoplasm and cleaves the ubiquitin moiety from ubiquitin-fused precursors and ubiquitinylated proteins. Mice with a mutation that results in reduced expression of the ortholog of this protein are retarded for growth, develop severe tremors by 2 to 3 weeks of age followed by hindlimb paralysis and death by 6 to 10 weeks of age. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 2 pseudogene 1

alanyl-tRNA synthetase

The human alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS) belongs to a family of tRNA synthases, of the class II enzymes. Class II tRNA synthases evolved early in evolution and are highly conserved. This is reflected by the fact that 498 of the 968-residue polypeptide human AARS shares 41% identity witht the E.coli protein. tRNA synthases are the enzymes that interpret the RNA code and attach specific aminoacids to the tRNAs that contain the cognate trinucleotide anticodons. They consist of a catalytic domain which interacts with the amino acid acceptor-T psi C helix of the tRNA, and a second domain which interacts with the rest of the tRNA structure. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TSEN54 tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of the tRNA splicing endonuclease complex, which catalyzes the removal of introns from precursor tRNAs. The complex is also implicated in pre-mRNA 3-prime end processing. Mutations in this gene result in pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

tRNA 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate methyltransferase

This nuclear gene encodes a mitochondrial tRNA-modifying enzyme. The encoded protein catalyzes the 2-thiolation of uridine on the wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu), and tRNA(Gln), resulting in the formation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine moieties. Mutations in this gene may cause transient infantile liver failure. Polymorphisms in this gene may also influence the severity of deafness caused by mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA mutations. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a mitochondrial protein with two putative domains, an N-terminal mitochondrial localization sequence, and a UPF0099 domain. In vitro assays suggest that this protein possesses peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase activity, to release the peptidyl moiety from tRNA, thereby preventing the accumulation of dissociated peptidyl-tRNA that could reduce the efficiency of translation. This protein also plays a role regulating cell survival and death. It promotes survival as part of an integrin-signaling pathway for cells attached to the extracellular matrix (ECM), but also promotes apoptosis in cells that have lost their attachment to the ECM, a process called anoikos. After loss of cell attachment to the ECM, this protein is phosphorylated, is released from the mitochondria into the cytosol, and promotes caspase-independent apoptosis through interactions with transcriptional regulators. This gene has been implicated in the development and progression of tumors, and mutations in this gene have been associated with an infantile multisystem neurologic, endocrine, and pancreatic disease (INMEPD) characterized by intellectual disability, postnatal microcephaly, progressive cerebellar atrophy, hearing impairment, polyneuropathy, failure to thrive, and organ fibrosis with exocrine pancreas insufficiency (PMID: 25574476). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase activity. Involved in rescue of stalled ribosome. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glycyl-tRNA synthetase

This gene encodes glycyl-tRNA synthetase, one of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The encoded enzyme is an (alpha)2 dimer which belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. It has been shown to be a target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune diseases, polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

tRNA methyltransferase 11 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

arginyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Arginyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is a multifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that catalyzes the aminoacylation of glutamic acid and proline tRNA species. Alternative splicing has been observed for this gene, but the full-length nature and biological validity of the variant have not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

histidyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytoplasmic enzyme which belongs to the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of histidyl-transfer RNA, which is essential for the incorporation of histidine into proteins. The gene is located in a head-to-head orientation with HARSL on chromosome five, where the homologous genes share a bidirectional promoter. The gene product is a frequent target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune disease polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

alanyl-tRNA synthetase domain containing 1

Predicted to enable Ser-tRNA(Ala) hydrolase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of translational fidelity. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

aspartyl-tRNA synthetase

This gene encodes a member of a multienzyme complex that functions in mediating the attachment of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. The encoded protein ligates L-aspartate to tRNA(Asp). Mutations in this gene have been found in patients showing hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 1

glycyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 1

phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, beta subunit pseudogene 1

exportin, tRNA (nuclear export receptor for tRNAs) pseudogene

tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is of unknown function. However, it is orthologous to the mouse Trmt2a gene and contains an RNA methyltransferase domain. Expression of this gene varies during the cell cycle, with aberrant expression being a possible biomarker in certain breast cancers. Several transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a homolog of the TRM2 gene in S. cerevisiae. The yeast gene encodes a tRNA methyltransferase that plays a role in tRNA maturation. The yeast protein also has endo-exonuclease activity and may be involved in DNA double strand break repair. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcripts encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

prolyl-tRNA synthetase associated domain containing 1, pseudogene

Predicted to enable aminoacyl-tRNA editing activity. Predicted to be involved in aminoacyl-tRNA metabolism involved in translational fidelity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1

This gene encodes a protein responsible for the methylation of aspartic acid transfer RNA, specifically at the cytosine-38 residue in the anticodon loop. This enzyme also possesses residual DNA-(cytosine-C5) methyltransferase activity. While similar in sequence and structure to DNA cytosine methyltransferases, this gene is distinct and highly conserved in its function among taxa. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 1 homolog pseudogene 1

tRNA

tRNA

lysyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Lysyl-tRNA synthetase is a homodimer localized to the cytoplasm which belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. It has been shown to be a target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune diseases, polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

D-tyrosyl-tRNA deacylase 2 (putative)

Enables Ala-tRNA(Thr) hydrolase activity. Involved in aminoacyl-tRNA metabolism involved in translational fidelity. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form, named WARS, and a mitochondrial form, named WARS2. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS) catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with tryptophan and is induced by interferon. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Four transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

TSEN34 tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit

This gene encodes a catalytic subunit of the tRNA splicing endonuclease, which catalyzes the removal of introns from precursor tRNAs. The endonuclease complex is also associated with a pre-mRNA 3-prime end processing factor. A mutation in this gene results in the neurological disorder pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

TSEN2 tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit pseudogene 1

tRNA glycine1 (anticodon CCC)

glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase, subunit B

Contributes to glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity. Involved in glutaminyl-tRNAGln biosynthesis via transamidation and mitochondrial translation. Located in mitochondrion. Part of glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex. Implicated in combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 41. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase, subunit C

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity and glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity. Involved in glutaminyl-tRNAGln biosynthesis via transamidation and mitochondrial translation. Located in mitochondrion. Part of glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex. Implicated in combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 42. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA methyltransferase 10 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the tRNA (Guanine-1)-methyltransferase family. A similar gene in yeast modifies several different tRNA species. Mutations in this gene are associated with microcephaly, short stature, and impaired glucose metabolism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

tRNA methyltransferase 10 homolog C (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes the precursor of a subunit of the mitochondrial ribonuclease P, which is involved in 5' processing of mitochondrial tRNAs. The encoded protein may confer RNA-binding capacity to mitochondrial ribonuclease P and may be essential for transcript processing, RNA modification, translation and mitochondrial respiration. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

tRNA methyltransferase 10 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Enables tRNA (guanosine(9)-N1)-methyltransferase activity. Involved in protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane. Located in cytosol. Part of TIM22 mitochondrial import inner membrane insertion complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

exportin, tRNA

This gene encodes a protein belonging to the RAN-GTPase exportin family that mediates export of tRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Translocation of tRNA to the cytoplasm occurs once exportin has bound both tRNA and GTP-bound RAN. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase domain containing 1

This gene encodes a subunit of tRNA-guanine transglycosylase. tRNA-guanine transglycosylase is a heterodimeric enzyme complex that plays a critical role in tRNA modification by synthesizing the 7-deazaguanosine queuosine, which is found in tRNAs that code for asparagine, aspartic acid, histidine, and tyrosine. The encoded protein may play a role in the queuosine 5'-monophosphate salvage pathway. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

alanyl-tRNA synthetase domain containing 1 pseudogene

phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, beta subunit

This gene encodes a highly conserved enzyme that belongs to the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase class IIc subfamily. This enzyme comprises the regulatory beta subunits that form a tetramer with two catalytic alpha subunits. In the presence of ATP, this tetramer is responsible for attaching L-phenylalanine to the terminal adenosine of the appropriate tRNA. A pseudogene located on chromosome 10 has been identified. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, alpha subunit

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. This gene encodes a product which is similar to the catalytic subunit of prokaryotic and Saccharomyces cerevisiae phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases (PheRS). This gene product has been shown to be expressed in a tumor-selective and cell cycle stage- and differentiation-dependent manner, the first member of the tRNA synthetase gene family shown to exhibit this type of regulated expression [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tRNA methyltransferase 11 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

tRNA nucleotidyl transferase, CCA-adding, 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a CCA-adding enzyme which belongs to the tRNA nucleotidyltransferase/poly(A) polymerase family. This essential enzyme functions by catalyzing the addition of the conserved nucleotide triplet CCA to the 3' terminus of tRNA molecules. Mutations in this gene result in sideroblastic anemia with B-cell immunodeficiency, periodic fevers, and developmental delay. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)-like 1

Contributes to glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity. Involved in glutaminyl-tRNAGln biosynthesis via transamidation and mitochondrial translation. Located in mitochondrion. Part of glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex. Implicated in combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 40. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phosphoseryl-tRNA kinase

Predicted to enable kinase activity and tRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in translation. Predicted to act upstream of or within selenocysteine incorporation. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adenosine deaminase, tRNA-specific 1

This gene is a member of the ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) family. Using site-specific adenosine modification, proteins encoded by these genes participate in the pre-mRNA editing of nuclear transcripts. The protein encoded by this gene, tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1, is responsible for the deamination of adenosine 37 to inosine in eukaryotic tRNA. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

adenosine deaminase, tRNA-specific 3

This gene encodes a subunit of a tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase. This heterodimeric enzyme converts adenosine to inosine in the tRNA anticodon. A mutation in this gene causes a syndrome characterized by intellectual disability and strabismus. This gene shares its 5' exon with the overlapping gene, secretory carrier membrane protein 4 (Gene ID: 113178). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

adenosine deaminase, tRNA-specific 2

Predicted to enable tRNA-specific adenosine-34 deaminase activity. Predicted to be involved in tRNA wobble adenosine to inosine editing. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

exportin, tRNA (nuclear export receptor for tRNAs) pseudogene

tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog B (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

valyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family and is located in the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

seryl-tRNA synthetase

This gene belongs to the class II amino-acyl tRNA family. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the transfer of L-serine to tRNA (Ser) and is related to bacterial and yeast counterparts. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described but the biological validity of all variants is unknown. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAS, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Isoleucine-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family and has been identified as a target of autoantibodies in the autoimmune disease polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

tRNA methionine elongator pseudogene 1

glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)-like 1 pseudogene 2

glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)-like 1 pseudogene 3

TSEN15 tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of the tRNA splicing endonuclease, which catalyzes the removal of introns from tRNA precursors. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. There is a pseudogene of this gene on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 1 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Wybutosine is a hypermodified guanosine found in phenylalanine tRNA. Wybutosine functions to stabilize codon-anticodon interactions during ribosome decoding and therefore supports the maintenance of the reading frame. In yeast, the homolog of this gene is essential for the synthesis of wybutosine. The human genome contains two closely related genes that putatively function in wybutosine synthesis. The open reading frame of this locus is disrupted in some individuals. Thus, this locus appears to be an evolving pseudogene, but may still be functional in some members of the population. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

leucyl-tRNA synthetase

This gene encodes a cytosolic leucine-tRNA synthetase, a member of the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of L-leucine to tRNA(Leu). It is found in the cytoplasm as part of a multisynthetase complex and interacts with the arginine tRNA synthetase through its C-terminal domain. A mutation in this gene was found in affected individuals with infantile liver failure syndrome 1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

eukaryotic elongation factor, selenocysteine-tRNA-specific

Enables GTPase activity. Involved in selenocysteine incorporation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Predicted to be part of ribonucleoprotein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)-like 1 pseudogene 1

