Harmonizome 3.0

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

fission 1 (mitochondrial outer membrane) homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables identical protein binding activity; lipid binding activity; and molecular adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of ATP metabolic process; negative regulation of fatty acid transport; and organelle fission. Acts upstream of or within mitochondrion organization. Located in mitochondrial outer membrane and peroxisomal membrane. Part of protein-containing complex. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene is localized in the outer membrane of the mitochondria. It is the channel-forming subunit of the translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane (TOM) complex that is essential for import of protein precursors into mitochondria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast)-like

Predicted to enable protein transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrion. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 6 homolog (yeast)

Predicted to be involved in protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 7 homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a subunit of the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane. The encoded protein regulates the assembly and stability of the translocase complex. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 5 homolog (yeast)

Predicted to be involved in protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 homolog (yeast)

Enables mitochondrion targeting sequence binding activity; protein-transporting ATPase activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion. Located in mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact site and mitochondrial outer membrane. Is active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 22 homolog (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. The encoded protein interacts with TOMM20 and TOMM40, and forms a complex with several other proteins to import cytosolic preproteins into the mitochondrion. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 70 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes an import receptor of the outer mitochondrial membrane that is part of the translocase of the outer membrane complex. This protein is involved in the import of mitochondrial precursor proteins. The protein interacts with the SARS-CoV and SARS-Cov-2 ORF9b proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2021]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 homolog (yeast)-like

Predicted to enable mitochondrion targeting sequence binding activity. Predicted to contribute to protein transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix and tRNA import into mitochondrion. Predicted to be located in mitochondrial outer membrane. Predicted to be part of mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 6 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 5 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 5 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 34

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the import of precursor proteins into mitochondria. The encoded protein has a chaperone-like activity, binding the mature portion of unfolded proteins and aiding their import into mitochondria. This protein, which is found in the cytoplasm and sometimes associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane, has a weak ATPase activity and contains 6 TPR repeats. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cytochrome b5 type B (outer mitochondrial membrane)

Enables heme binding activity. Contributes to nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity. Involved in nitric oxide biosynthetic process. Located in membrane. Part of nitric-oxide synthase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 70

This gene encodes an import receptor of the outer mitochondrial membrane that is part of the translocase of the outer membrane complex. This protein is involved in the import of mitochondrial precursor proteins. The protein interacts with the SARS-CoV and SARS-Cov-2 ORF9b proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2021]

vitelline membrane outer layer 1 homolog (chicken)

Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

retinal outer segment membrane protein 1

This gene is a member of a photoreceptor-specific gene family and encodes an integral membrane protein found in the photoreceptor disk rim of the eye. This protein can form homodimers or can heterodimerize with another photoreceptor, retinal degeneration slow (RDS). It is essential for disk morphogenesis, and may also function as an adhesion molecule involved in the stabilization and compaction of outer segment disks or in the maintenance of the curvature of the rim. Certain defects in this gene have been associated with the degenerative eye disease retinitis pigmentosa. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 3

ODF3 is a component of sperm flagella outer dense fibers, which add stiffness, elastic recoil, and protection against shearing forces during sperm movement.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 2

The outer dense fibers are cytoskeletal structures that surround the axoneme in the middle piece and principal piece of the sperm tail. The fibers function in maintaining the elastic structure and recoil of the sperm tail as well as in protecting the tail from shear forces during epididymal transport and ejaculation. Defects in the outer dense fibers lead to abnormal sperm morphology and infertility. This gene encodes one of the major outer dense fiber proteins. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. The longer transcripts, also known as 'Cenexins', encode proteins with a C-terminal extension that are differentially targeted to somatic centrioles and thought to be crucial for the formation of microtubule organizing centers. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 1

The outer dense fibers are cytoskeletal structures that surround the axoneme in the middle piece and principal piece of the sperm tail. The fibers function in maintaining the elastic structure and recoil of the sperm tail as well as in protecting the tail from shear forces during epididymal transport and ejaculation. Defects in the outer dense fibers lead to abnormal sperm morphology and infertility. The human outer dense fibers contains at least 10 major proteins and this gene encodes the main protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 4

This gene encodes a protein that is localized in the outer dense fibers of the tails of mature sperm. This protein is thought to have some important role in the sperm tail. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 2-like

Involved in negative regulation of cilium assembly. Located in centriolar satellite and ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 3-like 2

Located in cytoplasmic microtubule. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 3-like 1

Predicted to be active in cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

outer dense fiber of sperm tails 3B

Predicted to be located in motile cilium. Predicted to be active in cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

outer dynein arm docking complex subunit 1

This gene encodes a coiled-coil domain-containing protein that is a component of the outer dynein arm docking complex in cilia cells. Mutations in this gene may cause primary ciliary dyskinesia 20. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

outer dynein arm docking complex subunit 4

This gene encodes a tetratricopeptide repeat domain-containing protein that localizes to ciliary axonmenes and plays a role in the docking of the outer dynein arm to cilia. Mutations in this gene cause severely reduced ciliary motility and the disorder CILD35 (ciliary dyskinesia,primary, 35). Primary ciliary dyskinesia is often associated with recurrent respiratory infections, immotile spermatozoa, and situs inversus; an inversion in left-right body symmetry. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

outer dynein arm docking complex subunit 2

The protein encoded by this gene contains ten Armadillo repeat motifs (ARMs) and one HEAT repeat, and is thought to be involved in ciliary and flagellar movement. This protein has been shown to localize to the ciliary axonemes and at the ciliary base of respiratory cells. Studies indicate that mutations in this gene cause partial outer dynein arm (ODA) defects in respiratory cilia. The cilia of cells with mutations in this gene displayed either reduced ciliary beat frequency and amplitude, or, complete immotility. Some individuals with primary ciliary dyskensia (PCD) have been shown to have mutations in this gene. PCD is characterized by chronic airway disease and left/right body asymmetry defects. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

outer dynein arm docking complex subunit 3

This gene encodes a protein containing coiled-coil domains. The encoded protein functions in outer dynein arm assembly and is required for motile cilia function. Mutations in this gene result in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 44 homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a peripheral membrane protein associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane translocase, which functions in the import of proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane and into the mitochondrial matrix. The encoded protein mediates binding of mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 to the translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23 (TIM23) complex. Expression of this gene is upregulated in kidney in a mouse model of diabetes. A mutation in this gene is associated with familial oncocytic thyroid carcinoma. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8B pseudogene 1

IMP2 inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase-like (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein involved in processing the signal peptide sequences used to direct mitochondrial proteins to the mitochondria. The encoded protein resides in the mitochondria and is one of the necessary proteins for the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase (IMP) complex. Two variants that encode the same protein have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 17 homolog B (yeast) pseudogene 1

MPV17 mitochondrial membrane protein-like

Involved in negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process; negative regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway; and reactive oxygen species metabolic process. Located in peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MPV17 mitochondrial membrane protein-like 2

Involved in mitochondrial ribosome assembly and positive regulation of mitochondrial translation. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. Part of mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MpV17 mitochondrial inner membrane protein

This gene encodes a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that is implicated in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the hepatocerebral form of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDDS). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 10 homolog B (yeast)

FXC1, or TIMM10B, belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that are organized in heterooligomeric complexes in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. These proteins mediate the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 50 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a subunit of the TIM23 inner mitochondrial membrane translocase complex. The encoded protein functions as the receptor subunit that recognizes the mitochondrial targeting signal, or presequence, on protein cargo that is destined for the mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix. This protein may also play a role in maintaining the membrane permeability barrier, and knockdown of this gene in human cells results in the release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system 1 pseudogene 4

IMP1 inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase-like (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog A (yeast)

This translocase is involved in the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial inner membrane. The gene is mutated in Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome/Deafness Dystonia Syndrome (MTS/DDS) and it is postulated that MTS/DDS is a mitochondrial disease caused by a defective mitochondrial protein import system. Defects in this gene also cause Jensen syndrome; an X-linked disease with opticoacoustic nerve atrophy and muscle weakness. This protein, along with TIMM13, forms a 70 kDa heterohexamer. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog B (yeast)

This gene encodes a member of a well-conserved family of proteins with similarity to yeast Tim mitochondrial import proteins. This gene is encoded by a nuclear gene and is transported into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. When formed into complexes, these proteins guide membrane-spanning proteins across the mitochondrial intermembrane space before they are added into the mitochondrial inner membrane. This gene is adjacent to succinate dehydrogenase, subunit D (SDHD), in which mutations have been found in affected members of families with hereditary paraganglioma.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane domain containing 1

Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion and nucleoplasm. Implicated in nuclear type mitochondrial complex I deficiency 31. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 9 homolog (yeast)

TIMM9 belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that are organized in heterooligomeric complexes in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. These proteins mediate the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system 1 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system 1 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system 1 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system 1

Involved in cristae formation. Located in mitochondrion. Part of MIB complex; MICOS complex; and SAM complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

inner membrane protein, mitochondrial

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in cristae formation. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. Part of MICOS complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

inner membrane protein, mitochondrial (mitofilin) pseudogene 1

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23 homolog (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene is part of a complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that mediates the transport of transit peptide-containing proteins across the membrane. Multiple transcript variants, one protein-coding and others not protein-coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 22 homolog (yeast)

Multipass transmembrane proteins are brought into mitochondria and inserted into the mitochondrial inner membrane by way of the TIM22 complex. This complex has six subunits and is a twin-pore translocase. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of TIM22 and represents the voltage-activated and signal-gated channel. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 17 homolog B (yeast)

This gene encodes a multipass transmembrane protein that forms an integral component of the mitochondrial translocase TIM23 complex. This complex facilitates the transport of mitochondrial proteins from the cytosol across the mitochondrial inner membrane and into the mitochondrion. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 17 homolog A (yeast)

Predicted to contribute to protein transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane and nucleoplasm. Part of TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

IMP1 inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase-like (S. cerevisiae)

The mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase (IMP) complex generates mature, active proteins in the mitochondrial intermembrane space by proteolytically removing the mitochondrial targeting presequence of nuclear-encoded proteins. IMP1 and IMP2 (IMMP2L; MIM 605977) are the catalytic subunits of the IMP complex (Burri et al., 2005 [PubMed 15814844]).[supplied by OMIM, Sep 2008]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; peroxisomal membrane protein, 34kDa), member 17

This gene encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein that belongs to the family of mitochondrial solute carriers. It is expressed in the liver, and is likely involved in transport. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8B pseudogene 2

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 13 homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a member of the evolutionarily conserved TIMM (translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane) family of proteins that function as chaperones in the import of proteins from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Proteins of this family play a role in collecting substrate proteins from the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) complex and delivering them to either the sorting and assembly machinery in the outer mitochondrial membrane (SAM) complex or the TIMM22 complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The encoded protein and the translocase of mitochondrial inner membrane 8a protein form a 70 kDa complex in the intermembrane space. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 10 homolog (yeast)

The mitochondrial protein encoded by this gene belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that are organized in heterooligomeric complexes in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. These proteins mediate the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane, functioning as intermembrane space chaperones for the highly insoluble carrier proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 21 homolog (yeast)

Involved in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly; mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly; and protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrion. Part of TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

IMP1 inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase-like (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 2

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog A (yeast) pseudogene 1

mitochondrial inner membrane protease subunit 1 pseudogene

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23 homolog B (yeast)

Predicted to enable protein transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 29

Enables protein transporter activity. Involved in protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane and mitochondrial intermembrane space. Part of TIM22 mitochondrial import inner membrane insertion complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial inner membrane scaffold 2

mitochondrial inner membrane scaffold 1

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial inner membrane subdomain organizer 1

Involved in negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade and regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity. Located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vacuole membrane protein 1

This gene encodes a transmembrane protein that plays a key regulatory role in the process of autophagy. The ectopic overexpression of the encoded protein in cultured cells triggers autophagy even under nutrient-rich conditions. This gene is overexpressed in pancreatitis affected acinar cells where the encoded protein mediates sequestration and degradation of potentially deleterious activated zymogen granules in a process termed, zymophagy. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

limb development membrane protein 1-like

Enables transmembrane signaling receptor activity. Involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis and signal transduction. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

integral membrane protein 2B pseudogene 1

sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 4, neutral membrane (neutral sphingomyelinase-3)

The protein encoded by this gene is a sphingomyelinase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane sphingomyelin to form phosphorylcholine and ceramide. This gene is activated by DNA damage, cellular stress, and tumor necrosis factor, but it is downregulated by wild-type p53. The encoded protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi network. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3, neutral membrane (neutral sphingomyelinase II)

Enables sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activity. Involved in sphingomyelin catabolic process. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. Biomarker of pulmonary emphysema. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2, neutral membrane (neutral sphingomyelinase)

This gene encodes a protein which was initially identified as a sphingomyelinase based on sequence similarity between bacterial sphingomyelinases and a yeast protein. Subsequent studies showed that its biological function is less likely to be as a sphingomyelinase and instead as a lysophospholipase. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1-like 1

Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 (EPB41) is a multifunctional protein that mediates interactions between the erythrocyte cytoskeleton and the overlying plasma membrane. The encoded protein binds and stabilizes D2 and D3 dopamine receptors at the neuronal plasma membrane. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1-like 3

Predicted to enable cytoskeletal protein-membrane anchor activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of cytoskeleton. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including nervous system development; paranodal junction maintenance; and protein localization to axon. Located in cell-cell junction and plasma membrane. Implicated in esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. Biomarker of meningioma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1-like 2

Predicted to enable PH domain binding activity; cytoskeletal protein binding activity; and structural molecule activity. Involved in positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex. Located in several cellular components, including cell cortex; cell junction; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 like 5

Predicted to enable cytoskeletal protein binding activity and protein domain specific binding activity. Predicted to be involved in actomyosin structure organization. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including chordate embryonic development; embryonic foregut morphogenesis; and mesoderm morphogenesis. Located in cytosol; nucleoplasm; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

POM121 membrane glycoprotein (rat) pseudogene

lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 pseudogene

CXADR-like membrane protein

This gene encodes a type I transmembrane protein that is localized to junctional complexes between endothelial and epithelial cells and may have a role in cell-cell adhesion. Expression of this gene in white adipose tissue is implicated in adipocyte maturation and development of obesity. This gene is also essential for normal intestinal development and mutations in the gene are associated with congenital short bowel syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

APC membrane recruitment protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene upregulates trancriptional activation by the Wilms tumor protein and interacts with many other proteins, including CTNNB1, APC, AXIN1, and AXIN2. Defects in this gene are a cause of osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis (OSCS). [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

JNK1/MAPK8-associated membrane protein pseudogene 1

limbic system-associated membrane protein

This gene encodes a member of the immunoglobulin LAMP, OBCAM and neurotrimin (IgLON) family of proteins. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate a neuronal surface glycoprotein. This protein may act as a selective homophilic adhesion molecule during axon guidance and neuronal growth in the developing limbic system. The encoded protein may also function as a tumor suppressor and may play a role in neuropsychiatric disorders. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 11

MARCH11 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). These enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their intracellular transport. March11 appears to have a role in ubiquitin-mediated protein sorting in the trans-Golgi network (TGN)-multivesicular body (MVB) transport pathway (Morokuma et al., 2007 [PubMed 17604280]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 10, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH10 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Morokuma et al., 2007 [PubMed 17604280]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

small integral membrane protein 12-like

nuclear pore membrane glycoprotein 210-like

brain abundant, membrane attached signal protein 1

This gene encodes a membrane bound protein with several transient phosphorylation sites and PEST motifs. Conservation of proteins with PEST sequences among different species supports their functional significance. PEST sequences typically occur in proteins with high turnover rates. Immunological characteristics of this protein are species specific. This protein also undergoes N-terminal myristoylation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

small integral membrane protein 13

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 12

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 11

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 10

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 17

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 15

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 14

Predicted to act upstream of or within blastocyst hatching. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 19

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 18

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich single-pass membrane protein 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine-rich single-pass membrane protein 2

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

brain abundant, membrane attached signal protein 1 pseudogene 1

POM121 membrane glycoprotein (rat) pseudogene

POM121 membrane glycoprotein (rat) pseudogene

trehalase (brush-border membrane glycoprotein) pseudogene

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 8

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family. Members of this protein family are characterized by common structural features and similar intron/exon splice boundaries and display unique expression patterns among hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. The gene encoding this protein is localized to 11q12.3, among a cluster of family members. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 7

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family, members of which are characterized by common structural features and similar intron/exon splice boundaries and display unique expression patterns in hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. This family member is associated with mature cellular function in the monocytic lineage, and it may be a component of a receptor complex involved in signal transduction. This gene is localized to 11q12, in a cluster of other family members. At least four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding two distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 2

The allergic response involves the binding of allergen to receptor-bound IgE followed by cell activation and the release of mediators responsible for the manifestations of allergy. The IgE-receptor, a tetramer composed of an alpha, beta, and 2 disulfide-linked gamma chains, is found on the surface of mast cells and basophils. This gene encodes the beta subunit of the high affinity IgE receptor which is a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family. Members of this nascent protein family are characterized by common structural features and similar intron/exon splice boundaries and display unique expression patterns among hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. This family member is localized to 11q12, among a cluster of membrane-spanning 4A gene family members. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct proteins. Additional transcript variants have been described but require experimental validation. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 1

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family. Members of this nascent protein family are characterized by common structural features and similar intron/exon splice boundaries and display unique expression patterns among hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. This gene encodes a B-lymphocyte surface molecule which plays a role in the development and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells. This family member is localized to 11q12, among a cluster of family members. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants which encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

epithelial membrane protein 2

This gene encodes a tetraspan protein of the PMP22/EMP family. The encoded protein regulates cell membrane composition. It has been associated with various functions including endocytosis, cell signaling, cell proliferation, cell migration, cell adhesion, cell death, cholesterol homeostasis, urinary albumin excretion, and embryo implantation. It is known to negatively regulate caveolin-1, a scaffolding protein which is the main component of the caveolae plasma membrane invaginations found in most cell types. Through activation of PTK2 it positively regulates vascular endothelial growth factor A. It also modulates the function of specific integrin isomers in the plasma membrane. Up-regulation of this gene has been linked to cancer progression in multiple different tissues. Mutations in this gene have been associated with nephrotic syndrome type 10 (NPHS10). [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

epithelial membrane protein 3

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family of proteins. The protein contains four transmembrane domains and two N-linked glycosylation sites. It is thought to be involved in cell proliferation, cell-cell interactions and function as a tumor suppressor. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

epithelial membrane protein 1

Involved in apoptotic process and bleb assembly. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

single-pass membrane protein with coiled-coil domains 4 pseudogene 1

trehalase (brush-border membrane glycoprotein)

This gene encodes an enzyme that hydrolyses trehalose, a disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules found mainly in fungi, plants, and insects. A partial duplication of this gene is located adjacent to this locus on chromosome 11. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

erythroblast membrane-associated protein (Scianna blood group)

The protein encoded by this gene is a cell surface transmembrane protein that may act as an erythroid cell receptor, possibly as a mediator of cell adhesion. Polymorphisms in this gene are responsible for the Scianna/Radin blood group system. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

integral membrane protein 2C

Enables amyloid-beta binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of neuron projection development and neuron differentiation. Located in several cellular components, including Golgi apparatus; lysosome; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

integral membrane protein 2A

This gene encodes a type II membrane protein that belongs to the ITM2 family. Studies in mouse suggest that it may be involved in osteo- and chondrogenic differentiation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 4

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter binding activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of presynaptic active zone. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including regulation of synapse organization; regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis; and synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Predicted to be located in synaptic membrane. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse; presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component; and presynaptic membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a RAS gene superfamily member that regulates synaptic vesicle exocytosis. This gene also plays a role in the regulation of voltage-gated calcium channels during neurotransmitter and insulin release. Mutations have suggested a role cognition and have been identified as the cause of cone-rod dystrophy type 7. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a presynaptic protein that interacts with RAB3, a protein important for normal neurotransmitter release. The encoded protein can also bind several other synaptic proteins, including UNC-13 homolog B, ELKS/Rab6-interacting/CAST family member 1, and synaptotagmin 1. This protein is involved in synaptic membrane exocytosis. Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with degenerative lumbar scoliosis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 3

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter binding activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of presynaptic active zone. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including regulated exocytosis; regulation of synapse organization; and regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Predicted to be located in presynaptic active zone. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including postsynaptic cytosol; presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component; and presynaptic membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

integral membrane protein 2B

Amyloid precursor proteins are processed by beta-secretase and gamma-secretase to produce beta-amyloid peptides which form the characteristic plaques of Alzheimer disease. This gene encodes a transmembrane protein which is processed at the C-terminus by furin or furin-like proteases to produce a small secreted peptide which inhibits the deposition of beta-amyloid. Mutations which result in extension of the C-terminal end of the encoded protein, thereby increasing the size of the secreted peptide, are associated with two neurogenerative diseases, familial British dementia and familial Danish dementia. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

nurim (nuclear envelope membrane protein)

The protein encoded by this gene contains transmembrane domains and resides within the inner nuclear membrane, where it is tightly associated with the nucleus. This protein shares homology with isoprenylcysteine carboxymethyltransferase enzymes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

small integral membrane protein 23

Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 20

Involved in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 21

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 24

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22kDa

Located in peroxisomal membrane. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

peroxisomal membrane protein 4, 24kDa

Predicted to act upstream of or within ether lipid metabolic process. Located in peroxisomal membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lymphoid-restricted membrane protein

The protein encode dby this gene is expressed in a developmentally regulated manner in lymphoid cell lines and tissues. The protein is localized to the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

POM121 membrane glycoprotein (rat) pseudogene

erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 like 4B

Predicted to be a structural constituent of cytoskeleton. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of cell adhesion; positive regulation of keratinocyte migration; and wound healing. Acts upstream of or within actomyosin structure organization. Located in apical part of cell; cytosol; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 like 4A

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the band 4.1 protein superfamily. Members of this superfamily are thought to play an important role in regulating interactions between the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane, and contain an amino terminal conserved domain that binds glycophorin C. This gene product is thought to be involved in the beta-catenin signaling pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

glycoprotein 2 (zymogen granule membrane)

This gene encodes an integral membrane protein that is secreted from intracellular zymogen granules and associates with the plasma membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. The encoded protein binds pathogens such as enterobacteria, thereby playing an important role in the innate immune response. The C-terminus of this protein is related to the C-terminus of the protein encoded by the neighboring gene, uromodulin (UMOD). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

small integral membrane protein 11 pseudogene 1

membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 2

Enables 1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase activity; 1-acylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase activity; and 1-acylglycerophosphoserine O-acyltransferase activity. Involved in phosphatidylcholine acyl-chain remodeling; phosphatidylethanolamine acyl-chain remodeling; and phosphatidylserine acyl-chain remodeling. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Predicted to be active in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 1

This gene belongs to the membrane-bound O-acetyltransferase superfamily. The encoded transmembrane protein is an enzyme that transfers organic compounds, preferably from oleoyl-CoA, to hydroxyl groups of protein targets in membranes. A translocation disrupting this gene may be associated with brachydactyly syndactyly syndrome. Alternately spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-bound O-acyltransferases family of integral membrane proteins that have acyltransferase activity. The encoded protein is a lysophosphatidylinositol acyltransferase that has specificity for arachidonoyl-CoA as an acyl donor. This protein is involved in the reacylation of phospholipids as part of the phospholipid remodeling pathway known as the Land cycle. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 4

Enables acyltransferase activity, transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups. Involved in peptidyl-serine octanoylation. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 pseudogene 1

integral membrane glycoprotein-like

small integral membrane protein 22

Involved in several processes, including lipid droplet formation; positive regulation of cell migration; and regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization. Predicted to be located in late endosome and membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phosphoprotein membrane anchor with glycosphingolipid microdomains 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a type III transmembrane adaptor protein that binds to the tyrosine kinase csk protein. It is thought to be involved in the regulation of T cell activation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein)-associated protein B and C

The protein encoded by this gene is a type IV membrane protein found in plasma and intracellular vesicle membranes. The encoded protein is found as a homodimer and as a heterodimer with VAPA. This protein also can interact with VAMP1 and VAMP2 and may be involved in vesicle trafficking. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein)-associated protein A, 33kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is a type IV membrane protein. It is present in the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles. It may also be associated with the cytoskeleton. This protein may function in vesicle trafficking, membrane fusion, protein complex assembly and cell motility. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

membrane metallo-endopeptidase

The protein encoded by this gene is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein and a common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen that is an important cell surface marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). The encoded protein is present on leukemic cells of pre-B phenotype, which represent 85% of cases of ALL. This protein is not restricted to leukemic cells, however, and is found on a variety of normal tissues. The protein is a neutral endopeptidase that cleaves peptides at the amino side of hydrophobic residues and inactivates several peptide hormones including glucagon, enkephalins, substance P, neurotensin, oxytocin, and bradykinin. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

semaphorin 7A, GPI membrane anchor (John Milton Hagen blood group)