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 1 pseudogene 1

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 1 pseudogene 2

exportin, tRNA pseudogene 1

tRNA methyltransferase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

tRNA methyltransferase 12 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Wybutosine (yW) is a hypermodified guanosine at the 3-prime position adjacent to the anticodon of phenylalanine tRNA that stabilizes codon-anticodon interactions during decoding on the ribosome. TRMT12 is the human homolog of a yeast gene essential for yW synthesis (Noma and Suzuki, 2006).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. In metazoans, 9 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for glutamine (gln), glutamic acid (glu), and 7 other amino acids are associated within a multienzyme complex. Although present in eukaryotes, glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (QARS) is absent from many prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in which Gln-tRNA(Gln) is formed by transamidation of the misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln). Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

tRNA methyltransferase 61A

Enables mRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity. Involved in mRNA processing. Part of tRNA (m1A) methyltransferase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA methyltransferase 61B

Enables mRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity; rRNA (adenine) methyltransferase activity; and tRNA (adenine(58)-N1)-methyltransferase activity. Involved in mRNA processing and mitochondrial tRNA processing. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase 1

This gene encodes the catalytic subunit of tRNA-guanine transglycosylase. tRNA-guanine transglycosylase is a heterodimeric enzyme complex that plays a critical role in tRNA modification by synthesizing the 7-deazaguanosine queuosine, which is found in tRNAs that code for asparagine, aspartic acid, histidine and tyrosine. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome X. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Cytokine activities have also been observed for the human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, after it is split into two parts, an N-terminal fragment that harbors the catalytic site and a C-terminal fragment found only in the mammalian enzyme. The N-terminal fragment is an interleukin-8-like cytokine, whereas the released C-terminal fragment is an EMAP II-like cytokine. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lysyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 3

lysyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 2

lysyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 1

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 6

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 7

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 4

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 3

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

threonyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Threonyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase

This gene encodes a class 1 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. Each of the twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyzes the aminoacylation of a specific tRNA or tRNA isoaccepting family with the cognate amino acid. This gene is one of several located near the imprinted gene domain on chromosome 11p15.5, an important tumor-suppressor gene region. Alterations in this region have been associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung, ovarian and breast cancers. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

tRNA

asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase is localized to the cytoplasm and belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. The N-terminal domain represents the signature sequence for the eukaryotic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tRNA isopentenyltransferase 1

This gene encodes a protein that that is targeted to the mitochondrion and modifies transfer RNAs (tRNAs) by adding a dimethylallyl group onto the adenine at position 37. This modification is important for maintaining the correct reading frame during protein translation. This gene is considered a tumor suppressor and its expression can decrease cell growth. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcripts variants, most of which are likely non-functional. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase 1 pseudogene 1

threonyl-tRNA synthetase-like 2

Predicted to enable threonine-tRNA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in threonyl-tRNA aminoacylation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Predicted to be active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA

Implicated in cardiomyopathy. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA methyltransferase 6

This gene encodes a member of the tRNA methyltransferase 6 protein family. A similar protein in yeast is part of a two component methyltransferase, which is involved in the posttranslational modification that produces the modified nucleoside 1-methyladenosine in tRNAs. Modified 1-methyladenosine influences initiator methionine stability and may be involved in the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

tRNA methyltransferase 5

tRNAs contain as many as 13 or 14 nucleotides that are modified posttranscriptionally by enzymes that are highly specific for particular nucleotides in the tRNA structure. TRMT5 methylates the N1 position of guanosine-37 (G37) in selected tRNAs using S-adenosyl methionine (Brule et al., 2004 [PubMed 15248782]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

tRNA methyltransferase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a tRNA-modifying enzyme that acts as a dimethyltransferase, modifying a single guanine residue at position 26 of the tRNA. The encoded enzyme has both mono- and dimethylase activity when exogenously expressed, and uses S-adenosyl methionine as a methyl donor. The C-terminal region of the encoded protein has both a zinc finger motif, and an arginine/proline-rich region. Mutations in this gene have been implicated in autosomal recessive intellectual disorder (ARID). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. There is a pseudogene of this gene on the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

methionyl-tRNA synthetase

This gene encodes a member of the class I family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The encoded protein is a component of the multi-tRNA synthetase complex and catalyzes the ligation of methionine to tRNA molecules. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

tRNA-histidine guanylyltransferase 1-like (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is a mitochondrial protein that is induced by high levels of glucose and is associated with diabetic nephropathy. The encoded protein appears to increase mitochondrial biogenesis, which could lead to renal fibrosis. Another function of this protein is that of a guanyltransferase, adding GMP to the 5' end of tRNA(His). Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase domain containing 1

This gene encodes the enzyme peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase. Peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases perform the essential function of recycling peptidyl-tRNAs. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal-recessive intellectual disability and parkinsonism. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

TSEN15 tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit pseudogene 1

tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 1

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene is part of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex, which contains nine different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and three non-enzymatic factors. The encoded protein is one of the non-enzymatic factors and is required for assembly and stability of the complex. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that is specifically induced by apoptosis, and it is involved in the control of angiogenesis, inflammation, and wound healing. The release of this cytokine renders the tumor-associated vasculature sensitive to tumor necrosis factor. The precursor protein is identical to the p43 subunit, which is associated with the multi-tRNA synthetase complex, and it modulates aminoacylation activity of tRNA synthetase in normal cells. This protein is also involved in the stimulation of inflammatory responses after proteolytic cleavage in tumor cells. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 20. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

tRNA methyltransferase 11 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable methyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in methylation and tRNA processing. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA methyltransferase 13 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable tRNA methyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in tRNA methylation. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA methyltransferase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like

This gene encodes a protein that has some similarity to N2,N2-dimethylguanosine tRNA methyltransferase from other organisms. Studies of the mouse ortholog have shown that this protein plays a role in motor coordination and exploratory behavior, and it may also be involved in modulating postnatal neuronal functions. Alternatively spliced transcripts have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

D-tyrosyl-tRNA deacylase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is similar in sequence to histidyl-tRNA synthetase, which hydrolyzes D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) into D-tyrosine and free tRNA(Tyr). The encoded protein binds the DNA unwinding element and plays a role in the initiation of DNA replication. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 5

Enables several functions, including iron ion binding activity; protein homodimerization activity; and tRNA(Phe) (7-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)wyosine37-C2)-hydroxylase activity. Involved in wybutosine biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Wybutosine (yW) is a hypermodified guanosine found in phenylalanine tRNA adjacent to the anticodon that stabilizes codon-anticodon interactions in the ribosome. In yeast, the homolog of this gene is essential for the synthesis of wybutosine. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 3 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Wybutosine (yW) is a hypermodified guanosine at the 3-prime position adjacent to the anticodon of phenylalanine tRNA that stabilizes codon-anticodon interactions during decoding on the ribosome. TYW3 is the human homolog of a yeast gene essential for yW synthesis (Noma and Suzuki, 2006).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

tRNA-splicing endonuclease subunit Sen15 pseudogene

tRNA selenocysteine 1 associated protein 1

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in selenocysteine incorporation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TSEN2 tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit

This gene encodes one of the subunits of the tRNA splicing endonuclease. This endonuclease catalyzes the first step in RNA splicing which is the removal of introns. Mutations in this gene have been associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 4. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

tRNA

tRNA nucleotidyl transferase, CCA-adding, 1 pseudogene

tRNA nucleotidyl transferase, CCA-adding, 1 pseudogene

arginyl-tRNA synthetase pseudogene 1

tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form, named WARS, and a mitochondrial form, named WARS2. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS) catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with tryptophan and is induced by interferon. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Four transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1

This gene encodes a class 1 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. Each of the twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyzes the aminoacylation of a specific tRNA or tRNA isoaccepting family with the cognate amino acid. This gene is one of several located near the imprinted gene domain on chromosome 11p15.5, an important tumor-suppressor gene region. Alterations in this region have been associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung, ovarian and breast cancers. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

alanyl-tRNA synthetase 1

The human alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS) belongs to a family of tRNA synthases, of the class II enzymes. Class II tRNA synthases evolved early in evolution and are highly conserved. This is reflected by the fact that 498 of the 968-residue polypeptide human AARS shares 41% identity witht the E.coli protein. tRNA synthases are the enzymes that interpret the RNA code and attach specific aminoacids to the tRNAs that contain the cognate trinucleotide anticodons. They consist of a catalytic domain which interacts with the amino acid acceptor-T psi C helix of the tRNA, and a second domain which interacts with the rest of the tRNA structure. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Cytokine activities have also been observed for the human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, after it is split into two parts, an N-terminal fragment that harbors the catalytic site and a C-terminal fragment found only in the mammalian enzyme. The N-terminal fragment is an interleukin-8-like cytokine, whereas the released C-terminal fragment is an EMAP II-like cytokine. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

leucyl-tRNA synthetase 1

This gene encodes a cytosolic leucine-tRNA synthetase, a member of the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of L-leucine to tRNA(Leu). It is found in the cytoplasm as part of a multisynthetase complex and interacts with the arginine tRNA synthetase through its C-terminal domain. A mutation in this gene was found in affected individuals with infantile liver failure syndrome 1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

methionyl-tRNA synthetase 1

This gene encodes a member of the class I family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The encoded protein is a component of the multi-tRNA synthetase complex and catalyzes the ligation of methionine to tRNA molecules. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. In metazoans, 9 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for glutamine (gln), glutamic acid (glu), and 7 other amino acids are associated within a multienzyme complex. Although present in eukaryotes, glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (QARS) is absent from many prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in which Gln-tRNA(Gln) is formed by transamidation of the misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln). Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

aspartyl-tRNA synthetase 1

This gene encodes a member of a multienzyme complex that functions in mediating the attachment of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. The encoded protein ligates L-aspartate to tRNA(Asp). Mutations in this gene have been found in patients showing hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase is localized to the cytoplasm and belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. The N-terminal domain represents the signature sequence for the eukaryotic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is a multifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that catalyzes the aminoacylation of glutamic acid and proline tRNA species. Alternative splicing has been observed for this gene, but the full-length nature and biological validity of the variant have not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

histidyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytoplasmic enzyme which belongs to the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of histidyl-transfer RNA, which is essential for the incorporation of histidine into proteins. The gene is located in a head-to-head orientation with HARSL on chromosome five, where the homologous genes share a bidirectional promoter. The gene product is a frequent target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune disease polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

lysyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Lysyl-tRNA synthetase is a homodimer localized to the cytoplasm which belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. It has been shown to be a target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune diseases, polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase accessory subunit 2