This gene encodes a member of the semaphorin family of proteins. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane glycoprotein. The encoded protein is found on activated lymphocytes and erythrocytes and may be involved in immunomodulatory and neuronal processes. The encoded protein carries the John Milton Hagen (JMH) blood group antigens. Mutations in this gene may be associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes an isoform that is proteolytically processed. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

APC membrane recruitment protein 2

Enables phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

APC membrane recruitment protein 3

Predicted to enable beta-catenin binding activity and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

POM121 membrane glycoprotein (rat) pseudogene

small integral membrane protein 2

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 1 (Vel blood group)

This gene encodes a small, conserved protein that participates in red blood cell formation. The encoded protein is localized to the cell membrane and is the antigen for the Vel blood group. Alternative splicing results in different transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

lysosomal-associated membrane protein family, member 5

Predicted to be involved in establishment of protein localization to organelle. Located in endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane; endosome membrane; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells. Immature DCs efficiently capture antigens and differentiate into interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs) in lymphoid tissues that induce primary T-cell responses (summary by de Saint-Vis et al., 1998 [PubMed 9768752]).[supplied by OMIM, Dec 2010]

lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of a family of membrane glycoproteins. This glycoprotein provides selectins with carbohydrate ligands. It may play a role in tumor cell metastasis. It may also function in the protection, maintenance, and adhesion of the lysosome. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of a family of membrane glycoproteins. This glycoprotein provides selectins with carbohydrate ligands. It may also play a role in tumor cell metastasis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

POM121 membrane glycoprotein (rat) pseudogene

translocation associated membrane protein 1-like 1

Predicted to be involved in protein insertion into ER membrane. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum and membrane. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

proline rich membrane anchor 1

The product of this gene functions to organize acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into tetramers, and to anchor AChE at neural cell membranes. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

small integral membrane protein 10 like 1

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C, integral membrane protein, 15kDa

This gene encodes one of four nuclear-encoded subunits that comprise succinate dehydrogenase, also known as mitochondrial complex II, a key enzyme complex of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and aerobic respiratory chains of mitochondria. The encoded protein is one of two integral membrane proteins that anchor other subunits of the complex, which form the catalytic core, to the inner mitochondrial membrane. There are several related pseudogenes for this gene on different chromosomes. Mutations in this gene have been associated with paragangliomas. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein

This gene encodes a member of complex II of the respiratory chain, which is responsible for the oxidation of succinate. The encoded protein is one of two integral membrane proteins anchoring the complex to the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mutations in this gene are associated with the formation of tumors, including hereditary paraganglioma. Transmission of disease occurs almost exclusively through the paternal allele, suggesting that this locus may be maternally imprinted. There are pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, and 18. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2013]

glycosylated lysosomal membrane protein

Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in cytosol; lysosome; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane metallo-endopeptidase-like 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the neutral endopeptidase (NEP) or membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME) family. Family members play important roles in pain perception, arterial pressure regulation, phosphate metabolism and homeostasis. This protein is a type II transmembrane protein and is thought to be expressed as a secreted protein. This gene is expressed mainly in testis with weak expression in the brain, kidney, and heart. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor

This gene encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein related to the type I receptors of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family, whose members play important roles in signal transduction in many developmental and pathological processes. The encoded protein however is a pseudoreceptor, lacking an intracellular serine/threonine kinase domain required for signaling. Similar proteins in frog, mouse and zebrafish function as negative regulators of TGF-beta, which has led to the suggestion that the encoded protein may function to limit the signaling range of the TGF-beta family during early embryogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

matrix metallopeptidase 14 (membrane-inserted)

Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMP's are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. However, the protein encoded by this gene is a member of the membrane-type MMP (MT-MMP) subfamily; each member of this subfamily contains a potential transmembrane domain suggesting that these proteins are expressed at the cell surface rather than secreted. This protein activates MMP2 protein, and this activity may be involved in tumor invasion. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

matrix metallopeptidase 15 (membrane-inserted)

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase M10 family and membrane-type subfamily of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Proteins in this family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Members of this subfamily contain a transmembrane domain suggesting that these proteins are expressed at the cell surface rather than secreted. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protease. This protein may play a role in cancer progression. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

matrix metallopeptidase 16 (membrane-inserted)

Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMP's are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. The encoded protein activates MMP2 by cleavage. This gene was once referred to as MT-MMP2, but was renamed as MT-MMP3 or MMP16. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

matrix metallopeptidase 17 (membrane-inserted)

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase M10 family and membrane-type subfamily of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Proteins in this family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Members of this subfamily contain a transmembrane domain suggesting that these proteins are expressed at the cell surface rather than secreted. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protease. This protein is unique among the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases in that it is anchored to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Elevated expression of the encoded protein has been observed in osteoarthritis and multiple human cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 1 pseudogene

alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase

Aminopeptidase N is located in the small-intestinal and renal microvillar membrane, and also in other plasma membranes. In the small intestine aminopeptidase N plays a role in the final digestion of peptides generated from hydrolysis of proteins by gastric and pancreatic proteases. Its function in proximal tubular epithelial cells and other cell types is less clear. The large extracellular carboxyterminal domain contains a pentapeptide consensus sequence characteristic of members of the zinc-binding metalloproteinase superfamily. Sequence comparisons with known enzymes of this class showed that CD13 and aminopeptidase N are identical. The latter enzyme was thought to be involved in the metabolism of regulatory peptides by diverse cell types, including small intestinal and renal tubular epithelial cells, macrophages, granulocytes, and synaptic membranes from the CNS. This membrane-bound zinc metalloprotease is known to serve as a receptor for the HCoV-229E alphacoronavirus as well as other non-human coronaviruses. This gene has also been shown to promote angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis and defects in this gene are associated with various types of leukemia and lymphoma. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2020]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 10

Most MS4A genes, including MS4A10, encode proteins with at least 4 potential transmembrane domains and N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic domains encoded by distinct exons.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 12

The protein encoded by this gene is a cell surface protein found primarily in the apical membrane of colonocytes. Silencing of this gene in colon cancer cells inhibits the proliferation, cell motility, and chemotactic invasion of cells. This gene is part of a cluster of similar genes found on chromosome 11. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

lymphoid-restricted membrane protein-like

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 6A

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family. Members of this nascent protein family are characterized by common structural features and similar intron/exon splice boundaries and display unique expression patterns among hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. The gene encoding this protein is localized to 11q12.1, among a cluster of family members. Alternative splicing of this gene results in several transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

single-pass membrane protein with coiled-coil domains 3

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

single-pass membrane protein with coiled-coil domains 2

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

single-pass membrane protein with coiled-coil domains 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

single-pass membrane protein with coiled-coil domains 4

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 9

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in cytoplasm. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 8

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 3

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 2

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Is extrinsic component of endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 1

This gene encodes a single-pass type I transmembrane protein, which is a subunit of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2012]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 7

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 6

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in autophagosome assembly; protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence; and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and omegasome membrane. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 4

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

folate hydrolase (prostate-specific membrane antigen) 1

This gene encodes a type II transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the M28 peptidase family. The protein acts as a glutamate carboxypeptidase on different alternative substrates, including the nutrient folate and the neuropeptide N-acetyl-l-aspartyl-l-glutamate and is expressed in a number of tissues such as prostate, central and peripheral nervous system and kidney. A mutation in this gene may be associated with impaired intestinal absorption of dietary folates, resulting in low blood folate levels and consequent hyperhomocysteinemia. Expression of this protein in the brain may be involved in a number of pathological conditions associated with glutamate excitotoxicity. In the prostate the protein is up-regulated in cancerous cells and is used as an effective diagnostic and prognostic indicator of prostate cancer. This gene likely arose from a duplication event of a nearby chromosomal region. Alternative splicing gives rise to multiple transcript variants encoding several different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

small integral membrane protein 12 pseudogene 1

membrane protein, palmitoylated 3 (MAGUK p55 subfamily member 3)

This gene product is a member of a family of membrane-associated proteins termed MAGUKs (membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologs). MAGUKs interact with the cytoskeleton and regulate cell proliferation, signaling pathways, and intracellular junctions. This protein contains a conserved sequence, called the SH3 (src homology 3) motif, found in several other proteins that associate with the cytoskeleton and are suspected to play important roles in signal transduction. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. One transcript variant is experimentally supported, but it doesn't encode a protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

membrane protein, palmitoylated 2 (MAGUK p55 subfamily member 2)

Palmitoylated membrane protein 2 is a member of a family of membrane-associated proteins termed MAGUKs (membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologs). MAGUKs interact with the cytoskeleton and regulate cell proliferation, signaling pathways, and intracellular junctions. Palmitoylated membrane protein 2 contains a conserved sequence, called the SH3 (src homology 3) motif, found in several other proteins that associate with the cytoskeleton and are suspected to play important roles in signal transduction. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

membrane protein, palmitoylated 1, 55kDa

This gene encodes the prototype of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family proteins. MAGUKs interact with the cytoskeleton and regulate cell proliferation, signaling pathways, and intercellular junctions. The encoded protein is an extensively palmitoylated membrane phosphoprotein containing a PDZ domain, a Src homology 3 (SH3) motif, and a guanylate kinase domain. This gene product interacts with various cytoskeletal proteins and cell junctional proteins in different tissue and cell types, and may be involved in the regulation of cell shape, hair cell development, neural patterning of the retina, and apico-basal polarity and tumor suppression pathways in non-erythroid cells. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

membrane protein, palmitoylated 7 (MAGUK p55 subfamily member 7)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the p55 Stardust family of membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) proteins, which function in the establishment of epithelial cell polarity. This family member forms a complex with the polarity protein DLG1 (discs, large homolog 1) and facilitates epithelial cell polarity and tight junction formation. Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with variations in site-specific bone mineral density (BMD). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

membrane protein, palmitoylated 6 (MAGUK p55 subfamily member 6)

Members of the peripheral membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family function in tumor suppression and receptor clustering by forming multiprotein complexes containing distinct sets of transmembrane, cytoskeletal, and cytoplasmic signaling proteins. All MAGUKs contain a PDZ-SH3-GUK core and are divided into 4 subfamilies, DLG-like (see DLG1; MIM 601014), ZO1-like (see TJP1; MIM 601009), p55-like (see MPP1; MIM 305360), and LIN2-like (see CASK; MIM 300172), based on their size and the presence of additional domains. MPP6 is a member of the p55-like MAGUK subfamily (Tseng et al., 2001 [PubMed 11311936]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

membrane protein, palmitoylated 5 (MAGUK p55 subfamily member 5)

This gene encodes a member of the p55-like subfamily of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) gene superfamily. The encoded protein participates in the polarization of differentiating cells, has been shown to regulate myelinating Schwann cells (PMID: 20237282), and is one of the components of the Crumbs complex in the retina. Mice which express lower levels of the orthologous protein have retinal degeneration and impaired vision (PMID: 22114289). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

membrane protein, palmitoylated 4 (MAGUK p55 subfamily member 4)

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein family, with an N-terminal PDZ domain, a central src homology 3 region (SH3), and a C-terminal guanylate kinase-like (GUK) domain. The protein is localized to the outer limiting membrane in the retina, and is thought to function in photoreceptor polarity and the organization of specialized intercellular junctions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but their biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C, integral membrane protein, 15kDa pseudogene

golgi integral membrane protein 4

The Golgi complex plays a key role in the sorting and modification of proteins exported from the endoplasmic reticulum. The protein encoded by this gene is a type II Golgi-resident protein. It may process proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and assist in the transport of protein cargo through the Golgi apparatus. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

POM121 membrane glycoprotein (rat) pseudogene

matrix metallopeptidase 24 (membrane-inserted)

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase M10 family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Proteins in this family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protease. Unlike most MMPs, which are secreted, this protease is a member of the membrane-type MMP (MT-MMP) subfamily, contains a transmembrane domain and is expressed at the cell surface. Substrates of this protease include the proteins cadherin 2 and matrix metallopeptidase 2 (also known as 72 kDa type IV collagenase). The gene has previously been referred to as MMP25 but has been renamed matrix metallopeptidase 24 (MMP24). [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2019]

glycoprotein integral membrane 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

stress responsive DNAJB4 interacting membrane protein 1

Enables protein homodimerization activity. Involved in protein folding. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

single-pass membrane protein with aspartate-rich tail 1

This gene encodes a core regulatory component of a calcium channel in the mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

JNK1/MAPK8-associated membrane protein

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity. Involved in ERAD pathway. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

POM121 membrane glycoprotein (rat) pseudogene

small integral membrane protein 3

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 7

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 6

Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 5

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 4

Enables mitochondrial ribosome binding activity. Involved in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Is active in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 9

Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 8

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ER membrane-associated RNA degradation

The protein encoded by this gene contains 2 transmembrane domains near the C-terminus and is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Knockout of this gene in developing rat brain showed that it may be involved in neuronal migration. Mutations in this gene are associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia-6 (PVNH6). Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

Bet1 golgi vesicular membrane trafficking protein

This gene encodes a golgi-associated membrane protein that participates in vesicular transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex. The encoded protein functions as a soluble N-ethylaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor and may be involved in the docking of ER-derived vesicles with the cis-Golgi membrane. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 18

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 14

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 15

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane-bound transcription factor peptidase, site 2

This gene encodes a intramembrane zinc metalloprotease, which is essential in development. This protease functions in the signal protein activation involved in sterol control of transcription and the ER stress response. Mutations in this gene have been associated with ichthyosis follicularis with atrichia and photophobia (IFAP syndrome); IFAP syndrome has been quantitatively linked to a reduction in cholesterol homeostasis and ER stress response.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

membrane-bound transcription factor peptidase, site 1

This gene encodes a member of the subtilisin-like proprotein convertase family, which includes proteases that process protein and peptide precursors trafficking through regulated or constitutive branches of the secretory pathway. The encoded protein undergoes an initial autocatalytic processing event in the ER to generate a heterodimer which exits the ER and sorts to the cis/medial-Golgi where a second autocatalytic event takes place and the catalytic activity is acquired. It encodes a type 1 membrane bound protease which is ubiquitously expressed and regulates cholesterol or lipid homeostasis via cleavage of substrates at non-basic residues. Mutations in this gene may be associated with lysosomal dysfunction. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

guanylate cyclase 2D, membrane (retina-specific)

This gene encodes a retina-specific guanylate cyclase, which is a member of the membrane guanylyl cyclase family. Like other membrane guanylyl cyclases, this enzyme has a hydrophobic amino-terminal signal sequence followed by a large extracellular domain, a single membrane spanning domain, a kinase homology domain, and a guanylyl cyclase catalytic domain. In contrast to other membrane guanylyl cyclases, this enzyme is not activated by natriuretic peptides. Mutations in this gene result in Leber congenital amaurosis and cone-rod dystrophy-6 diseases. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

limb development membrane protein 1

This gene encodes a member of the LMBR1-like membrane protein family. Another member of this protein family has been shown to be a lipocalin transmembrane receptor. A highly conserved, cis-acting regulatory module for the sonic hedgehog gene is located within an intron of this gene. Consequently, disruption of this genic region can alter sonic hedgehog expression and affect limb patterning, but it is not known if this gene functions directly in limb development. Mutations and chromosomal deletions and rearrangements in this genic region are associated with acheiropody and preaxial polydactyly, which likely result from altered sonic hedgehog expression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

translocation associated membrane protein 1

This gene encodes a multi-pass membrane protein that is part of the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum. The encoded protein influences glycosylation and facilitates the translocation of secretory proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane by regulating which domains of the nascent polypeptide chain are visible to the cytosol during a translocational pause. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

translocation associated membrane protein 2

TRAM2 is a component of the translocon, a gated macromolecular channel that controls the posttranslational processing of nascent secretory and membrane proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane.[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2004]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 1 (synaptobrevin 1)

Synapotobrevins, syntaxins, and the synaptosomal-associated protein SNAP25 are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal dominant spastic ataxia 1. Multiple alternative splice variants have been described, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 3

Synaptobrevins/VAMPs, syntaxins, and the 25-kD synaptosomal-associated protein are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. This gene is a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family. Because of its high homology to other known VAMPs, its broad tissue distribution, and its subcellular localization, the protein encoded by this gene was shown to be the human equivalent of the rodent cellubrevin. In platelets the protein resides on a compartment that is not mobilized to the plasma membrane on calcium or thrombin stimulation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (synaptobrevin 2)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family. Synaptobrevins/VAMPs, syntaxins, and the 25-kD synaptosomal-associated protein SNAP25 are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. This gene is thought to participate in neurotransmitter release at a step between docking and fusion. The protein forms a stable complex with syntaxin, synaptosomal-associated protein, 25 kD, and synaptotagmin. It also forms a distinct complex with synaptophysin. It is a likely candidate gene for familial infantile myasthenia (FIMG) because of its map location and because it encodes a synaptic vesicle protein of the type that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of FIMG. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 5

Synaptobrevins/VAMPs, syntaxins, and the 25-kD synaptosomal-associated protein are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of vesicles and cell membranes. The VAMP5 gene is a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family and the SNARE superfamily. This VAMP family member may participate in vesicle trafficking events that are associated with myogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 4

Synaptobrevins/VAMPs, syntaxins, and the 25-kD synaptosomal-associated protein SNAP25 are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family. This protein may play a role in trans-Golgi network-to-endosome transport. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 7

This gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is a member of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) family. The encoded protein localizes to late endosomes and lysosomes and is involved in the fusion of transport vesicles to their target membranes. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

vesicle-associated membrane protein 8

This gene encodes an integral membrane protein that belongs to the synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane protein subfamily of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). The encoded protein is involved in the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

lens intrinsic membrane protein 2, 19kDa

This gene encodes an eye lens-specific protein found at the junctions of lens fiber cells, where it may contribute to cell junctional organization. It acts as a receptor for calmodulin, and may play an important role in both lens development and cataractogenesis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with cataract formation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 pseudogene

secretory carrier membrane protein 1 pseudogene

sialidase 3 (membrane sialidase)

This gene product belongs to a family of glycohydrolytic enzymes which remove sialic acid residues from glycoproteins and glycolipids. It is localized in the plasma membrane, and its activity is specific for gangliosides. It may play a role in modulating the ganglioside content of the lipid bilayer. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

serine-rich single-pass membrane protein 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 10 like 2B

POM121 membrane glycoprotein pseudogene

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 5

MARCH5 is a ubiquitin ligase of the mitochondrial outer membrane that plays a role in the control of mitochondrial morphology by regulating mitofusin-2 (MFN2; MIM 608507) and DRP1 (DNM1L; MIM 603850) (Nakamura et al., 2006 [PubMed 16936636]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 4, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH4 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH4 reduces surface accumulation of several membrane glycoproteins by directing them to the endosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH7 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH proteins add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of a family of membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin ligases containing RING-CH-type zinc finger motifs. Ubiquitination of type II deiodinase by the encoded protein is an important regulatory step in thyroid hormone signalling. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH1 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH proteins add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH1 downregulates the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules (see MIM 142880) and other glycoproteins by directing them to the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Thibodeau et al., 2008 [PubMed 18389477]; De Gassart et al., 2008 [PubMed 18305173]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 3, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family. The encoded protein is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may be involved in regulation of the endosomal transport pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH2 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH2 reduces surface accumulation of several glycoproteins and appears to regulate early endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) trafficking (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Nakamura et al., 2005 [PubMed 15689499]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 9

MARCH9 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH9 induces internalization of several membrane glycoproteins and directs them to the endosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Hoer et al., 2007 [PubMed 17174307]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 8, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH8 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH8 induces the internalization of several membrane glycoproteins (Goto et al., 2003 [PubMed 12582153]; Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.2

Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.2 is an ATP-binding protein which may regulate the association of protein 3 with ankyrin. It probably has a role in erythrocyte shape and mechanical property regulation. Mutations in the EPB42 gene are associated with recessive spherocytic elliptocytosis and recessively transmitted hereditary hemolytic anemia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1

The protein encoded by this gene, together with spectrin and actin, constitute the red cell membrane cytoskeletal network. This complex plays a critical role in erythrocyte shape and deformability. Mutations in this gene are associated with type 1 elliptocytosis (EL1). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

protein kinase, membrane associated tyrosine/threonine 1

This gene encodes a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. The encoded protein is a membrane-associated kinase that negatively regulates the G2/M transition of the cell cycle by phosphorylating and inactivating cyclin-dependent kinase 1. The activity of the encoded protein is regulated by polo-like kinase 1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

ER membrane protein complex subunit 10

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in positive regulation of angiogenesis; positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; and protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and extracellular region. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane primary amine oxidase-like

Bet1 golgi vesicular membrane trafficking protein pseudogene 1

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 7

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 6

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 5

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 4

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 3

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 2

succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, integral membrane protein pseudogene 1

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 4A

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family. Members of this nascent protein family are characterized by common structural features, similar intron/exon splice boundaries, and display unique expression patterns in hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 4E

Most MS4A genes, including MS4A4E, encode proteins with at least 4 potential transmembrane domains and N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic domains encoded by distinct exons.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

epithelial membrane protein 2 pseudogene

golgi membrane protein 1 pseudogene

X-prolyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase P) 2, membrane-bound

Aminopeptidase P is a hydrolase specific for N-terminal imido bonds, which are common to several collagen degradation products, neuropeptides, vasoactive peptides, and cytokines. Structurally, the enzyme is a member of the 'pita bread fold' family and occurs in mammalian tissues in both soluble and GPI-anchored membrane-bound forms. A membrane-bound and soluble form of this enzyme have been identified as products of two separate genes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 6E

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family. Members of this nascent protein family are characterized by common structural features and similar intron/exon splice boundaries and display unique expression patterns among hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. The gene encoding this protein is localized to 11q12.3, among a cluster of family members. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mast cell-expressed membrane protein 1

This gene encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein. Based on its expression pattern, it is speculated to be involved in regulating mast cell differentiation or immune responses. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

VCP-interacting membrane selenoprotein

This gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is involved in the degradation process of misfolded proteins in the ER, and may also have a role in inflammation control. This protein is a selenoprotein, containing the rare amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). Sec is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, designated the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, that is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon, rather than as a stop signal. Two additional phylogenetically conserved stem-loop structures (Stem-loop 1 and Stem-loop 2) in the 3' UTR of this mRNA have been shown to function as modulators of Sec insertion. An alternatively spliced transcript variant, lacking the SECIS element and encoding a non-Sec containing shorter isoform, has been described for this gene (PMID:23614019). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, membrane-associated 1

PITPNM1 belongs to a family of membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol transfer domain-containing proteins that share homology with the Drosophila retinal degeneration B (rdgB) protein (Ocaka et al., 2005 [PubMed 15627748]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, membrane-associated 2

PITPNM2 belongs to a family of membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol transfer domain-containing proteins that share homology with the Drosophila retinal degeneration B (rdgB) protein (Ocaka et al., 2005 [PubMed 15627748]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

small integral membrane protein 7 pseudogene

sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 4, neutral membrane (neutral sphingomyelinase-3) pseudogene 2

sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 4, neutral membrane (neutral sphingomyelinase-3) pseudogene 1

membrane magnesium transporter 1

Contributes to membrane insertase activity. Involved in protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Part of EMC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

adipocyte plasma membrane associated protein

Enables arylesterase activity. Predicted to be involved in biosynthetic process. Located in cell surface and membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 10 like 2A

This gene encodes a highly conserved small protein that contains a conserved motif (DUF4560) and may function as an integral membrane protein. This transcript was also shown to associate with enhancer chromatin and therefore may also function as an RNA to regulate enhancers. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

SLP adaptor and CSK interacting membrane protein

This gene encodes a transmembrane adaptor protein that is expressed in antigen-presenting cells and is localized in the immunologic synapse. The encoded protein is involved in major histocompatibility complex class II signal transduction and immune synapse formation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

POM121 membrane glycoprotein (rat) pseudogene

ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of P-type primary ion transport ATPases characterized by the formation of an aspartyl phosphate intermediate during the reaction cycle. These enzymes remove bivalent calcium ions from eukaryotic cells against very large concentration gradients and play a critical role in intracellular calcium homeostasis. The mammalian plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoforms are encoded by at least four separate genes and the diversity of these enzymes is further increased by alternative splicing of transcripts. The expression of different isoforms and splice variants is regulated in a developmental, tissue- and cell type-specific manner, suggesting that these pumps are functionally adapted to the physiological needs of particular cells and tissues. This gene encodes the plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 3