This gene encodes a subunit of tRNA-guanine transglycosylase. tRNA-guanine transglycosylase is a heterodimeric enzyme complex that plays a critical role in tRNA modification by synthesizing the 7-deazaguanosine queuosine, which is found in tRNAs that code for asparagine, aspartic acid, histidine, and tyrosine. The encoded protein may play a role in the queuosine 5'-monophosphate salvage pathway. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

seryl-tRNA synthetase 1

This gene belongs to the class II amino-acyl tRNA family. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the transfer of L-serine to tRNA (Ser) and is related to bacterial and yeast counterparts. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described but the biological validity of all variants is unknown. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

arginyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Arginyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAS, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Isoleucine-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family and has been identified as a target of autoantibodies in the autoimmune disease polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

tRNA methyltransferase O

Enables tRNA (L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37)-C2) methyltransferase activity. Involved in tRNA methylation. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

threonyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Threonyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glycyl-tRNA synthetase 1

This gene encodes glycyl-tRNA synthetase, one of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The encoded enzyme is an (alpha)2 dimer which belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. It has been shown to be a target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune diseases, polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

valyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family and is located in the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

threonyl-tRNA synthetase 3

Predicted to enable threonine-tRNA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in threonyl-tRNA aminoacylation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Predicted to be active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA methyltransferase 9B (putative)

Enables tRNA methyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in tRNA methylation and tRNA wobble uridine modification. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

queuosine-tRNA galactosyltransferase

queuosine-tRNA mannosyltransferase

tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 2

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 1

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. Involved in tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 3B

Enables identical protein binding activity and protein methyltransferase activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell population proliferation; positive regulation of gene expression; and protein methylation. Located in cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 2

Predicted to be involved in tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 3C

Predicted to be part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 3A

Enables protein methyltransferase activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell population proliferation; positive regulation of gene expression; and protein methylation. Predicted to be part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 pseudogene 4

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 44 homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a peripheral membrane protein associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane translocase, which functions in the import of proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane and into the mitochondrial matrix. The encoded protein mediates binding of mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 to the translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23 (TIM23) complex. Expression of this gene is upregulated in kidney in a mouse model of diabetes. A mutation in this gene is associated with familial oncocytic thyroid carcinoma. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 3 pseudogene 2

protein tyrosine phosphatase, mitochondrial 1

Predicted to enable phosphatidylglycerophosphatase activity and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity. Involved in regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. Located in nucleus. Is active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, gamma polypeptide 1

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the gamma subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. This gene also has a pseudogene on chromosome 14. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S24 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial carrier 2 pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene

mitochondrial carrier 2

This gene encodes a member of the SLC25 family of nuclear-encoded transporters that are localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Members of this superfamily are involved in many metabolic pathways and cell functions. Genome-wide association studies in human have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in several loci associated with obesity. This gene is one such locus, which is highly expressed in white adipose tissue and adipocytes, and thought to play a regulatory role in adipocyte differentiation and biology. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. A recent study showed this gene to be an authentic stop codon readthrough target that can produce two isoforms from the same mRNA by use of alternative in-frame translation termination codons. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2017]

mitochondrial carrier 1

This gene encodes a member of the mitochondrial carrier family. The encoded protein is localized to the mitochondrion inner membrane and induces apoptosis independent of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak. Pseudogenes on chromosomes 6 and 11 have been identified for this gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1

Enables molybdenum ion binding activity; molybdopterin cofactor binding activity; and oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors. Contributes to nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity. Involved in cellular detoxification of nitrogen compound; nitrate metabolic process; and nitric oxide biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. Part of nitric-oxide synthase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme found in the outer mitochondrial membrane that reduces N-hydroxylated substrates. The encoded protein uses molybdenum as a cofactor and cytochrome b5 type B and NADH cytochrome b5 reductase as accessory proteins. One type of substrate used is N-hydroxylated nucleotide base analogues, which can be toxic to a cell. Other substrates include N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) and amidoxime prodrugs, which are activated by the encoded enzyme. Multiple transcript variants encoding the different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

mitochondrial intermediate peptidase pseudogene 3

mitochondrial intermediate peptidase pseudogene 1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Ser (TGA) 3-1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 5

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35 pseudogene 1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Leu (TAA) 1-1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L22 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2

Enables identical protein binding activity. Involved in mitochondrial pyruvate transmembrane transport. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1

The protein encoded by this gene is part of an MPC1/MPC2 heterodimer that is responsible for transporting pyruvate into mitochondria. The encoded protein is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Defects in this gene are a cause of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency. Several transcript variants, some protein coding and one non-protein coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM22 homolog pseudogene

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial iron transporter), member 37

SLC25A37 is a solute carrier localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. It functions as an essential iron importer for the synthesis of mitochondrial heme and iron-sulfur clusters (summary by Chen et al., 2009 [PubMed 19805291]).[supplied by OMIM, Jan 2011]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 31

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ADP/ATP carrier family of proteins that exchange cytosolic ADP for matrix ATP in the mitochondria. Cells over-expressing this gene have been shown to display an anti-apoptotic phenotype. This protein is also thought to play a role in spermatogenesis, where it is believed to associate with a part of the flagellar cytoskeleton and with glycolytic enzymes. Male mice with mutations in the mouse ortholog of this gene are sterile and spermatocytes display an early meiotic arrest phenotype. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial folate carrier), member 32

This gene encodes a member of the P(I/L)W subfamily of mitochondrial carrier family transport proteins. The encoded protein transports folate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

aconitase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S17

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S17P family. The encoded protein is moderately conserved between human mitochondrial and prokaryotic ribosomal proteins. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1p, 3p, 6q, 14p, 18q, and Xq. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2 (sarcomeric)

Mitochondrial creatine kinase (MtCK) is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. It belongs to the creatine kinase isoenzyme family. It exists as two isoenzymes, sarcomeric MtCK and ubiquitous MtCK, encoded by separate genes. Mitochondrial creatine kinase occurs in two different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, in contrast to the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. Sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase has 80% homology with the coding exons of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase. This gene contains sequences homologous to several motifs that are shared among some nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and thus may be essential for the coordinated activation of these genes during mitochondrial biogenesis. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S9

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S7

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. In the prokaryotic ribosome, the comparable protein is thought to play an essential role in organizing the 3' domain of the 16 S rRNA in the vicinity of the P- and A-sites. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 8p and 12p. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S6

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S6P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1p and 12q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S5P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 4q, 5q, and 18q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S2

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S2 family. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1A

Mitochondrial creatine (MtCK) kinase is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. It belongs to the creatine kinase isoenzyme family. It exists as two isoenzymes, sarcomeric MtCK and ubiquitous MtCK, encoded by separate genes. Mitochondrial creatine kinase occurs in two different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, in contrast to the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. Many malignant cancers with poor prognosis have shown overexpression of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase; this may be related to high energy turnover and failure to eliminate cancer cells via apoptosis. Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase has 80% homology with the coding exons of sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase. Two genes located near each other on chromosome 15 have been identified which encode identical mitochondrial creatine kinase proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1B

Mitochondrial creatine (MtCK) kinase is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. It belongs to the creatine kinase isoenzyme family. It exists as two isoenzymes, sarcomeric MtCK and ubiquitous MtCK, encoded by separate genes. Mitochondrial creatine kinase occurs in two different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, in contrast to the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. Many malignant cancers with poor prognosis have shown overexpression of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase; this may be related to high energy turnover and failure to eliminate cancer cells via apoptosis. Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase has 80% homology with the coding exons of sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase. Two genes located near each other on chromosome 15 have been identified which encode identical mitochondrial creatine kinase proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NAD kinase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial kinase that catalyzes the phosphorylation of NAD to yield NADP. Mutations in this gene result in 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

carbonic anhydrase VB, mitochondrial

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. They show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization. This gene encodes carbonic anhydrase 5B. CA5B, and the related CA5A gene, has its expression localized in the mitochondria though CA5B has a wider tissue distribution than CA5A, which is restricted to the liver, kidneys, and skeletal muscle. A carbonic anhydrase pseudogene (CA5BP1) is adjacent to the CA5B gene and these two loci produce CA5BP1-CA5B readthrough transcripts. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2019]

carbonic anhydrase VA, mitochondrial

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. They show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization. CA VA is localized in the mitochondria and expressed primarily in the liver. It may play an important role in ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis. CA5A gene maps to chromosome 16q24.3 and an unprocessed pseudogene has been assigned to 16p12-p11.2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 2

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 4

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit G2

Predicted to enable proton transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to contribute to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

polymerase (RNA) mitochondrial (DNA directed) pseudogene

mitochondrial carrier 2 pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 pseudogene 5

superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 8-1

mitochondrial fission factor pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 5

G elongation factor, mitochondrial 1

Eukaryotes contain two protein translational systems, one in the cytoplasm and one in the mitochondria. Mitochondrial translation is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial function and mutations in this system lead to a breakdown in the respiratory chain-oxidative phosphorylation system and to impaired maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. This gene encodes one of the mitochondrial translation elongation factors. Its role in the regulation of normal mitochondrial function and in different disease states attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

G elongation factor, mitochondrial 2

Eukaryotes contain two protein translational systems, one in the cytoplasm and one in the mitochondria. Mitochondrial translation is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial function and mutations in this system lead to a breakdown in the respiratory chain-oxidative phosphorylation system and to impaired maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. This gene encodes one of the mitochondrial translation elongation factors, which is a GTPase that plays a role at the termination of mitochondrial translation by mediating the disassembly of ribosomes from messenger RNA . Its role in the regulation of normal mitochondrial function and in disease states attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction is not known. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

transcription elongation factor, mitochondrial

Enables DNA polymerase processivity factor activity. Involved in mitochondrial transcription and oxidative phosphorylation. Located in mitochondrial nucleoid. Part of ribonucleoprotein complex. Implicated in combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial fission regulator 2 pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 2-1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L10

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Sequence analysis identified three transcript variants that encode two different isoforms. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 5q. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L11

This nuclear gene encodes a 39S subunit component of the mitochondial ribosome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes for this gene are found on chromosomes 5 and 12. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L12

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein which forms homodimers. In prokaryotic ribosomes, two L7/L12 dimers and one L10 protein form the L8 protein complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L13

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L14

This nuclear gene encodes a protein component of the 39S subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L15

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the EcoL15 ribosomal protein family. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 15q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L16

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L17

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L18

This nuclear gene encodes a protein component of the larger 39S subunit of mitochondrial ribosome. This protein may also aid in the import of nuclear-encoded 5S rRNA into mitochondria. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, most of which are not predicted to encode a protein. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 16. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L19

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

PRELI domain-containing protein 1, mitochondrial pseudogene

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8B pseudogene 1

IMP2 inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase-like (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein involved in processing the signal peptide sequences used to direct mitochondrial proteins to the mitochondria. The encoded protein resides in the mitochondria and is one of the necessary proteins for the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase (IMP) complex. Two variants that encode the same protein have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial

This gene is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. It encodes a mitochondrial protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit. This protein binds to the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and converts them to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDC), premature aging, sporadic motor neuron disease, and cancer. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

HscB mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster co-chaperone

This gene encodes a DnaJ-type co-chaperone and member of the heat shock cognate B (HscB) family of proteins. The encoded protein plays a role in the synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters, protein cofactors that are involved in the redox reactions of mitochondrial electron transport and other processes. Cells in which this gene is knocked down exhibit reduced activity of iron-sulfur cluster-dependent enzymes including succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase. The encoded protein may stimulate the ATPase activity of the mitochondrial stress-70 protein. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

mitochondrial coiled-coil domain 1

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 6

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit G2 pseudogene

peptidase (mitochondrial processing) alpha pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 3 pseudogene

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 3 pseudogene 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L11 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L11 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L45 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L45 pseudogene 2

monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial carrier 2 pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S16

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S16P family. The encoded protein is one of the most highly conserved ribosomal proteins between mammalian and yeast mitochondria. Three pseudogenes (located at 8q21.3, 20q13.32, 22q12-q13.1) for this gene have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S15

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S15P family. The encoded protein is more than two times the size of its E. coli counterpart, with the 12S rRNA binding sites conserved. Between human and mouse, the encoded protein is the least conserved among small subunit ribosomal proteins. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 15q and 19q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S14

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S14P family. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S12

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S12P family. The encoded protein is a key component of the ribosomal small subunit and controls the decoding fidelity and susceptibility to aminoglycoside antibiotics. The gene for mitochondrial seryl-tRNA synthetase is located upstream and adjacent to this gene, and both genes are possible candidates for the autosomal dominant deafness gene (DFNA4). Splice variants that differ in the 5' UTR have been found for this gene; all three variants encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S11

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that contains a high level of sequence similarity with ribosomal protein S11P family members. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 20. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S10P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1q, 3p, and 9p. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 8

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 9

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial fission regulator 1 pseudogene

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 17 homolog B (yeast) pseudogene 1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 3-1

presenilins-associated rhomboid-like protein, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial translational initiation factor 3

This gene encodes a translation initiation factor that is involved in mitochondrial protein synthesis. Polymorphism in this gene is associated with the onset of Parkinson's disease. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 5. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

mitochondrial translational initiation factor 2

During the initiation of protein biosynthesis, initiation factor-2 (IF-2) promotes the binding of the initiator tRNA to the small subunit of the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner. Prokaryotic IF-2 is a single polypeptide, while eukaryotic cytoplasmic IF-2 (eIF-2) is a trimeric protein. Bovine liver mitochondria contain IF-2(mt), an 85-kD monomeric protein that is equivalent to prokaryotic IF-2. The predicted 727-amino acid human protein contains a 29-amino acid presequence. Human IF-2(mt) shares 32 to 38% amino acid sequence identity with yeast IF-2(mt) and several prokaryotic IF-2s, with the greatest degree of conservation in the G domains of the proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

mitochondrial poly(A) polymerase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the DNA polymerase type-B-like family. This enzyme synthesizes the 3' poly(A) tail of mitochondrial transcripts and plays a role in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (mitochondrial)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the HMG-CoA synthase family. It is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of ketogenesis, a metabolic pathway that provides lipid-derived energy for various organs during times of carbohydrate deprivation, such as fasting. Mutations in this gene are associated with HMG-CoA synthase deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

Multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier, brain), member 14 pseudogene 1

aconitase 2, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the second step of the TCA cycle. This protein is encoded in the nucleus and functions in the mitochondrion. It was found to be one of the mitochondrial matrix proteins that are preferentially degraded by the serine protease 15(PRSS15), also known as Lon protease, after oxidative modification. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial elongation factor 1

Enables identical protein binding activity; mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit binding activity; and purine ribonucleotide binding activity. Involved in several processes, including mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit assembly; mitochondrion organization; and regulation of mitochondrion organization. Located in mitochondrial matrix and mitochondrial outer membrane. Implicated in optic atrophy. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial elongation factor 2

This gene encodes an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that functions in the regulation of mitochondrial morphology. It can directly recruit the fission mediator dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) to the mitochondrial surface. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

malonyl CoA:ACP acyltransferase (mitochondrial)

The protein encoded by this gene is found exclusively in the mitochondrion, where it catalyzes the transfer of a malonyl group from malonyl-CoA to the mitochondrial acyl carrier protein. The encoded protein may be part of a fatty acid synthase complex that is more like the type II prokaryotic and plastid complexes rather than the type I human cytosolic complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 2

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 12-1

3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a beta-ketoacyl synthetase. The encoded enzyme is required for elongation of fatty acid chains in the mitochondria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18A

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S18P family. The encoded protein is one of three that has significant sequence similarity to bacterial S18 proteins. The primary sequences of the three human mitochondrial S18 proteins are no more closely related to each other than they are to the prokaryotic S18 proteins. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 3p. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18B

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S18P family. The encoded protein is one of three that has significant sequence similarity to bacterial S18 proteins. The primary sequences of the three human mitochondrial S18 proteins are no more closely related to each other than they are to the prokaryotic S18 proteins. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1q and 2q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18C

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S18P family. The encoded protein is one of three that has significant sequence similarity to bacterial S18 proteins. The primary sequences of the three human mitochondrial S18 proteins are no more closely related to each other than they are to the prokaryotic S18 proteins. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 8p, 12p, 15q, and 22q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L14 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2-like pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S7 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S7 pseudogene 1

fission 1 (mitochondrial outer membrane) homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables identical protein binding activity; lipid binding activity; and molecular adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of ATP metabolic process; negative regulation of fatty acid transport; and organelle fission. Acts upstream of or within mitochondrion organization. Located in mitochondrial outer membrane and peroxisomal membrane. Part of protein-containing complex. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transcription factor A, mitochondrial pseudogene

mitochondrial translational release factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene was determined by in silico methods to be a mitochondrial protein with similarity to the peptide chain release factors (RFs) discovered in bacteria and yeast. The peptide chain release factors direct the termination of translation in response to the peptide chain termination codons. Initially thought to have a role in the termination of mitochondria protein synthesis, a recent publication found no mitochondrial translation release functionality. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been suggested by mRNA and EST data; however, their full-length natures are not clear. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial fission regulator 1

This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein that is characterized by a poly-proline rich region. A chicken homolog of this protein promotes mitochondrial fission and the mouse homolog protects cells from oxidative stress. A related pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome X. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

mitochondrial fission regulator 2

Predicted to be involved in aerobic respiration and mitochondrial fission. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene

39S ribosomal protein L32, mitochondrial pseudogene

MPV17 mitochondrial membrane protein-like

Involved in negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process; negative regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway; and reactive oxygen species metabolic process. Located in peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MPV17 mitochondrial membrane protein-like 2

Involved in mitochondrial ribosome assembly and positive regulation of mitochondrial translation. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. Part of mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

GrpE-like 1, mitochondrial (E. coli) pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Ser (TGA) 2-1

NAD kinase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

39S ribosomal protein L21, mitochondrial pseudogene

ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial-like

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene is localized in the outer membrane of the mitochondria. It is the channel-forming subunit of the translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane (TOM) complex that is essential for import of protein precursors into mitochondria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

transcription factor B2, mitochondrial

Enables mitochondrial transcription factor activity. Involved in transcription initiation at mitochondrial promoter. Located in mitochondrial nucleoid. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial genome maintenance exonuclease 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein necessary for the maintenance of mitochondrial genome synthesis. The encoded protein is a RecB-type exonuclease and primarily cleaves single-stranded DNA. Defects in this gene have been associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome-11. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L51 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L51 pseudogene 1

aconitase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S23 pseudogene 1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 6-1

malic enzyme 2, NAD(+)-dependent, mitochondrial pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F6 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, using an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the different isoforms have been identified. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 9, 2, and 16. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18A pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L39

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 5q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tricarboxylate transport protein, mitochondrial pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 13-1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L43

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. This gene and the gene for a semaphorin class 4 protein (SEMA4G) overlap at map location 10q24.31 and are transcribed in opposite directions. Sequence analysis identified multiple transcript variants encoding at least four different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a protein identified as belonging to both the 28S and the 39S subunits. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 4q, 6p, 6q, 7p, and 15q. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L40

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Deletions in this gene may contribute to the etiology of velo-cardio-facial syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L47

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. This gene is immediately adjacent to the gene for BAF complex 53 kDa subunit protein a (BAF53a), in a tail-to-tail orientation. Two transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L46

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L44

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L49

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 5q and 8p. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L48

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 6p. Several transcript variants, some protein-coding and some non-protein coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 6

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1-like

Predicted to enable pyruvate transmembrane transporter activity. Involved in mitochondrial pyruvate transmembrane transport. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S28

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that has been called mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35 in the literature. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S26

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. This gene lies adjacent to and downstream of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone precursor gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S27

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that may be a functional partner of the death associated protein 3 (DAP3). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S24

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 11. Read-through transcription exists between this gene and the upstream upregulator of cell proliferation (URGCP) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S25

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 4. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S22

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that does not seem to have a counterpart in prokaryotic and fungal-mitochondrial ribosomes. This gene lies telomeric of and is transcribed in the opposite direction from the forkhead box L2 gene. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome Xq. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S23

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 7p. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S21

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S21P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1p, 1q, 9p, 10p, 10q, 16q, and 17q. Available sequence data analyses identified splice variants that differ in the 5' UTR; both transcripts encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Val (TAC) 1-1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit s (factor B)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. This gene encodes the subunit s, also known as factor B, of the proton channel. This subunit is necessary for the energy transduction activity of the ATP synthase complexes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F6

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo complex has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the F6 subunit of the Fo complex. The F6 subunit is required for F1 and Fo interactions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. This gene has 1 or more pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit E