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of P-type primary ion transport ATPases characterized by the formation of an aspartyl phosphate intermediate during the reaction cycle. These enzymes remove bivalent calcium ions from eukaryotic cells against very large concentration gradients and play a critical role in intracellular calcium homeostasis. The mammalian plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoforms are encoded by at least four separate genes and the diversity of these enzymes is further increased by alternative splicing of transcripts. The expression of different isoforms and splice variants is regulated in a developmental, tissue- and cell type-specific manner, suggesting that these pumps are functionally adapted to the physiological needs of particular cells and tissues. This gene encodes the plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 3. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of P-type primary ion transport ATPases characterized by the formation of an aspartyl phosphate intermediate during the reaction cycle. These enzymes remove bivalent calcium ions from eukaryotic cells against very large concentration gradients and play a critical role in intracellular calcium homeostasis. The mammalian plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoforms are encoded by at least four separate genes and the diversity of these enzymes is further increased by alternative splicing of transcripts. The expression of different isoforms and splice variants is regulated in a developmental, tissue- and cell type-specific manner, suggesting that these pumps are functionally adapted to the physiological needs of particular cells and tissues. This gene encodes the plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 2. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 4

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of P-type primary ion transport ATPases characterized by the formation of an aspartyl phosphate intermediate during the reaction cycle. These enzymes remove bivalent calcium ions from eukaryotic cells against very large concentration gradients and play a critical role in intracellular calcium homeostasis. The mammalian plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoforms are encoded by at least four separate genes and the diversity of these enzymes is further increased by alternative splicing of transcripts. The expression of different isoforms and splice variants is regulated in a developmental, tissue- and cell type-specific manner, suggesting that these pumps are functionally adapted to the physiological needs of particular cells and tissues. This gene encodes the plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 4. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 13

Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

progesterone receptor membrane component 2

Enables heme binding activity. Involved in adipose tissue development. Located in endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

progesterone receptor membrane component 1

This gene encodes a putative membrane-associated progesterone steroid receptor. The protein is expressed predominantly in the liver and kidney. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3, neutral membrane (neutral sphingomyelinase II) pseudogene

membrane frizzled-related protein

This gene encodes a member of the frizzled-related protein family. The encoded protein plays an important role in eye development and mutations in this gene have been associated with nanophthalmos, posterior microphthalmia, retinitis pigmentosa, foveoschisis, and optic disc drusen. The protein is encoded by a bicistronic transcript which also encodes C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 5 (C1QTNF5). [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 5

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family. Members of this nascent protein family are characterized by common structural features and similar intron/exon splice boundaries and display unique expression patterns among hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. Though this member is not expressed in hematopoietic cells specifically, it may be involved in signal transduction like many of its related family members. The gene encoding this protein is localized to 11q12, among a cluster of family members. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 3 (hematopoietic cell-specific)

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family. Members of this protein family are characterized by common structural features and similar intron/exon splice boundaries and display unique expression patterns among hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. This family member likely plays a role in signal transduction and may function as a subunit associated with receptor complexes. The gene encoding this protein is localized to 11q12, among a cluster of related family members. Alternative splicing may result in multiple transcript variants; however, not all variants have been fully described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 4, neutral membrane (neutral sphingomyelinase-3) pseudogene

membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 3

Predicted to enable frizzled binding activity. Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of JUN kinase activity. Located in cell junction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 2

The protein encoded by this gene interacts with atrophin-1. Atrophin-1 contains a polyglutamine repeat, expansion of which is responsible for dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy. This encoded protein is characterized by two WW domains, a guanylate kinase-like domain, and multiple PDZ domains. It has structural similarity to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologue (MAGUK) family. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologue (MAGUK) family. MAGUK proteins participate in the assembly of multiprotein complexes on the inner surface of the plasma membrane at regions of cell-cell contact. The product of this gene may play a role as scaffolding protein at cell-cell junctions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

secretory carrier membrane protein 4

Secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) are widely distributed integral membrane proteins implicated in membrane trafficking. Most SCAMPs (e.g., SCAMP1; MIM 606911) have N-terminal cytoplasmic NPF (arg-pro-phe) repeats, 4 central transmembrane regions, and a short C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. These SCAMPs likely have a role in endocytosis that is mediated by their NPF repeats. Other SCAMPs, such as SCAMP4, lack the NPF repeats and are therefore unlikely to function in endocytosis (summary by Fernandez-Chacon and Sudhof, 2000 [PubMed 11050114]).[supplied by OMIM, Feb 2011]

secretory carrier membrane protein 5

Involved in positive regulation of cytokine production; regulation of vesicle-mediated transport; and response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Located in Golgi apparatus; plasma membrane; and recycling endosome membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

secretory carrier membrane protein 2

This gene product belongs to the SCAMP family of proteins which are secretory carrier membrane proteins. They function as carriers to the cell surface in post-golgi recycling pathways. Different family members are highly related products of distinct genes, and are usually expressed together. These findings suggest that the SCAMPs may function at the same site during vesicular transport rather than in separate pathways. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

secretory carrier membrane protein 3

This gene encodes an integral membrane protein that belongs to the secretory carrier membrane protein family. The encoded protein functions as a carrier to the cell surface in post-golgi recycling pathways. This protein is also involved in protein trafficking in endosomal pathways. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

secretory carrier membrane protein 1

This gene product belongs to the SCAMP family of proteins, which are secretory carrier membrane proteins. They function as carriers to the cell surface in post-golgi recycling pathways. Different family members are highly related products of distinct genes, and are usually expressed together. These findings suggest that these protein family members may function at the same site during vesicular transport rather than in separate pathways. A pseudogene of this gene has been defined on chromosome 1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

golgi membrane protein 1

The Golgi complex plays a key role in the sorting and modification of proteins exported from the endoplasmic reticulum. The protein encoded by this gene is a type II Golgi transmembrane protein. It processes proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and assists in the transport of protein cargo through the Golgi apparatus. The expression of this gene has been observed to be upregulated in response to viral infection. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

POM121 membrane glycoprotein (rat) pseudogene

DNA associated with cytoplasmic membrane

integral membrane glycoprotein-like

Bet1 golgi vesicular membrane trafficking protein-like

Enables SNAP receptor activity. Involved in regulation of retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to ER and retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi. Located in Golgi apparatus and endosome. Implicated in uterine fibroid. Biomarker of endometrial adenocarcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

selectin P (granule membrane protein 140kDa, antigen CD62)

This gene encodes a 140 kDa protein that is stored in the alpha-granules of platelets and Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells. This protein redistributes to the plasma membrane during platelet activation and degranulation and mediates the interaction of activated endothelial cells or platelets with leukocytes. The membrane protein is a calcium-dependent receptor that binds to sialylated forms of Lewis blood group carbohydrate antigens on neutrophils and monocytes. Alternative splice variants may occur but are not well documented. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase membrane subunit j

Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase membrane subunit k

Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. Part of proton-transporting ATP synthase complex. Implicated in mitochondrial complex V (ATP synthase) deficiency nuclear type 6. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase peripheral stalk-membrane subunit b

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the b subunit of the proton channel. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase membrane subunit e

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the e subunit of the Fo complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

golgi membrane protein 2

The increased expression level of this gene is associated with HER-2/neu proto-oncogene overexpression. Amplification and resulting overexpression of this proto-oncogene are found in approximately 30% of human breast and 20% of human ovarian cancers. Alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

ATP synthase membrane subunit g

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the g subunit of the Fo complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

distal membrane arm assembly component 2 like

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. This gene encodes the subunit s, also known as factor B, of the proton channel. This subunit is necessary for the energy transduction activity of the ATP synthase complexes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase membrane subunit f

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of five different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and single representatives of the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. The proton channel likely has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the f subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. Naturally occurring read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the downstream pentatricopeptide repeat domain 1 (PTCD1) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

nuclear envelope integral membrane protein 1

Involved in nuclear membrane organization. Predicted to be located in nuclear inner membrane. Predicted to be active in nuclear envelope. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 1

MARCH1 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH proteins add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH1 downregulates the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules (see MIM 142880) and other glycoproteins by directing them to the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Thibodeau et al., 2008 [PubMed 18389477]; De Gassart et al., 2008 [PubMed 18305173]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

distal membrane arm assembly component 2

Involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 7

MARCH7 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH proteins add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 6

This gene encodes a member of a family of membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin ligases containing RING-CH-type zinc finger motifs. Ubiquitination of type II deiodinase by the encoded protein is an important regulatory step in thyroid hormone signalling. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

small integral membrane protein 26

Enables protein kinase binding activity and transmembrane transporter binding activity. Located in mitochondrial outer membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear envelope integral membrane protein 2

Predicted to be located in nuclear inner membrane. Predicted to be active in nuclear envelope. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 5

MARCH5 is a ubiquitin ligase of the mitochondrial outer membrane that plays a role in the control of mitochondrial morphology by regulating mitofusin-2 (MFN2; MIM 608507) and DRP1 (DNM1L; MIM 603850) (Nakamura et al., 2006 [PubMed 16936636]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

small integral membrane protein 41

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 36

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 33

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 40

Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 38

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 3

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family. The encoded protein is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may be involved in regulation of the endosomal transport pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 8

MARCH8 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH8 induces the internalization of several membrane glycoproteins (Goto et al., 2003 [PubMed 12582153]; Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

ATP synthase membrane subunit c locus 1

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene is one of three genes that encode subunit c of the proton channel. Each of the three genes have distinct mitochondrial import sequences but encode the identical mature protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 2

MARCH2 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH2 reduces surface accumulation of several glycoproteins and appears to regulate early endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) trafficking (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Nakamura et al., 2005 [PubMed 15689499]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

ATP synthase membrane subunit c locus 2

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and single representatives of the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. The proton channel likely has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). There are three separate genes which encode subunit c of the proton channel and they specify precursors with different import sequences but identical mature proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is one of three precursors of subunit c. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2018]

ATP synthase membrane subunit c locus 3

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene is one of three genes that encode subunit c of the proton channel. Each of the three genes have distinct mitochondrial import sequences but encode the identical mature protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different proteins have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

small integral membrane protein 27

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane integral NOTCH2 associated receptor 1

Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of TOR signaling; negative regulation of angiogenesis; and negative regulation of protein ubiquitination. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 10

MARCH10 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Morokuma et al., 2007 [PubMed 17604280]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

membrane integral NOTCH2 associated receptor 2

Enables cholesterol binding activity. Involved in angiogenesis. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. Implicated in autosomal recessive nonsyndromic deafness. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 29

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

distal membrane arm assembly component 1

Involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 9

MARCH9 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH9 induces internalization of several membrane glycoproteins and directs them to the endosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Hoer et al., 2007 [PubMed 17174307]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

ATP synthase membrane subunit g like

Predicted to enable proton transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to contribute to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane anchored junction protein

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis and meiotic attachment of telomere to nuclear envelope. Predicted to act upstream of or within double-strand break repair involved in meiotic recombination; oogenesis; and spermatogenesis. Predicted to be located in chromosome, telomeric region. Predicted to be active in nuclear inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 11

MARCH11 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). These enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their intracellular transport. March11 appears to have a role in ubiquitin-mediated protein sorting in the trans-Golgi network (TGN)-multivesicular body (MVB) transport pathway (Morokuma et al., 2007 [PubMed 17604280]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

small integral membrane protein 31

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 35

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 43

Enables transmembrane transporter binding activity. Predicted to be involved in mesendoderm development. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 45

Involved in neuron maturation. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 4

MARCH4 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH4 reduces surface accumulation of several membrane glycoproteins by directing them to the endosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

small integral membrane protein 30

Involved in negative regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and mitochondrial membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 44

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 42

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 47

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 32

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small integral membrane protein 34B

small integral membrane protein 39

small integral membrane protein 10 like 3

small integral membrane protein 46

fertilization-influencing membrane protein 1

Predicted to be involved in fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DPM1 ER membrane anchor 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 pseudogene 4

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 3 pseudogene 2

protein tyrosine phosphatase, mitochondrial 1

Predicted to enable phosphatidylglycerophosphatase activity and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity. Involved in regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. Located in nucleus. Is active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, gamma polypeptide 1

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the gamma subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. This gene also has a pseudogene on chromosome 14. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S24 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial carrier 2 pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene

mitochondrial carrier 2

This gene encodes a member of the SLC25 family of nuclear-encoded transporters that are localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Members of this superfamily are involved in many metabolic pathways and cell functions. Genome-wide association studies in human have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in several loci associated with obesity. This gene is one such locus, which is highly expressed in white adipose tissue and adipocytes, and thought to play a regulatory role in adipocyte differentiation and biology. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. A recent study showed this gene to be an authentic stop codon readthrough target that can produce two isoforms from the same mRNA by use of alternative in-frame translation termination codons. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2017]

mitochondrial carrier 1

This gene encodes a member of the mitochondrial carrier family. The encoded protein is localized to the mitochondrion inner membrane and induces apoptosis independent of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak. Pseudogenes on chromosomes 6 and 11 have been identified for this gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1