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the e subunit of the Fo complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the d subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. In addition, three pseudogenes are located on chromosomes 9, 12 and 15. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the F-type ATPase found in the mitochondrial matrix. F-type ATPases are composed of a catalytic core and a membrane proton channel. The encoded protein appears to be part of the connector linking these two components and may be involved in transmission of conformational changes or proton conductance. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

malic enzyme 3, NADP(+)-dependent, mitochondrial

Malic enzyme catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate using either NAD+ or NADP+ as a cofactor. Mammalian tissues contain 3 distinct isoforms of malic enzyme: a cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent isoform, a mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent isoform, and a mitochondrial NAD(+)-dependent isoform. This gene encodes a mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent isoform. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the biological validity of some variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

malic enzyme 2, NAD(+)-dependent, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial NAD-dependent malic enzyme, a homotetrameric protein, that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate. It had previously been weakly linked to a syndrome known as Friedreich ataxia that has since been shown to be the result of mutation in a completely different gene. Certain single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes of this gene have been shown to increase the risk for idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the beta subunit of the catalytic core. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the epsilon subunit of the catalytic core. Two pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 4 and 13. Read-through transcripts that include exons from this gene are expressed from the upstream gene SLMO2.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, delta subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the delta subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

caseinolytic mitochondrial matrix peptidase chaperone subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is part of a protease found in mitochondria. This protease is ATP-dependent and targets specific proteins for degradation. The protease consists of two heptameric rings of the CLPP catalytic subunit sandwiched between two hexameric rings of the chaperone subunit encoded by this gene. Targeted proteins are unwound by this protein and then passed on to the CLPP subunit for degradation. Two transcript variants, one protein-coding and the other non-protein coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

caseinolytic mitochondrial matrix peptidase proteolytic subunit

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the peptidase family S14 and hydrolyzes proteins into small peptides in the presence of ATP and magnesium. The protein is transported into mitochondrial matrix and is associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ClpB homolog, mitochondrial AAA ATPase chaperonin

This gene belongs to the ATP-ases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA+) superfamily. Members of this superfamily form ring-shaped homo-hexamers and have highly conserved ATPase domains that are involved in various processes including DNA replication, protein degradation and reactivation of misfolded proteins. All members of this family hydrolyze ATP through their AAA+ domains and use the energy generated through ATP hydrolysis to exert mechanical force on their substrates. In addition to an AAA+ domain, the protein encoded by this gene contains a C-terminal D2 domain, which is characteristic of the AAA+ subfamily of Caseinolytic peptidases to which this protein belongs. It cooperates with Hsp70 in the disaggregation of protein aggregates. Allelic variants of this gene are associated with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, which causes cataracts and neutropenia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Leu (TAA) 4-1

RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease

This gene encodes the RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease, which cleaves mitochondrial RNA at a priming site of mitochondrial DNA replication. This RNA also interacts with the telomerase reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit to form a distinct ribonucleoprotein complex that has RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and produces double-stranded RNAs that can be processed into small interfering RNA. Mutations in this gene are associated with cartilage-hair hypoplasia.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial fission regulator 2 pseudogene

diablo, IAP-binding mitochondrial protein

This gene encodes an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP)-binding protein. The encoded mitochondrial protein enters the cytosol when cells undergo apoptosis, and allows activation of caspases by binding to inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Overexpression of the encoded protein sensitizes tumor cells to apoptosis. A mutation in this gene is associated with young-adult onset of nonsyndromic deafness-64. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Leu (TAA) 5-1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 7-1

MpV17 mitochondrial inner membrane protein

This gene encodes a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that is implicated in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the hepatocerebral form of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDDS). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial enzyme which prefers saturated fatty acids as its substrate for the synthesis of glycerolipids. This metabolic pathway's first step is catalyzed by the encoded enzyme. Two forms for this enzyme exist, one in the mitochondria and one in the endoplasmic reticulum. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial-like

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, gamma polypeptide 1 pseudogene 1

transcription factor A, mitochondrial pseudogene 2

transcription factor A, mitochondrial pseudogene 1

mitochondrial trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

The protein encoded by this gene is an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the last step in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis. Defects in this gene are a cause of childhood-onset dystonia and optic atrophy. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene

39S ribosomal protein L23, mitochondrial-like

enoyl-CoA hydratase domain-containing protein 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosome-associated GTPase 2

Small G proteins, such as GTPBP5, act as molecular switches that play crucial roles in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes such as protein synthesis, nuclear transport, membrane trafficking, and signal transduction (Hirano et al., 2006 [PubMed 17054726]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

mitochondrial ribosome-associated GTPase 1

Enables GTPase activity. Involved in regulation of mitochondrial translation and regulation of respiratory system process. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane; mitochondrial ribosome; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 4

cytidine monophosphate (UMP-CMP) kinase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes one of the enzymes in the nucleotide synthesis salvage pathway that may participate in terminal differentiation of monocytic cells. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of five different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and single representatives of the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. The proton channel likely has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the f subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. Naturally occurring read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the downstream pentatricopeptide repeat domain 1 (PTCD1) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (mitochondrial)

This gene encodes the mitochondrial form of a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of serine and tetrahydrofolate to glycine and 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate. The encoded product is primarily responsible for glycine synthesis. The activity of the encoded protein has been suggested to be the primary source of intracellular glycine. The gene which encodes the cytosolic form of this enzyme is located on chromosome 17. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 10 homolog B (yeast)

FXC1, or TIMM10B, belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that are organized in heterooligomeric complexes in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. These proteins mediate the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

misato 1, mitochondrial distribution and morphology regulator

Involved in mitochondrion distribution; mitochondrion organization; and positive regulation of mitochondrial fusion. Located in mitochondrial outer membrane. Is active in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transcription factor A, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a key mitochondrial transcription factor containing two high mobility group motifs. The encoded protein also functions in mitochondrial DNA replication and repair. Sequence polymorphisms in this gene are associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. There are pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 6, 7, and 11. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

Era-like 12S mitochondrial rRNA chaperone 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a GTPase that localizes to the mitochondrion. The encoded protein binds to the 3' terminal stem loop of 12S mitochondrial rRNA and is required for proper assembly of the 28S small mitochondrial ribosomal subunit. Deletion of this gene has been shown to cause mitochondrial dysfunction, growth retardation, and apoptosis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family (mitochondrial)

This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. Two major liver isoforms of aldehyde dehydrogenase, cytosolic and mitochondrial, can be distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities, kinetic properties, and subcellular localizations. Most Caucasians have two major isozymes, while approximately 50% of East Asians have the cytosolic isozyme but not the mitochondrial isozyme. A remarkably higher frequency of acute alcohol intoxication among East Asians than among Caucasians could be related to the absence of a catalytically active form of the mitochondrial isozyme. The increased exposure to acetaldehyde in individuals with the catalytically inactive form may also confer greater susceptibility to many types of cancer. This gene encodes a mitochondrial isoform, which has a low Km for acetaldehydes, and is localized in mitochondrial matrix. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S11 pseudogene 1

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast)-like

Predicted to enable protein transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrion. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lon peptidase 1, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial matrix protein that belongs to the Lon family of ATP-dependent proteases. This protein mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides in the mitochondrial matrix. It may also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes, and participate in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Decreased expression of this gene has been noted in a patient with hereditary spastic paraplegia (PMID:18378094). Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2013]

ferritin mitochondrial

Enables ferroxidase activity and iron ion binding activity. Involved in several processes, including intracellular iron ion homeostasis; positive regulation of aconitate hydratase activity; and positive regulation of succinate dehydrogenase activity. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 50 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a subunit of the TIM23 inner mitochondrial membrane translocase complex. The encoded protein functions as the receptor subunit that recognizes the mitochondrial targeting signal, or presequence, on protein cargo that is destined for the mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix. This protein may also play a role in maintaining the membrane permeability barrier, and knockdown of this gene in human cells results in the release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein

This gene encodes an intermediary protein necessary in the virus-triggered beta interferon signaling pathways. It is required for activation of transcription factors which regulate expression of beta interferon and contributes to antiviral innate immunity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a deoxyribonucleoside kinase that specifically phosphorylates thymidine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyuridine. The encoded enzyme localizes to the mitochondria and is required for mitochondrial DNA synthesis. Mutations in this gene are associated with a myopathic form of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms, some of which lack transit peptide, so are not localized to mitochondria. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

aconitate hydratase, mitochondrial pseudogene

ornithine aminotransferase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system 1 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5 pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 6 homolog (yeast)

Predicted to be involved in protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 7 homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a subunit of the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane. The encoded protein regulates the assembly and stability of the translocase complex. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 5 homolog (yeast)

Predicted to be involved in protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit pseudogene 2

Predicted to enable hydrolase activity. Predicted to contribute to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier: glutamate), member 22

This gene encodes a mitochondrial glutamate carrier. Mutations in this gene are associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 23

Enables ADP:phosphate antiporter activity and ATP:phosphate antiporter activity. Involved in mitochondrial transmembrane transport; positive regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration; and regulation of cellular hyperosmotic salinity response. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial oxoadipate carrier), member 21

SLC25A21 is a homolog of the S. cerevisiae ODC proteins, mitochondrial carriers that transport C5-C7 oxodicarboxylates across inner mitochondrial membranes. One of the species transported by ODC is 2-oxoadipate, a common intermediate in the catabolism of lysine, tryptophan, and hydroxylysine in mammals. Within mitochondria, 2-oxoadipate is converted into acetyl-CoA.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 24

This gene encodes a carrier protein that transports ATP-Mg exchanging it for phosphate. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 25

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of calcium-binding mitochondrial carriers, with a characteristic mitochondrial carrier domain at the C-terminus. These proteins are found in the inner membranes of mitochondria, and function as transport proteins. They shuttle metabolites, nucleotides and cofactors through the mitochondrial membrane and thereby connect and/or regulate cytoplasm and matrix functions. This protein may function as an ATP-Mg/Pi carrier that mediates the transport of Mg-ATP in exchange for phosphate, and likely responsible for the net uptake or efflux of adenine nucleotides into or from the mitochondria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms with a common C-terminus but variable N-termini have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial iron transporter), member 28

Predicted to enable ferrous iron transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in iron import into the mitochondrion. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier), member 29

This gene encodes a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein that is a member of the large family of solute carrier family 25 (SLC25) mitochondrial transporters. The members of this superfamily are involved in numerous metabolic pathways and cell functions. This gene product was previously reported to be a mitochondrial carnitine-acylcarnitine-like (CACL) translocase (PMID:128829710) or an ornithine transporter (designated ORNT3, PMID:19287344), however, a recent study characterized the main role of this protein as a mitochondrial transporter of basic amino acids, with a preference for arginine and lysine (PMID:24652292). Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

mitochondrial coiled-coil domain 1 pseudogene 1

glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (mitochondrial)

The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, using FAD as a cofactor. Along with GDP1, the encoded protein constitutes the glycerol phosphate shuttle, which reoxidizes NADH formed during glycolysis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

mitochondrial calcium uptake family, member 3

Enables calcium channel regulator activity; calcium ion sensor activity; and protein heterodimerization activity. Involved in calcium import into the mitochondrion and cellular response to calcium ion. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial calcium uptake 2

Enables several functions, including calcium channel regulator activity; calcium ion sensor activity; and protein heterodimerization activity. Involved in calcium import into the mitochondrion; cellular response to calcium ion; and negative regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration. Located in mitochondrial intermembrane space. Part of uniplex complex. Is active in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial calcium uptake 1

This gene encodes an essential regulator of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake under basal conditions. The encoded protein interacts with the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, a mitochondrial inner membrane Ca2+ channel, and is essential in preventing mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, which can cause excessive production of reactive oxygen species and cell stress. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 4

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Ser (TGA) 1-1

ES1 protein homolog, mitochondrial

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; ornithine transporter) member 15 pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; ornithine transporter) member 15 pseudogene 2

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; ornithine transporter) member 15 pseudogene 3

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; ornithine transporter) member 15 pseudogene 5

GrpE-like 2, mitochondrial (E. coli) pseudogene 2

enoyl CoA hydratase, short chain, 1, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene functions in the second step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. It catalyzes the hydration of 2-trans-enoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) intermediates to L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs. The gene product is a member of the hydratase/isomerase superfamily. It localizes to the mitochondrial matrix. Transcript variants utilizing alternative transcription initiation sites have been described in the literature. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial fission factor pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 4

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 homolog (yeast)

Enables mitochondrion targeting sequence binding activity; protein-transporting ATPase activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion. Located in mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact site and mitochondrial outer membrane. Is active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 22 homolog (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. The encoded protein interacts with TOMM20 and TOMM40, and forms a complex with several other proteins to import cytosolic preproteins into the mitochondrion. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 11-1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L37 pseudogene 1

deafness (mitochondrial) modifier 2

mitochondrial ribosome recycling factor

This gene encodes a ribosome recycling factor, which is a component of the mitochondrial translational machinery. The encoded protein, along with mitochondrial elongation factor 2, functions in ribosomal recycling at the termination of mitochondrial translation by mediating the disassembly of ribosomes from messenger RNA. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on chromosome X. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

IMP1 inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase-like (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S33 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S33 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S33 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S33 pseudogene 4

glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2, mitochondrial

Enables glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process; glycerolipid biosynthetic process; and piRNA processing. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L57 pseudogene 10

aconitase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C3 (subunit 9)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene is one of three genes that encode subunit c of the proton channel. Each of the three genes have distinct mitochondrial import sequences but encode the identical mature protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different proteins have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and single representatives of the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. The proton channel likely has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). There are three separate genes which encode subunit c of the proton channel and they specify precursors with different import sequences but identical mature proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is one of three precursors of subunit c. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2018]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L2 pseudogene 1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Leu (TAA) 3-1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L50 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L50 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L50 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L50 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L32 pseudogene 1

glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L24

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein which is more than twice the size of its E.coli counterpart (EcoL24). Sequence analysis identified two transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L27

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L21

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms were identified through sequence analysis although some may be subject to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L20

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 21q. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L23

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. The gene is biallelically expressed, despite its location within a region of imprinted genes on chromosome 11. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L22

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the L22 ribosomal protein family. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 4q. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L28

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein, a part of which was originally isolated by its ability to recognize tyrosinase in an HLA-A24-restricted fashion. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18C pseudogene

polymerase (RNA) mitochondrial (DNA directed)

This gene encodes a mitochondrial DNA-directed RNA polymerase. The gene product is responsible for mitochondrial gene expression as well as for providing RNA primers for initiation of replication of the mitochondrial genome. Although this polypeptide has the same function as the three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases, it is more closely related to RNA polymerases of phage and mitochondrial polymerases of lower eukaryotes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

GrpE-like 1, mitochondrial (E. coli)

Enables identical protein binding activity and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrial matrix and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

GrpE-like 2, mitochondrial (E. coli)

Predicted to enable adenyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 10-1

branched chain amino-acid transaminase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a branched chain aminotransferase found in mitochondria. The encoded protein forms a dimer that catalyzes the first step in the production of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

citrate synthase, mitochondrial-like

T cell activation inhibitor, mitochondrial

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Ts translation elongation factor, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial translation elongation factor. The encoded protein is an enzyme that catalyzes the exchange of guanine nucleotides on the translation elongation factor Tu during the elongation step of mitchondrial protein translation. Mutations in this gene are associated with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-3 syndrome. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S34

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog A (yeast)

This translocase is involved in the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial inner membrane. The gene is mutated in Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome/Deafness Dystonia Syndrome (MTS/DDS) and it is postulated that MTS/DDS is a mitochondrial disease caused by a defective mitochondrial protein import system. Defects in this gene also cause Jensen syndrome; an X-linked disease with opticoacoustic nerve atrophy and muscle weakness. This protein, along with TIMM13, forms a 70 kDa heterohexamer. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog B (yeast)

This gene encodes a member of a well-conserved family of proteins with similarity to yeast Tim mitochondrial import proteins. This gene is encoded by a nuclear gene and is transported into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. When formed into complexes, these proteins guide membrane-spanning proteins across the mitochondrial intermembrane space before they are added into the mitochondrial inner membrane. This gene is adjacent to succinate dehydrogenase, subunit D (SDHD), in which mutations have been found in affected members of families with hereditary paraganglioma.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

5',3'-nucleotidase, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a 5' nucleotidase that localizes to the mitochondrial matrix. This enzyme dephosphorylates the 5'- and 2'(3')-phosphates of uracil and thymine deoxyribonucleotides. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

X-prolyl aminopeptidase 3, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of X-pro-aminopeptidases that utilize a metal cofactor, and remove the N-terminal amino acid from peptides with a proline residue in the penultimate position. This protein has been shown to localize to the mitochondria of renal cells, and have a role in ciliary function. Mutations in this gene are associated with nephronophthisis-like nephropathy-1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene, however, expression of some of these isoforms in vivo is not known.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane domain containing 1

Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion and nucleoplasm. Implicated in nuclear type mitochondrial complex I deficiency 31. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

GTP binding protein 3 (mitochondrial)

This locus encodes a GTP-binding protein. The encoded protein is localized to the mitochondria and may play a role in mitochondrial tRNA modification. Polymorphisms at this locus may be associated with severity of aminoglycoside-induced deafness, a disease associated with a mutation in the 12S rRNA. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 9-1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; citrate transporter), member 1 pseudogene 4

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; citrate transporter), member 1 pseudogene 5

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; citrate transporter), member 1 pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; citrate transporter), member 1 pseudogene 2

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; citrate transporter), member 1 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial calcium uniporter

Enables calcium channel activity; identical protein binding activity; and uniporter activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to calcium ion starvation; positive regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration; and positive regulation of mitochondrial fission. Located in mitochondrion. Part of uniplex complex. Is active in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 9 homolog (yeast)

TIMM9 belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that are organized in heterooligomeric complexes in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. These proteins mediate the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

mitochondrial carrier 1 pseudogene

mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system 1 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system 1 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system 1 pseudogene 1

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulator 1 pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Leu (TAA) 6-1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 8

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18C pseudogene 2

NDUFA4, mitochondrial complex associated

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the complex I 9kDa subunit family. Mammalian complex I of mitochondrial respiratory chain is composed of 45 different subunits. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial translational initiation factor 2 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 10

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 70 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes an import receptor of the outer mitochondrial membrane that is part of the translocase of the outer membrane complex. This protein is involved in the import of mitochondrial precursor proteins. The protein interacts with the SARS-CoV and SARS-Cov-2 ORF9b proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2021]

mitochondrial coiled-coil domain 1 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S15 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S15 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial transcription termination factor 2

Enables DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in termination of mitochondrial transcription. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial transcription termination factor 3

Enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Located in cytosol and mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial transcription termination factor 1

This gene encodes a mitochondrial transcription termination factor. This protein participates in attenuating transcription from the mitochondrial genome; this attenuation allows higher levels of expression of 16S ribosomal RNA relative to the tRNA gene downstream. The product of this gene has three leucine zipper motifs bracketed by two basic domains that are all required for DNA binding. There is evidence that, for this protein, the zippers participate in intramolecular interactions that establish the three-dimensional structure required for DNA binding. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial transcription termination factor 4

Enables rRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial ribosome assembly and mitochondrial transcription. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including camera-type eye development; protein targeting to mitochondrion; and ribosome assembly. Located in cytosol and mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transcription factor B1, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene is a dimethyltransferase that methylates the conserved stem loop of mitochondrial 12S rRNA. The encoded protein also is part of the basal mitochondrial transcription complex and is necessary for mitochondrial gene expression. The methylation and transcriptional activities of this protein are independent of one another. Variations in this gene may influence the severity of aminoglycoside-induced deafness (AID).[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (mitochondrial) pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 6

mitochondrial carrier 1 pseudogene

mitochondrial rRNA methyltransferase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables rRNA (guanosine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity. Involved in rRNA processing. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NDUFA4, mitochondrial complex associated pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L53 pseudogene 1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Pro (TGG) 1-1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S21 pseudogene 9

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S21 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S21 pseudogene 7

uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)

Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP) are members of the family of mitochondrial anion carrier proteins (MACP). UCPs separate oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis with energy dissipated as heat, also referred to as the mitochondrial proton leak. UCPs facilitate the transfer of anions from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membrane and the return transfer of protons from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. They also reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential in mammalian cells. Tissue specificity occurs for the different UCPs and the exact methods of how UCPs transfer H+/OH- are not known. UCPs contain the three homologous protein domains of MACPs. This gene is expressed only in brown adipose tissue, a specialized tissue which functions to produce heat. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

uncoupling protein 3 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)

Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP) are members of the larger family of mitochondrial anion carrier proteins (MACP). UCPs separate oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis with energy dissipated as heat, also referred to as the mitochondrial proton leak. UCPs facilitate the transfer of anions from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membrane and the return transfer of protons from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. They also reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential in mammalian cells. The different UCPs have tissue-specific expression; this gene is primarily expressed in skeletal muscle. This gene's protein product is postulated to protect mitochondria against lipid-induced oxidative stress. Expression levels of this gene increase when fatty acid supplies to mitochondria exceed their oxidation capacity and the protein enables the export of fatty acids from mitochondria. UCPs contain the three solcar protein domains typically found in MACPs. Two splice variants have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

MSS51 mitochondrial translational activator

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system 1

Involved in cristae formation. Located in mitochondrion. Part of MIB complex; MICOS complex; and SAM complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase mitochondrial F1 complex assembly factor 2

This gene encodes an assembly factor for the F(1) component of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. This protein binds specifically to the F1 alpha subunit and is thought to prevent this subunit from forming nonproductive homooligomers during enzyme assembly. This gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. An alternatively spliced transcript variant has been described, but its biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase mitochondrial F1 complex assembly factor 1

This gene encodes an assembly factor for the F(1) component of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. This protein binds specifically to the F1 beta subunit and is thought to prevent this subunit from forming nonproductive homooligomers during enzyme assembly. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 6

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit g, pseudogene 8

GrpE-like 1, mitochondrial (E. coli) pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L54

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L55

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Multiple transcript variants encoding two different isoforms were identified through sequence analysis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L57