Enables molybdenum ion binding activity; molybdopterin cofactor binding activity; and oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors. Contributes to nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity. Involved in cellular detoxification of nitrogen compound; nitrate metabolic process; and nitric oxide biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrion. Part of nitric-oxide synthase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme found in the outer mitochondrial membrane that reduces N-hydroxylated substrates. The encoded protein uses molybdenum as a cofactor and cytochrome b5 type B and NADH cytochrome b5 reductase as accessory proteins. One type of substrate used is N-hydroxylated nucleotide base analogues, which can be toxic to a cell. Other substrates include N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) and amidoxime prodrugs, which are activated by the encoded enzyme. Multiple transcript variants encoding the different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

mitochondrial intermediate peptidase pseudogene 3

mitochondrial intermediate peptidase pseudogene 1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Ser (TGA) 3-1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L3 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 5

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35 pseudogene 1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Leu (TAA) 1-1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L22 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2

Enables identical protein binding activity. Involved in mitochondrial pyruvate transmembrane transport. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1

The protein encoded by this gene is part of an MPC1/MPC2 heterodimer that is responsible for transporting pyruvate into mitochondria. The encoded protein is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Defects in this gene are a cause of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency. Several transcript variants, some protein coding and one non-protein coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM22 homolog pseudogene

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial iron transporter), member 37

SLC25A37 is a solute carrier localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. It functions as an essential iron importer for the synthesis of mitochondrial heme and iron-sulfur clusters (summary by Chen et al., 2009 [PubMed 19805291]).[supplied by OMIM, Jan 2011]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 31

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ADP/ATP carrier family of proteins that exchange cytosolic ADP for matrix ATP in the mitochondria. Cells over-expressing this gene have been shown to display an anti-apoptotic phenotype. This protein is also thought to play a role in spermatogenesis, where it is believed to associate with a part of the flagellar cytoskeleton and with glycolytic enzymes. Male mice with mutations in the mouse ortholog of this gene are sterile and spermatocytes display an early meiotic arrest phenotype. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial folate carrier), member 32

This gene encodes a member of the P(I/L)W subfamily of mitochondrial carrier family transport proteins. The encoded protein transports folate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

aconitase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S17

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S17P family. The encoded protein is moderately conserved between human mitochondrial and prokaryotic ribosomal proteins. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1p, 3p, 6q, 14p, 18q, and Xq. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2 (sarcomeric)

Mitochondrial creatine kinase (MtCK) is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. It belongs to the creatine kinase isoenzyme family. It exists as two isoenzymes, sarcomeric MtCK and ubiquitous MtCK, encoded by separate genes. Mitochondrial creatine kinase occurs in two different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, in contrast to the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. Sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase has 80% homology with the coding exons of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase. This gene contains sequences homologous to several motifs that are shared among some nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and thus may be essential for the coordinated activation of these genes during mitochondrial biogenesis. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S9

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S7

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. In the prokaryotic ribosome, the comparable protein is thought to play an essential role in organizing the 3' domain of the 16 S rRNA in the vicinity of the P- and A-sites. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 8p and 12p. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S6

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S6P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1p and 12q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S5P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 4q, 5q, and 18q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S2

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S2 family. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1A

Mitochondrial creatine (MtCK) kinase is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. It belongs to the creatine kinase isoenzyme family. It exists as two isoenzymes, sarcomeric MtCK and ubiquitous MtCK, encoded by separate genes. Mitochondrial creatine kinase occurs in two different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, in contrast to the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. Many malignant cancers with poor prognosis have shown overexpression of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase; this may be related to high energy turnover and failure to eliminate cancer cells via apoptosis. Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase has 80% homology with the coding exons of sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase. Two genes located near each other on chromosome 15 have been identified which encode identical mitochondrial creatine kinase proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1B

Mitochondrial creatine (MtCK) kinase is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. It belongs to the creatine kinase isoenzyme family. It exists as two isoenzymes, sarcomeric MtCK and ubiquitous MtCK, encoded by separate genes. Mitochondrial creatine kinase occurs in two different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, in contrast to the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. Many malignant cancers with poor prognosis have shown overexpression of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase; this may be related to high energy turnover and failure to eliminate cancer cells via apoptosis. Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase has 80% homology with the coding exons of sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase. Two genes located near each other on chromosome 15 have been identified which encode identical mitochondrial creatine kinase proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NAD kinase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial kinase that catalyzes the phosphorylation of NAD to yield NADP. Mutations in this gene result in 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

carbonic anhydrase VB, mitochondrial

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. They show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization. This gene encodes carbonic anhydrase 5B. CA5B, and the related CA5A gene, has its expression localized in the mitochondria though CA5B has a wider tissue distribution than CA5A, which is restricted to the liver, kidneys, and skeletal muscle. A carbonic anhydrase pseudogene (CA5BP1) is adjacent to the CA5B gene and these two loci produce CA5BP1-CA5B readthrough transcripts. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2019]

carbonic anhydrase VA, mitochondrial

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. They show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization. CA VA is localized in the mitochondria and expressed primarily in the liver. It may play an important role in ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis. CA5A gene maps to chromosome 16q24.3 and an unprocessed pseudogene has been assigned to 16p12-p11.2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 2

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 4

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit G2

Predicted to enable proton transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to contribute to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

polymerase (RNA) mitochondrial (DNA directed) pseudogene

methionyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene produces a mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA synthetase protein that is encoded by the nuclear genome and imported to the mitochondrion. This protein likely functions as a monomer and is predicted to localize to the mitochondrial matrix. Mutations in this gene are associated with the autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease spastic ataxia-3 (SPAX3). [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

mitochondrial carrier 2 pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S31 pseudogene 5

isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene 1

superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 8-1

mitochondrial fission factor pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 5

G elongation factor, mitochondrial 1

Eukaryotes contain two protein translational systems, one in the cytoplasm and one in the mitochondria. Mitochondrial translation is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial function and mutations in this system lead to a breakdown in the respiratory chain-oxidative phosphorylation system and to impaired maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. This gene encodes one of the mitochondrial translation elongation factors. Its role in the regulation of normal mitochondrial function and in different disease states attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

G elongation factor, mitochondrial 2

Eukaryotes contain two protein translational systems, one in the cytoplasm and one in the mitochondria. Mitochondrial translation is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial function and mutations in this system lead to a breakdown in the respiratory chain-oxidative phosphorylation system and to impaired maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. This gene encodes one of the mitochondrial translation elongation factors, which is a GTPase that plays a role at the termination of mitochondrial translation by mediating the disassembly of ribosomes from messenger RNA . Its role in the regulation of normal mitochondrial function and in disease states attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction is not known. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

transcription elongation factor, mitochondrial

Enables DNA polymerase processivity factor activity. Involved in mitochondrial transcription and oxidative phosphorylation. Located in mitochondrial nucleoid. Part of ribonucleoprotein complex. Implicated in combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial fission regulator 2 pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 2-1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L10

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Sequence analysis identified three transcript variants that encode two different isoforms. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 5q. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L11

This nuclear gene encodes a 39S subunit component of the mitochondial ribosome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes for this gene are found on chromosomes 5 and 12. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L12

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein which forms homodimers. In prokaryotic ribosomes, two L7/L12 dimers and one L10 protein form the L8 protein complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L13

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L14

This nuclear gene encodes a protein component of the 39S subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L15

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the EcoL15 ribosomal protein family. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 15q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L16

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L17

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L18

This nuclear gene encodes a protein component of the larger 39S subunit of mitochondrial ribosome. This protein may also aid in the import of nuclear-encoded 5S rRNA into mitochondria. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, most of which are not predicted to encode a protein. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 16. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L19

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

PRELI domain-containing protein 1, mitochondrial pseudogene

superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial

This gene is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. It encodes a mitochondrial protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit. This protein binds to the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and converts them to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDC), premature aging, sporadic motor neuron disease, and cancer. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative)

This gene encodes a putative member of the class I family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. This protein is encoded by the nuclear genome but is likely to be imported to the mitochondrion where it is thought to catalyze the ligation of cysteine to tRNA molecules. A splice-site mutation in this gene has been associated with a novel progressive myoclonic epilepsy disease with similar symptoms to MERRF syndrome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2017]

HscB mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster co-chaperone

This gene encodes a DnaJ-type co-chaperone and member of the heat shock cognate B (HscB) family of proteins. The encoded protein plays a role in the synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters, protein cofactors that are involved in the redox reactions of mitochondrial electron transport and other processes. Cells in which this gene is knocked down exhibit reduced activity of iron-sulfur cluster-dependent enzymes including succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase. The encoded protein may stimulate the ATPase activity of the mitochondrial stress-70 protein. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

mitochondrial coiled-coil domain 1

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 6

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit G2 pseudogene

peptidase (mitochondrial processing) alpha pseudogene 1

valyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, which catalyzes the attachment of valine to tRNA(Val) for mitochondrial translation. Mutations in this gene cause combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-20, and are also associated with early-onset mitochondrial encephalopathies. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2014]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 3 pseudogene

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 3 pseudogene 1

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L11 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L11 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L45 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L45 pseudogene 2

monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial carrier 2 pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S16

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S16P family. The encoded protein is one of the most highly conserved ribosomal proteins between mammalian and yeast mitochondria. Three pseudogenes (located at 8q21.3, 20q13.32, 22q12-q13.1) for this gene have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S15

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S15P family. The encoded protein is more than two times the size of its E. coli counterpart, with the 12S rRNA binding sites conserved. Between human and mouse, the encoded protein is the least conserved among small subunit ribosomal proteins. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 15q and 19q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S14

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S14P family. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S12

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S12P family. The encoded protein is a key component of the ribosomal small subunit and controls the decoding fidelity and susceptibility to aminoglycoside antibiotics. The gene for mitochondrial seryl-tRNA synthetase is located upstream and adjacent to this gene, and both genes are possible candidates for the autosomal dominant deafness gene (DFNA4). Splice variants that differ in the 5' UTR have been found for this gene; all three variants encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S11

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that contains a high level of sequence similarity with ribosomal protein S11P family members. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 20. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S10

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S10P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1q, 3p, and 9p. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 8

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 9

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial fission regulator 1 pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 3-1

presenilins-associated rhomboid-like protein, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial translational initiation factor 3

This gene encodes a translation initiation factor that is involved in mitochondrial protein synthesis. Polymorphism in this gene is associated with the onset of Parkinson's disease. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 5. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

mitochondrial translational initiation factor 2

During the initiation of protein biosynthesis, initiation factor-2 (IF-2) promotes the binding of the initiator tRNA to the small subunit of the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner. Prokaryotic IF-2 is a single polypeptide, while eukaryotic cytoplasmic IF-2 (eIF-2) is a trimeric protein. Bovine liver mitochondria contain IF-2(mt), an 85-kD monomeric protein that is equivalent to prokaryotic IF-2. The predicted 727-amino acid human protein contains a 29-amino acid presequence. Human IF-2(mt) shares 32 to 38% amino acid sequence identity with yeast IF-2(mt) and several prokaryotic IF-2s, with the greatest degree of conservation in the G domains of the proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

mitochondrial poly(A) polymerase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the DNA polymerase type-B-like family. This enzyme synthesizes the 3' poly(A) tail of mitochondrial transcripts and plays a role in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (mitochondrial)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the HMG-CoA synthase family. It is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of ketogenesis, a metabolic pathway that provides lipid-derived energy for various organs during times of carbohydrate deprivation, such as fasting. Mutations in this gene are associated with HMG-CoA synthase deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

Multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier, brain), member 14 pseudogene 1

aconitase 2, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the second step of the TCA cycle. This protein is encoded in the nucleus and functions in the mitochondrion. It was found to be one of the mitochondrial matrix proteins that are preferentially degraded by the serine protease 15(PRSS15), also known as Lon protease, after oxidative modification. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial elongation factor 1

Enables identical protein binding activity; mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit binding activity; and purine ribonucleotide binding activity. Involved in several processes, including mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit assembly; mitochondrion organization; and regulation of mitochondrion organization. Located in mitochondrial matrix and mitochondrial outer membrane. Implicated in optic atrophy. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial elongation factor 2