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a protein which belongs to an undetermined ribosomal subunit and which seems to be specific to animal mitoribosomes. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1p, 1q, 3p, 5q, 8q, 14q, and Y. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L50

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a putative 39S subunit protein and belongs to the L47P ribosomal protein family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 2p, 2q, 5p, and 10q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L51

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 4p and 21q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L52

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein which has no bacterial homolog. Multiple transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms were identified through sequence analysis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L53

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 1p. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L19 pseudogene

transcription termination factor 1, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S16 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S16 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S16 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L40 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial fission factor

This is a nuclear gene encoding a protein that functions in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. The encoded protein recruits dynamin-1-like protein (DNM1L) to mitochondria. There are multiple pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 1, 5, and X. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L20 pseudogene 1

malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial)

Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate, utilizing the NAD/NADH cofactor system in the citric acid cycle. The protein encoded by this gene is localized to the mitochondria and may play pivotal roles in the malate-aspartate shuttle that operates in the metabolic coordination between cytosol and mitochondria. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 homolog (yeast)-like

Predicted to enable mitochondrion targeting sequence binding activity. Predicted to contribute to protein transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix and tRNA import into mitochondrion. Predicted to be located in mitochondrial outer membrane. Predicted to be part of mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 3

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the transport of phosphate into the mitochondrial matrix, either by proton cotransport or in exchange for hydroxyl ions. The protein contains three related segments arranged in tandem which are related to those found in other characterized members of the mitochondrial carrier family. Both the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of this protein protrude toward the cytosol. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been isolated. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 1

transmembrane protein 243, mitochondrial

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial carrier 2 pseudogene

transcription factor B2, mitochondrial pseudogene

acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM6, mitochondrial-like

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Leu (TAA) 2-1

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 6 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial

Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. Each NADP(+)-dependent isozyme is a homodimer. The protein encoded by this gene is the NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase found in the mitochondria. It plays a role in intermediary metabolism and energy production. This protein may tightly associate or interact with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein SCaMC-1-like

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 5

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 6

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L41

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the YmL27 ribosomal protein family. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L45

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 2p and 17q. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 2

glutaminase 2 (liver, mitochondrial)

The protein encoded by this gene is a mitochondrial phosphate-activated glutaminase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to stoichiometric amounts of glutamate and ammonia. Originally thought to be liver-specific, this protein has been found in other tissues as well. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

citrate synthase, mitochondrial-like

inner membrane protein, mitochondrial

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in cristae formation. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. Part of MICOS complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 1-1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 15-1

inner membrane protein, mitochondrial (mitofilin) pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L48 pseudogene 1

glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial fission factor pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 5 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; ornithine transporter) member 15 pseudogene 4

GrpE-like 2, mitochondrial (E. coli) pseudogene 1

GrpE-like 2, mitochondrial (E. coli) pseudogene 3

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23 homolog (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene is part of a complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that mediates the transport of transit peptide-containing proteins across the membrane. Multiple transcript variants, one protein-coding and others not protein-coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 22 homolog (yeast)

Multipass transmembrane proteins are brought into mitochondria and inserted into the mitochondrial inner membrane by way of the TIM22 complex. This complex has six subunits and is a twin-pore translocase. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of TIM22 and represents the voltage-activated and signal-gated channel. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a protein which participates in protein translation in mitochondria. Mutations in this gene have been associated with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency resulting in lactic acidosis and fatal encephalopathy. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial translational release factor 1-like

The protein encoded by this gene plays a role in mitochondrial translation termination, and is thought to be a release factor that is involved in the dissociation of the complete protein from the final tRNA, the ribosome, and the cognate mRNA. This protein acts upon UAA and UAG stop codons, but has no in vitro activity against UGA, which encodes tryptophan in human mitochondrion, or, the mitochondrial non-cognate stop codons, AGA and AGG. This protein shares sequence similarity to bacterial release factors. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 4, 8, and 11. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 17 homolog B (yeast)

This gene encodes a multipass transmembrane protein that forms an integral component of the mitochondrial translocase TIM23 complex. This complex facilitates the transport of mitochondrial proteins from the cytosol across the mitochondrial inner membrane and into the mitochondrion. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 17 homolog A (yeast)

Predicted to contribute to protein transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane and nucleoplasm. Part of TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L18 pseudogene

GrpE-like 1, mitochondrial (E. coli) pseudogene

peptidase (mitochondrial processing) beta

This gene is a member of the peptidase M16 family and encodes a protein with a zinc-binding motif. This protein is located in the mitochondrial matrix and catalyzes the cleavage of the leader peptides of precursor proteins newly imported into the mitochondria, though it only functions as part of a heterodimeric complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

peptidase (mitochondrial processing) alpha

The protein encoded by this gene is found in the mitochondrion, where it represents the alpha subunit of a proteolytic heterodimer. This heterodimer is responsible for cleaving the transit peptide from nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. Defects in this gene are a cause of spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 2. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit G

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the g subunit of the Fo complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

topoisomerase (DNA) I, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial DNA topoisomerase that plays a role in the modification of DNA topology. The encoded protein is a type IB topoisomerase and catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of DNA to relieve tension and DNA supercoiling generated in the mitochondrial genome during replication and transcription. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

uncoupling protein 2 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)

Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP) are members of the larger family of mitochondrial anion carrier proteins (MACP). UCPs separate oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis with energy dissipated as heat, also referred to as the mitochondrial proton leak. UCPs facilitate the transfer of anions from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membrane and the return transfer of protons from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. They also reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential in mammalian cells. Tissue specificity occurs for the different UCPs and the exact methods of how UCPs transfer H+/OH- are not known. UCPs contain the three homologous protein domains of MACPs. This gene is expressed in many tissues, with the greatest expression in skeletal muscle. It is thought to play a role in nonshivering thermogenesis, obesity and diabetes. Chromosomal order is 5'-UCP3-UCP2-3'. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

IMP1 inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase-like (S. cerevisiae)

The mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase (IMP) complex generates mature, active proteins in the mitochondrial intermembrane space by proteolytically removing the mitochondrial targeting presequence of nuclear-encoded proteins. IMP1 and IMP2 (IMMP2L; MIM 605977) are the catalytic subunits of the IMP complex (Burri et al., 2005 [PubMed 15814844]).[supplied by OMIM, Sep 2008]

mitochondrial assembly of ribosomal large subunit 1

Enables mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of mitochondrial translation and ribosomal large subunit biogenesis. Located in cytosol and mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L57 pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 6

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) pseudogene 8

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 14-1

glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2, mitochondrial (aspartate aminotransferase 2) pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S17 pseudogene 9

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S17 pseudogene 6

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S17 pseudogene 7

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S17 pseudogene 5

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S17 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S17 pseudogene 1

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 5 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial thiamine pyrophosphate carrier), member 19

This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein that is a member of the solute carrier family. Although this protein was initially thought to be the mitochondrial deoxynucleotide carrier involved in the uptake of deoxynucleotides into the matrix of the mitochondria, further studies have demonstrated that this protein instead functions as the mitochondrial thiamine pyrophosphate carrier, which transports thiamine pyrophosphates into mitochondria. Mutations in this gene cause microcephaly, Amish type, a metabolic disease that results in severe congenital microcephaly, severe 2-ketoglutaric aciduria, and death within the first year. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; peroxisomal membrane protein, 34kDa), member 17

This gene encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein that belongs to the family of mitochondrial solute carriers. It is expressed in the liver, and is likely involved in transport. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier), member 16

This gene encodes a protein that contains three tandemly repeated mitochondrial carrier protein domains. The encoded protein is localized in the inner membrane and facilitates the rapid transport and exchange of molecules between the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix space. This gene has a possible role in Graves' disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; ornithine transporter) member 15

This gene is a member of the mitochondrial carrier family. The encoded protein transports ornithine across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix. The protein is an essential component of the urea cycle, and functions in ammonium detoxification and biosynthesis of the amino acid arginine. Mutations in this gene result in hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome. There is a pseudogene of this locus on the Y chromosome.[provided by RefSeq, May 2009]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier, brain), member 14

Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP) are members of the larger family of mitochondrial anion carrier proteins (MACP). Uncoupling proteins separate oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis with energy dissipated as heat, also referred to as the mitochondrial proton leak. Uncoupling proteins facilitate the transfer of anions from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membrane and the return transfer of protons from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. They also reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential in mammalian cells. This gene is widely expressed in many tissues with the greatest abundance in brain and testis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene has been defined on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; oxoglutarate carrier), member 11

The oxoglutarate/malate carrier transports 2-oxoglutarate across the inner membranes of mitochondria in an electroneutral exchange for malate or other dicarboxylic acids (summary by Iacobazzi et al., 1992 [PubMed 1457818]).[supplied by OMIM, Jan 2011]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; dicarboxylate transporter), member 10

This gene encodes a member of a family of proteins that translocate small metabolites across the mitochondrial membrane. The encoded protein exchanges dicarboxylates, such as malate and succinate, for phosphate, sulfate, and other small molecules, thereby providing substrates for metabolic processes including the Krebs cycle and fatty acid synthesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18B pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18B pseudogene 2

monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L9 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S22 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L4

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Sequence analysis identified alternatively spliced variants that encode different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L2

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the EcoL2 ribosomal protein family. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 12q. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L3

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the L3P ribosomal protein family. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 13q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L1

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the L1 ribosomal protein family. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L9

This is a nuclear gene encoding a protein component of the 39S subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 8. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables several functions, including p53 binding activity; ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity; and ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of defense response; positive regulation of protein metabolic process; and regulation of mitochondrion organization. Located in several cellular components, including mitochondrial outer membrane; neuronal cell body; and peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 34

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the import of precursor proteins into mitochondria. The encoded protein has a chaperone-like activity, binding the mature portion of unfolded proteins and aiding their import into mitochondria. This protein, which is found in the cytoplasm and sometimes associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane, has a weak ATPase activity and contains 6 TPR repeats. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial intermediate peptidase pseudogene 2

deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, mitochondrial-like

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8B pseudogene 2

single-stranded DNA binding protein 1, mitochondrial

SSBP1 is a housekeeping gene involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (Tiranti et al., 1995 [PubMed 7789991]). It is also a subunit of a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding complex involved in the maintenance of genome stability (Huang et al., 2009) [PubMed 19683501].[supplied by OMIM, Feb 2010]

proline dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S25 pseudogene

glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2, mitochondrial (aspartate aminotransferase 2) pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L57 pseudogene 7

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L57 pseudogene 6

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L57 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L57 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L57 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L57 pseudogene 9

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L57 pseudogene 8

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 13 homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a member of the evolutionarily conserved TIMM (translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane) family of proteins that function as chaperones in the import of proteins from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Proteins of this family play a role in collecting substrate proteins from the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) complex and delivering them to either the sorting and assembly machinery in the outer mitochondrial membrane (SAM) complex or the TIMM22 complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The encoded protein and the translocase of mitochondrial inner membrane 8a protein form a 70 kDa complex in the intermembrane space. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 10 homolog (yeast)

The mitochondrial protein encoded by this gene belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that are organized in heterooligomeric complexes in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. These proteins mediate the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane, functioning as intermembrane space chaperones for the highly insoluble carrier proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

mitochondrial RNA polymerase pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L49 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L49 pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the b subunit of the proton channel. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial fission regulator 1-like

Predicted to be involved in aerobic respiration and mitochondrial fission. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 21 homolog (yeast)

Involved in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly; mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly; and protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrion. Part of TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

IMP1 inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase-like (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S25 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial fission factor pseudogene

cytochrome b5 type B (outer mitochondrial membrane)

Enables heme binding activity. Contributes to nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity. Involved in nitric oxide biosynthetic process. Located in membrane. Part of nitric-oxide synthase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (mitochondrial)

This gene encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). A cytosolic form of this protein is encoded by a different gene and is the key enzyme of gluconeogenesis in the liver. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L36

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 2p. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L37

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L34

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L35

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Sequence analysis identified three transcript variants. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 6p, 10q, and Xp. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L32

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the L32 ribosomal protein family. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome Xp. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L33

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L30

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 6p and 12p. Read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the neighboring upstream lipoyltransferase 1 (LIPT1) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L38

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

methionyl aminopeptidase type 1D (mitochondrial)

The N-terminal methionine excision pathway is an essential process in which the N-terminal methionine is removed from many proteins, thus facilitating subsequent protein modification. In mitochondria, enzymes that catalyze this reaction are celled methionine aminopeptidases (MetAps, or MAPs; EC 3.4.11.18) (Serero et al., 2003 [PubMed 14532271]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog A (yeast) pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L30 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial translational release factor 1-like pseudogene

monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial inner membrane protease subunit 1 pseudogene

polymerase (RNA) mitochondrial (DNA directed) pseudogene 1

carbonic anhydrase VA, mitochondrial pseudogene

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23 homolog B (yeast)

Predicted to enable protein transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that has had confusing nomenclature in the literature. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 3p, 5q, and 10q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. The mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) consists of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 3p, 4q, 8p, 11q, 12q, and 20p. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. The 28S subunit of the mammalian mitoribosome may play a crucial and characteristic role in translation initiation. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that has also been associated with type 1 diabetes; however, its relationship to the etiology of this disease remains to be clarified. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene have been found on chromosomes 3 and 13. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S30

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that is similar to the chicken pro-apoptotic protein p52. Transcript variants using alternative promoters or polyA sites have been mentioned in the literature but the complete description of these sequences is not available. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S33

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. The 28S subunit of the mammalian mitoribosome may play a crucial and characteristic role in translation initiation. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that is one of the more highly conserved mitochondrial ribosomal proteins among mammals, Drosophila and C. elegans. Splice variants that differ in the 5' UTR have been found for this gene; all variants encode the same protein. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1q, 4p, 4q, and 20q [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial translational initiation factor 3 pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosome recycling factor pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene 2

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6, pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene 6

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene 5

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial-like

TAM41, mitochondrial translocator assembly and maintenance protein, homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthetic process and cardiolipin biosynthetic process. Is active in mitochondrion. Implicated in combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 56. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18C pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18C pseudogene 5

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18C pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18C pseudogene 6

mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulator 1

Involved in calcium import into the mitochondrion; calcium ion import; and positive regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S21 pseudogene 8

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S21 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S21 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S21 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S21 pseudogene 5

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S21 pseudogene 6

mitochondrial translational release factor 1-like pseudogene 1

mitochondrial translational release factor 1-like pseudogene 2

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (CTG) 1-1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; ornithine transporter) member 2

This intronless gene encodes a protein that localizes to the mitochondrial inner membrane and likely functions as a transporter of small molecules such as ornithine. This gene is located between the protocadherin beta and gamma gene clusters on chromosome 5. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; citrate transporter), member 1

This gene encodes a member of the mitochondrial carrier subfamily of solute carrier proteins. Members of this family include nuclear-encoded transporters that translocate small metabolites across the mitochondrial membrane. This protein regulates the movement of citrate across the inner membranes of the mitochondria. Mutations in this gene have been associated with combined D-2- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Pseudogenes of this gene have been identified on chromosomes 7, 11, 16, and 19. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6

This gene is a member of the mitochondrial carrier subfamily of solute carrier protein genes. The product of this gene functions as a gated pore that translocates ADP from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix and ATP from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytoplasm. The protein is implicated in the function of the permability transition pore complex (PTPC), which regulates the release of mitochondrial products that induce apoptosis. The human genome contains several non-transcribed pseudogenes of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5

This gene is a member of the mitochondrial carrier subfamily of solute carrier protein genes. The product of this gene functions as a gated pore that translocates ADP from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix and ATP from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytoplasm. The protein forms a homodimer embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane. Suppressed expression of this gene has been shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth. The human genome contains several non-transcribed pseudogenes of this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 4

This gene is a member of the mitochondrial carrier subfamily of solute carrier protein genes. The product of this gene functions as a gated pore that translocates ADP from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix and ATP from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytoplasm. The protein forms a homodimer embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane. Mutations in this gene have been shown to result in autosomal dominant progressive external opthalmoplegia and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase 1, mitochondrial

Enables 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity; NADPH binding activity; and identical protein binding activity. Involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation. Located in cytosol; mitochondrion; and nucleoplasm. Part of catalytic complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

carbonic anhydrase VA, mitochondrial pseudogene

mitochondrial intermediate peptidase

The product of this gene performs the final step in processing a specific class of nuclear-encoded proteins targeted to the mitochondrial matrix or inner membrane. This protein is primarily involved in the maturation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-related proteins. This gene may contribute to the functional effects of frataxin deficiency and the clinical manifestations of Friedreich ataxia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial fission process 1

MTP18 is a mitochondrial protein and downstream target of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (see PIK3CA, MIM 171834) signaling pathway that plays a role in cell viability and mitochondrial dynamics (Tondera et al., 2004 [PubMed 15155745]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

peptide deformylase (mitochondrial)

Protein synthesis proceeds after formylation of methionine by methionyl-tRNA formyl transferase (FMT) and transfer of the charged initiator f-met tRNA to the ribosome. In eubacteria and eukaryotic organelles the product of this gene, peptide deformylase (PDF), removes the formyl group from the initiating methionine of nascent peptides. In eubacteria, deformylation of nascent peptides is required for subsequent cleavage of initiating methionines by methionine aminopeptidase. The discovery that a natural inhibitor of PDF, actinonin, acts as an antimicrobial agent in some bacteria has spurred intensive research into the design of bacterial-specific PDF inhibitors. In human cells, only mitochondrial proteins have N-formylation of initiating methionines. Protein inhibitors of PDF or siRNAs of PDF block the growth of cancer cell lines but have no effect on normal cell growth. In humans, PDF function may therefore be restricted to rapidly growing cells. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L10 pseudogene

glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2, mitochondrial

Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme which exists in cytoplasmic and inner-membrane mitochondrial forms, GOT1 and GOT2, respectively. GOT plays a role in amino acid metabolism and the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. The two enzymes are homodimeric and show close homology. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2013]

NDUFA4, mitochondrial complex associated pseudogene

glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene is one of three genes that encode subunit c of the proton channel. Each of the three genes have distinct mitochondrial import sequences but encode the identical mature protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

caseinolytic mitochondrial matrix peptidase chaperone subunit pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 5

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 4-1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 5-1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L35 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L35 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L35 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L35 pseudogene 2

apoptogenic 1, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a protein that localizes to the mitochondria, where it stimulates the release of cytochrome c, thereby promoting programmed cell death. Mutations in this gene have been found in individuals with mitochondrial complex IV deficiency. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1, mitochondrial

The mitochondrial enzyme encoded by this gene catalyzes synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia and bicarbonate. This reaction is the first committed step of the urea cycle, which is important in the removal of excess urea from cells. The encoded protein may also represent a core mitochondrial nucleoid protein. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. The shortest isoform may not be localized to the mitochondrion. Mutations in this gene have been associated with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency, susceptibility to persistent pulmonary hypertension, and susceptibility to venoocclusive disease after bone marrow transplantation.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

mitochondrial fission factor pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 70

This gene encodes an import receptor of the outer mitochondrial membrane that is part of the translocase of the outer membrane complex. This protein is involved in the import of mitochondrial precursor proteins. The protein interacts with the SARS-CoV and SARS-Cov-2 ORF9b proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2021]

mitochondrial matrix import factor 23

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial rRNA methyltransferase 3

Efficient translation of mitochondrial-derived transcripts requires proper assembly of the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome. Central to the biogenesis of this large subunit is the A-loop of mitochondrial 16S rRNA, which is modified by three rRNA methyltransferases located near mtDNA nucleoids. The protein encoded by this gene methylates G(1370) of 16S rRNA, and this modification is necessary for proper ribosomal large subnit assembly. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 29

Enables protein transporter activity. Involved in protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane and mitochondrial intermembrane space. Part of TIM22 mitochondrial import inner membrane insertion complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

formation of mitochondrial complex V assembly factor 1 homolog

Involved in mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex assembly. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L58

The protein encoded by this gene is a peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase and a vital component of the large mitochondrial ribosome. The encoded protein serves as a ribosome release factor for this ribosome, which translates mitochondrial genes. This protein may be responsible for degrading prematurely-terminated polypeptides and for reusing stalled ribosomes. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

mitochondrial calcium uniporter dominant negative subunit beta

Enables calcium channel inhibitor activity. Involved in negative regulation of calcium import into the mitochondrion. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane and nucleoplasm. Part of uniplex complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial rRNA methyltransferase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S-adenosylmethionine-binding protein family. It is a nucleolar protein and it may be involved in the processing and modification of rRNA. This gene has been suggested to be involved in cell cycle control and DNA repair. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial transcription rescue factor 1

Enables ribosomal large subunit binding activity and tRNA binding activity. Involved in regulation of mitochondrial transcription and rescue of stalled ribosome. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1

Enables molybdenum ion binding activity; molybdopterin cofactor binding activity; and oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors. Contributes to nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity. Involved in cellular detoxification of nitrogen compound; nitrate metabolic process; and nitric oxide biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. Part of nitric-oxide synthase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme found in the outer mitochondrial membrane that reduces N-hydroxylated substrates. The encoded protein uses molybdenum as a cofactor and cytochrome b5 type B and NADH cytochrome b5 reductase as accessory proteins. One type of substrate used is N-hydroxylated nucleotide base analogues, which can be toxic to a cell. Other substrates include N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) and amidoxime prodrugs, which are activated by the encoded enzyme. Multiple transcript variants encoding the different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]