This gene encodes an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that functions in the regulation of mitochondrial morphology. It can directly recruit the fission mediator dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) to the mitochondrial surface. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

malonyl CoA:ACP acyltransferase (mitochondrial)

The protein encoded by this gene is found exclusively in the mitochondrion, where it catalyzes the transfer of a malonyl group from malonyl-CoA to the mitochondrial acyl carrier protein. The encoded protein may be part of a fatty acid synthase complex that is more like the type II prokaryotic and plastid complexes rather than the type I human cytosolic complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42 pseudogene 2

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 12-1

3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a beta-ketoacyl synthetase. The encoded enzyme is required for elongation of fatty acid chains in the mitochondria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18A

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S18P family. The encoded protein is one of three that has significant sequence similarity to bacterial S18 proteins. The primary sequences of the three human mitochondrial S18 proteins are no more closely related to each other than they are to the prokaryotic S18 proteins. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 3p. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18B

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S18P family. The encoded protein is one of three that has significant sequence similarity to bacterial S18 proteins. The primary sequences of the three human mitochondrial S18 proteins are no more closely related to each other than they are to the prokaryotic S18 proteins. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1q and 2q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18C

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S18P family. The encoded protein is one of three that has significant sequence similarity to bacterial S18 proteins. The primary sequences of the three human mitochondrial S18 proteins are no more closely related to each other than they are to the prokaryotic S18 proteins. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 8p, 12p, 15q, and 22q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L14 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2-like pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S7 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S7 pseudogene 1

transcription factor A, mitochondrial pseudogene

mitochondrial translational release factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene was determined by in silico methods to be a mitochondrial protein with similarity to the peptide chain release factors (RFs) discovered in bacteria and yeast. The peptide chain release factors direct the termination of translation in response to the peptide chain termination codons. Initially thought to have a role in the termination of mitochondria protein synthesis, a recent publication found no mitochondrial translation release functionality. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been suggested by mRNA and EST data; however, their full-length natures are not clear. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial fission regulator 1

This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein that is characterized by a poly-proline rich region. A chicken homolog of this protein promotes mitochondrial fission and the mouse homolog protects cells from oxidative stress. A related pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome X. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

mitochondrial fission regulator 2

Predicted to be involved in aerobic respiration and mitochondrial fission. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene

39S ribosomal protein L32, mitochondrial pseudogene

GrpE-like 1, mitochondrial (E. coli) pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Ser (TGA) 2-1

NAD kinase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

39S ribosomal protein L21, mitochondrial pseudogene

ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial-like

transcription factor B2, mitochondrial

Enables mitochondrial transcription factor activity. Involved in transcription initiation at mitochondrial promoter. Located in mitochondrial nucleoid. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial genome maintenance exonuclease 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein necessary for the maintenance of mitochondrial genome synthesis. The encoded protein is a RecB-type exonuclease and primarily cleaves single-stranded DNA. Defects in this gene have been associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome-11. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L51 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L51 pseudogene 1

threonyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative)

This gene encodes a member of the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The encoded protein is a mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

aconitase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S23 pseudogene 1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 6-1

malic enzyme 2, NAD(+)-dependent, mitochondrial pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F6 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, using an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the different isoforms have been identified. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 9, 2, and 16. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18A pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L39

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 5q. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tricarboxylate transport protein, mitochondrial pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 13-1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L43

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. This gene and the gene for a semaphorin class 4 protein (SEMA4G) overlap at map location 10q24.31 and are transcribed in opposite directions. Sequence analysis identified multiple transcript variants encoding at least four different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a protein identified as belonging to both the 28S and the 39S subunits. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 4q, 6p, 6q, 7p, and 15q. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L40

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Deletions in this gene may contribute to the etiology of velo-cardio-facial syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L47

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. This gene is immediately adjacent to the gene for BAF complex 53 kDa subunit protein a (BAF53a), in a tail-to-tail orientation. Two transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L46

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L44

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L49

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 5q and 8p. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L48

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 6p. Several transcript variants, some protein-coding and some non-protein coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 6

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1-like

Predicted to enable pyruvate transmembrane transporter activity. Involved in mitochondrial pyruvate transmembrane transport. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S28

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that has been called mitochondrial ribosomal protein S35 in the literature. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S26

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. This gene lies adjacent to and downstream of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone precursor gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S27

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that may be a functional partner of the death associated protein 3 (DAP3). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S24

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 11. Read-through transcription exists between this gene and the upstream upregulator of cell proliferation (URGCP) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S25

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 4. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S22

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that does not seem to have a counterpart in prokaryotic and fungal-mitochondrial ribosomes. This gene lies telomeric of and is transcribed in the opposite direction from the forkhead box L2 gene. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome Xq. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S23

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 7p. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S21

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S21P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1p, 1q, 9p, 10p, 10q, 16q, and 17q. Available sequence data analyses identified splice variants that differ in the 5' UTR; both transcripts encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Val (TAC) 1-1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit s (factor B)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. This gene encodes the subunit s, also known as factor B, of the proton channel. This subunit is necessary for the energy transduction activity of the ATP synthase complexes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F6

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo complex has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the F6 subunit of the Fo complex. The F6 subunit is required for F1 and Fo interactions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. This gene has 1 or more pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit E

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the e subunit of the Fo complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The F1 complex consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled in a ratio of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The Fo seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the d subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. In addition, three pseudogenes are located on chromosomes 9, 12 and 15. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the F-type ATPase found in the mitochondrial matrix. F-type ATPases are composed of a catalytic core and a membrane proton channel. The encoded protein appears to be part of the connector linking these two components and may be involved in transmission of conformational changes or proton conductance. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

malic enzyme 3, NADP(+)-dependent, mitochondrial

Malic enzyme catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate using either NAD+ or NADP+ as a cofactor. Mammalian tissues contain 3 distinct isoforms of malic enzyme: a cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent isoform, a mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent isoform, and a mitochondrial NAD(+)-dependent isoform. This gene encodes a mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent isoform. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the biological validity of some variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

malic enzyme 2, NAD(+)-dependent, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial NAD-dependent malic enzyme, a homotetrameric protein, that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate. It had previously been weakly linked to a syndrome known as Friedreich ataxia that has since been shown to be the result of mutation in a completely different gene. Certain single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes of this gene have been shown to increase the risk for idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the beta subunit of the catalytic core. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the epsilon subunit of the catalytic core. Two pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 4 and 13. Read-through transcripts that include exons from this gene are expressed from the upstream gene SLMO2.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, delta subunit

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the delta subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

caseinolytic mitochondrial matrix peptidase chaperone subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is part of a protease found in mitochondria. This protease is ATP-dependent and targets specific proteins for degradation. The protease consists of two heptameric rings of the CLPP catalytic subunit sandwiched between two hexameric rings of the chaperone subunit encoded by this gene. Targeted proteins are unwound by this protein and then passed on to the CLPP subunit for degradation. Two transcript variants, one protein-coding and the other non-protein coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

caseinolytic mitochondrial matrix peptidase proteolytic subunit

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the peptidase family S14 and hydrolyzes proteins into small peptides in the presence of ATP and magnesium. The protein is transported into mitochondrial matrix and is associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ClpB homolog, mitochondrial AAA ATPase chaperonin

This gene belongs to the ATP-ases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA+) superfamily. Members of this superfamily form ring-shaped homo-hexamers and have highly conserved ATPase domains that are involved in various processes including DNA replication, protein degradation and reactivation of misfolded proteins. All members of this family hydrolyze ATP through their AAA+ domains and use the energy generated through ATP hydrolysis to exert mechanical force on their substrates. In addition to an AAA+ domain, the protein encoded by this gene contains a C-terminal D2 domain, which is characteristic of the AAA+ subfamily of Caseinolytic peptidases to which this protein belongs. It cooperates with Hsp70 in the disaggregation of protein aggregates. Allelic variants of this gene are associated with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, which causes cataracts and neutropenia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Leu (TAA) 4-1

RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease

This gene encodes the RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease, which cleaves mitochondrial RNA at a priming site of mitochondrial DNA replication. This RNA also interacts with the telomerase reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit to form a distinct ribonucleoprotein complex that has RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and produces double-stranded RNAs that can be processed into small interfering RNA. Mutations in this gene are associated with cartilage-hair hypoplasia.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial fission regulator 2 pseudogene

diablo, IAP-binding mitochondrial protein

This gene encodes an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP)-binding protein. The encoded mitochondrial protein enters the cytosol when cells undergo apoptosis, and allows activation of caspases by binding to inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Overexpression of the encoded protein sensitizes tumor cells to apoptosis. A mutation in this gene is associated with young-adult onset of nonsyndromic deafness-64. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

mitochondrial tRNA translation optimization 1

This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein thought to be involved in mitochondrial tRNA modification. The encoded protein may also play a role in the expression of the non-syndromic and aminoglycoside-induced deafness phenotypes associated with a specific mutation in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Leu (TAA) 5-1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 7-1

glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial enzyme which prefers saturated fatty acids as its substrate for the synthesis of glycerolipids. This metabolic pathway's first step is catalyzed by the encoded enzyme. Two forms for this enzyme exist, one in the mitochondria and one in the endoplasmic reticulum. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial-like

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, gamma polypeptide 1 pseudogene 1

transcription factor A, mitochondrial pseudogene 2

transcription factor A, mitochondrial pseudogene 1

mitochondrial trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

The protein encoded by this gene is an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the last step in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis. Defects in this gene are a cause of childhood-onset dystonia and optic atrophy. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene

39S ribosomal protein L23, mitochondrial-like

enoyl-CoA hydratase domain-containing protein 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosome-associated GTPase 2

Small G proteins, such as GTPBP5, act as molecular switches that play crucial roles in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes such as protein synthesis, nuclear transport, membrane trafficking, and signal transduction (Hirano et al., 2006 [PubMed 17054726]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

mitochondrial ribosome-associated GTPase 1

Enables GTPase activity. Involved in regulation of mitochondrial translation and regulation of respiratory system process. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane; mitochondrial ribosome; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S6 pseudogene 4

cytidine monophosphate (UMP-CMP) kinase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes one of the enzymes in the nucleotide synthesis salvage pathway that may participate in terminal differentiation of monocytic cells. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F2

Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. It is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, which comprises the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of five different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and single representatives of the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. The proton channel likely has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene encodes the f subunit of the Fo complex. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. Naturally occurring read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the downstream pentatricopeptide repeat domain 1 (PTCD1) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (mitochondrial)

This gene encodes the mitochondrial form of a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of serine and tetrahydrofolate to glycine and 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate. The encoded product is primarily responsible for glycine synthesis. The activity of the encoded protein has been suggested to be the primary source of intracellular glycine. The gene which encodes the cytosolic form of this enzyme is located on chromosome 17. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

threonyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

misato 1, mitochondrial distribution and morphology regulator

Involved in mitochondrion distribution; mitochondrion organization; and positive regulation of mitochondrial fusion. Located in mitochondrial outer membrane. Is active in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transcription factor A, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a key mitochondrial transcription factor containing two high mobility group motifs. The encoded protein also functions in mitochondrial DNA replication and repair. Sequence polymorphisms in this gene are associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. There are pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 6, 7, and 11. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

Era-like 12S mitochondrial rRNA chaperone 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a GTPase that localizes to the mitochondrion. The encoded protein binds to the 3' terminal stem loop of 12S mitochondrial rRNA and is required for proper assembly of the 28S small mitochondrial ribosomal subunit. Deletion of this gene has been shown to cause mitochondrial dysfunction, growth retardation, and apoptosis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family (mitochondrial)

This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. Two major liver isoforms of aldehyde dehydrogenase, cytosolic and mitochondrial, can be distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities, kinetic properties, and subcellular localizations. Most Caucasians have two major isozymes, while approximately 50% of East Asians have the cytosolic isozyme but not the mitochondrial isozyme. A remarkably higher frequency of acute alcohol intoxication among East Asians than among Caucasians could be related to the absence of a catalytically active form of the mitochondrial isozyme. The increased exposure to acetaldehyde in individuals with the catalytically inactive form may also confer greater susceptibility to many types of cancer. This gene encodes a mitochondrial isoform, which has a low Km for acetaldehydes, and is localized in mitochondrial matrix. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S11 pseudogene 1

histidyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme belonging to the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Functioning in the synthesis of histidyl-transfer RNA, the enzyme plays an accessory role in the regulation of protein biosynthesis. The gene is located in a head-to-head orientation with HARS on chromosome five, where the homologous genes likely share a bidirectional promoter. Mutations in this gene are associated with the pathogenesis of Perrault syndrome, which involves ovarian dysgenesis and sensorineural hearing loss. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

lon peptidase 1, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial matrix protein that belongs to the Lon family of ATP-dependent proteases. This protein mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides in the mitochondrial matrix. It may also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes, and participate in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Decreased expression of this gene has been noted in a patient with hereditary spastic paraplegia (PMID:18378094). Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2013]

ferritin mitochondrial

Enables ferroxidase activity and iron ion binding activity. Involved in several processes, including intracellular iron ion homeostasis; positive regulation of aconitate hydratase activity; and positive regulation of succinate dehydrogenase activity. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein

This gene encodes an intermediary protein necessary in the virus-triggered beta interferon signaling pathways. It is required for activation of transcription factors which regulate expression of beta interferon and contributes to antiviral innate immunity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a deoxyribonucleoside kinase that specifically phosphorylates thymidine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyuridine. The encoded enzyme localizes to the mitochondria and is required for mitochondrial DNA synthesis. Mutations in this gene are associated with a myopathic form of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms, some of which lack transit peptide, so are not localized to mitochondria. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

aconitate hydratase, mitochondrial pseudogene

ornithine aminotransferase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5 pseudogene

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene

tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form, named WARS, and a mitochondrial form, named WARS2. This gene encodes the mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. Two alternative transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit pseudogene 2

Predicted to enable hydrolase activity. Predicted to contribute to proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism. Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier: glutamate), member 22

This gene encodes a mitochondrial glutamate carrier. Mutations in this gene are associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 23

Enables ADP:phosphate antiporter activity and ATP:phosphate antiporter activity. Involved in mitochondrial transmembrane transport; positive regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration; and regulation of cellular hyperosmotic salinity response. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial oxoadipate carrier), member 21

SLC25A21 is a homolog of the S. cerevisiae ODC proteins, mitochondrial carriers that transport C5-C7 oxodicarboxylates across inner mitochondrial membranes. One of the species transported by ODC is 2-oxoadipate, a common intermediate in the catabolism of lysine, tryptophan, and hydroxylysine in mammals. Within mitochondria, 2-oxoadipate is converted into acetyl-CoA.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 24

This gene encodes a carrier protein that transports ATP-Mg exchanging it for phosphate. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 25

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of calcium-binding mitochondrial carriers, with a characteristic mitochondrial carrier domain at the C-terminus. These proteins are found in the inner membranes of mitochondria, and function as transport proteins. They shuttle metabolites, nucleotides and cofactors through the mitochondrial membrane and thereby connect and/or regulate cytoplasm and matrix functions. This protein may function as an ATP-Mg/Pi carrier that mediates the transport of Mg-ATP in exchange for phosphate, and likely responsible for the net uptake or efflux of adenine nucleotides into or from the mitochondria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms with a common C-terminus but variable N-termini have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial iron transporter), member 28

Predicted to enable ferrous iron transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in iron import into the mitochondrion. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier), member 29

This gene encodes a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein that is a member of the large family of solute carrier family 25 (SLC25) mitochondrial transporters. The members of this superfamily are involved in numerous metabolic pathways and cell functions. This gene product was previously reported to be a mitochondrial carnitine-acylcarnitine-like (CACL) translocase (PMID:128829710) or an ornithine transporter (designated ORNT3, PMID:19287344), however, a recent study characterized the main role of this protein as a mitochondrial transporter of basic amino acids, with a preference for arginine and lysine (PMID:24652292). Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

mitochondrial coiled-coil domain 1 pseudogene 1

glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (mitochondrial)

The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, using FAD as a cofactor. Along with GDP1, the encoded protein constitutes the glycerol phosphate shuttle, which reoxidizes NADH formed during glycolysis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

mitochondrial calcium uptake family, member 3

Enables calcium channel regulator activity; calcium ion sensor activity; and protein heterodimerization activity. Involved in calcium import into the mitochondrion and cellular response to calcium ion. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial calcium uptake 2

Enables several functions, including calcium channel regulator activity; calcium ion sensor activity; and protein heterodimerization activity. Involved in calcium import into the mitochondrion; cellular response to calcium ion; and negative regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration. Located in mitochondrial intermembrane space. Part of uniplex complex. Is active in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial calcium uptake 1

This gene encodes an essential regulator of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake under basal conditions. The encoded protein interacts with the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, a mitochondrial inner membrane Ca2+ channel, and is essential in preventing mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, which can cause excessive production of reactive oxygen species and cell stress. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) pseudogene 4

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Ser (TGA) 1-1

ES1 protein homolog, mitochondrial

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; ornithine transporter) member 15 pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; ornithine transporter) member 15 pseudogene 2

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; ornithine transporter) member 15 pseudogene 3

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; ornithine transporter) member 15 pseudogene 5

GrpE-like 2, mitochondrial (E. coli) pseudogene 2

enoyl CoA hydratase, short chain, 1, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene functions in the second step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. It catalyzes the hydration of 2-trans-enoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) intermediates to L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs. The gene product is a member of the hydratase/isomerase superfamily. It localizes to the mitochondrial matrix. Transcript variants utilizing alternative transcription initiation sites have been described in the literature. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial fission factor pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit d, pseudogene 4

phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a protein that transfers phenylalanine to its cognate tRNA. This protein localizes to the mitochondrion and plays a role in mitochondrial protein translation. Mutations in this gene can cause combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 14 (Alpers encephalopathy). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 11-1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 6 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L37 pseudogene 1

deafness (mitochondrial) modifier 2

alanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases play critical roles in mRNA translation by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The encoded protein is a mitochondrial enzyme that specifically aminoacylates alanyl-tRNA. Mutations in this gene are a cause of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 8. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

mitochondrial ribosome recycling factor

This gene encodes a ribosome recycling factor, which is a component of the mitochondrial translational machinery. The encoded protein, along with mitochondrial elongation factor 2, functions in ribosomal recycling at the termination of mitochondrial translation by mediating the disassembly of ribosomes from messenger RNA. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on chromosome X. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial-like

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S33 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S33 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S33 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S33 pseudogene 4

glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2, mitochondrial

Enables glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process; glycerolipid biosynthetic process; and piRNA processing. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L57 pseudogene 10

aconitase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C3 (subunit 9)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel seems to have nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). This gene is one of three genes that encode subunit c of the proton channel. Each of the three genes have distinct mitochondrial import sequences but encode the identical mature protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different proteins have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and single representatives of the gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. The proton channel likely has nine subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8). There are three separate genes which encode subunit c of the proton channel and they specify precursors with different import sequences but identical mature proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is one of three precursors of subunit c. This gene has multiple pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2018]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L2 pseudogene 1

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Leu (TAA) 3-1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L50 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L50 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L50 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L50 pseudogene 4

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L32 pseudogene 1

glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2, mitochondrial pseudogene

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L24

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein which is more than twice the size of its E.coli counterpart (EcoL24). Sequence analysis identified two transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L27

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L21

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms were identified through sequence analysis although some may be subject to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L20

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 21q. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L23

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. The gene is biallelically expressed, despite its location within a region of imprinted genes on chromosome 11. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L22

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the L22 ribosomal protein family. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 4q. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L28

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein, a part of which was originally isolated by its ability to recognize tyrosinase in an HLA-A24-restricted fashion. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18C pseudogene

polymerase (RNA) mitochondrial (DNA directed)

This gene encodes a mitochondrial DNA-directed RNA polymerase. The gene product is responsible for mitochondrial gene expression as well as for providing RNA primers for initiation of replication of the mitochondrial genome. Although this polypeptide has the same function as the three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases, it is more closely related to RNA polymerases of phage and mitochondrial polymerases of lower eukaryotes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

GrpE-like 1, mitochondrial (E. coli)

Enables identical protein binding activity and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrial matrix and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

GrpE-like 2, mitochondrial (E. coli)

Predicted to enable adenyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 10-1

branched chain amino-acid transaminase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a branched chain aminotransferase found in mitochondria. The encoded protein forms a dimer that catalyzes the first step in the production of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

citrate synthase, mitochondrial-like

T cell activation inhibitor, mitochondrial

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Ts translation elongation factor, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial translation elongation factor. The encoded protein is an enzyme that catalyzes the exchange of guanine nucleotides on the translation elongation factor Tu during the elongation step of mitchondrial protein translation. Mutations in this gene are associated with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-3 syndrome. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S34

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

5',3'-nucleotidase, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a 5' nucleotidase that localizes to the mitochondrial matrix. This enzyme dephosphorylates the 5'- and 2'(3')-phosphates of uracil and thymine deoxyribonucleotides. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

X-prolyl aminopeptidase 3, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of X-pro-aminopeptidases that utilize a metal cofactor, and remove the N-terminal amino acid from peptides with a proline residue in the penultimate position. This protein has been shown to localize to the mitochondria of renal cells, and have a role in ciliary function. Mutations in this gene are associated with nephronophthisis-like nephropathy-1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene, however, expression of some of these isoforms in vivo is not known.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

seryl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial

This gene encodes the mitochondrial seryl-tRNA synthethase precursor, a member of the class II tRNA synthetase family. The mature enzyme catalyzes the ligation of Serine to tRNA(Ser) and participates in the biosynthesis of selenocysteinyl-tRNA(sec) in mitochondria. The enzyme contains an N-terminal tRNA binding domain and a core catalytic domain. It functions in a homodimeric form, which is stabilized by tRNA binding. This gene is regulated by a bidirectional promoter that also controls the expression of mitochondrial ribosomal protein S12. Both genes are within the critical interval for the autosomal dominant deafness locus DFNA4 and might be linked to this disease. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

GTP binding protein 3 (mitochondrial)

This locus encodes a GTP-binding protein. The encoded protein is localized to the mitochondria and may play a role in mitochondrial tRNA modification. Polymorphisms at this locus may be associated with severity of aminoglycoside-induced deafness, a disease associated with a mutation in the 12S rRNA. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 9-1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; citrate transporter), member 1 pseudogene 4

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; citrate transporter), member 1 pseudogene 5

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; citrate transporter), member 1 pseudogene 1

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; citrate transporter), member 1 pseudogene 2

solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; citrate transporter), member 1 pseudogene 3

mitochondrial calcium uniporter

Enables calcium channel activity; identical protein binding activity; and uniporter activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to calcium ion starvation; positive regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration; and positive regulation of mitochondrial fission. Located in mitochondrion. Part of uniplex complex. Is active in mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial carrier 1 pseudogene

mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulator 1 pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Leu (TAA) 6-1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 2

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 8

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18C pseudogene 2

NDUFA4, mitochondrial complex associated

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the complex I 9kDa subunit family. Mammalian complex I of mitochondrial respiratory chain is composed of 45 different subunits. This protein has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial translational initiation factor 2 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 pseudogene 10

mitochondrial coiled-coil domain 1 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S15 pseudogene 1

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S15 pseudogene 2

mitochondrial transcription termination factor 2

Enables DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in termination of mitochondrial transcription. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial transcription termination factor 3

Enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Located in cytosol and mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial transcription termination factor 1

This gene encodes a mitochondrial transcription termination factor. This protein participates in attenuating transcription from the mitochondrial genome; this attenuation allows higher levels of expression of 16S ribosomal RNA relative to the tRNA gene downstream. The product of this gene has three leucine zipper motifs bracketed by two basic domains that are all required for DNA binding. There is evidence that, for this protein, the zippers participate in intramolecular interactions that establish the three-dimensional structure required for DNA binding. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial transcription termination factor 4

Enables rRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial ribosome assembly and mitochondrial transcription. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including camera-type eye development; protein targeting to mitochondrion; and ribosome assembly. Located in cytosol and mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transcription factor B1, mitochondrial

The protein encoded by this gene is a dimethyltransferase that methylates the conserved stem loop of mitochondrial 12S rRNA. The encoded protein also is part of the basal mitochondrial transcription complex and is necessary for mitochondrial gene expression. The methylation and transcriptional activities of this protein are independent of one another. Variations in this gene may influence the severity of aminoglycoside-induced deafness (AID).[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (mitochondrial) pseudogene

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 1

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 3

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 5

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 4

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 7

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 pseudogene 6

mitochondrial carrier 1 pseudogene

mitochondrial rRNA methyltransferase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables rRNA (guanosine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity. Involved in rRNA processing. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]