Harmonizome 3.0

LON peptidase N-terminal domain and ring finger 2 pseudogene

lon peptidase 2, peroxisomal

In human, peroxisomes function primarily to catalyze fatty acid beta-oxidation and, as a by-product, produce hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. The protein encoded by this gene is an ATP-dependent protease that likely plays a role in maintaining overall peroxisome homeostasis as well as proteolytically degrading peroxisomal proteins damaged by oxidation. The protein has an N-terminal Lon N substrate recognition domain, an ATPase domain, a proteolytic domain, and, in some isoforms, a C-terminal peroxisome targeting sequence. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

lon peptidase 1, mitochondrial

This gene encodes a mitochondrial matrix protein that belongs to the Lon family of ATP-dependent proteases. This protein mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides in the mitochondrial matrix. It may also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes, and participate in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Decreased expression of this gene has been noted in a patient with hereditary spastic paraplegia (PMID:18378094). Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2013]

LON peptidase N-terminal domain and ring finger 2 pseudogene 2

LON peptidase N-terminal domain and ring finger 2 pseudogene 1

LON peptidase N-terminal domain and ring finger 3

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger domain, a motif present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been suggested, but their full length natures are not clear. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

LON peptidase N-terminal domain and ring finger 2

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

LON peptidase N-terminal domain and ring finger 1

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

LON peptidase N-terminal domain and ring finger 2 pseudogene

protease, metallo, 2

protease, serine, 3 pseudogene 3

protease, serine, 33

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Involved in proteolysis. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 37

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Involved in positive regulation of acrosome reaction and regulation of protein processing. Located in acrosomal vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 38

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 46

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 43

Predicted to act upstream of or within germ cell development and spermatogenesis. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 3 pseudogene 1

protease, serine, 1 (trypsin 1)

This gene encodes a trypsinogen, which is a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases. This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and cleaved to its active form in the small intestine. It is active on peptide linkages involving the carboxyl group of lysine or arginine. Mutations in this gene are associated with hereditary pancreatitis. This gene and several other trypsinogen genes are localized to the T cell receptor beta locus on chromosome 7. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protease, serine, 3

This gene encodes a trypsinogen, which is a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases. This enzyme is expressed in the brain and pancreas and is resistant to common trypsin inhibitors. It is active on peptide linkages involving the carboxyl group of lysine or arginine. This gene is localized to the locus of T cell receptor beta variable orphans on chromosome 9. Four transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

protease, serine, 2 (trypsin 2)

This gene belongs to the trypsin family of serine proteases and encodes anionic trypsinogen. It is part of a cluster of trypsinogen genes that are located within the T cell receptor beta locus. Enzymes of this family cleave peptide bonds that follow lysine or arginine residues. This protein is found at high levels in pancreatic juice and its upregulation is a characteristic feature of pancreatitis. This protein has also been found to activate pro-urokinase in ovarian tumors, suggesting a function in tumor invasion. In addition, this enzyme is able to cleave across the type II collagen triple helix in rheumatoid arthritis synovitis tissue, potentially participating in the degradation of type II collagen-rich cartilage matrix. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]

protease, serine, 8

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase S1 or chymotrypsin family of serine proteases. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate light and heavy chains that associate via a disulfide bond to form the heterodimeric enzyme. This enzyme is highly expressed in prostate epithelia and is one of several proteolytic enzymes found in seminal fluid. This protease exhibits trypsin-like substrate specificity, cleaving protein substrates at the carboxyl terminus of lysine or arginine residues. The encoded protease partially mediates proteolytic activation of the epithelial sodium channel, a regulator of sodium balance, and may also play a role in epithelial barrier formation. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

transmembrane protease, serine 11G, pseudogene

protease, serine, 29, pseudogene

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to act upstream of or within blastocyst hatching and embryo implantation. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 55

This gene encodes a member of a group of membrane-anchored chymotrypsin (S1)-like serine proteases. The enocoded protein is primarily expressed in the Leydig and Sertoli cells of the testis and may be involved in male fertility. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

protease, serine, 54

This gene encodes a putative serine-type endopeptidase containing the peptidase S1 domain. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2015]

protease, serine, 57

This gene encodes an arginine-specific serine protease and member of the peptidase S1 family of proteins. The encoded protein may undergo proteolytic activation before storage in azurophil granules, in neutrophil cells of the immune system. Following neutrophil activation, the protease is released into the pericellular environment, where it may play a role in defense against microbial pathogens. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

protease, serine, 56

This gene encodes a protein that contains a peptidase S1 domain and possesses trypsin-like serine protease activity. The encoded protein may play a role in eye development, and mutations in this gene are a cause of autosomal recessive posterior microphthalmos. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

protease, serine, 51

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 50

Enables threonine-type endopeptidase activity. Involved in proteolysis. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 53

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 58

This gene encodes a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases. This gene and several related trypsinogen genes are localized to the T cell receptor beta locus on chromosome 7. This gene was previously described as a trypsinogen-like pseudogene, but it is now thought to be a protein-coding gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

transmembrane (C-terminal) protease, serine 12

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in acrosome assembly and positive regulation of sperm capacitation. Predicted to act upstream of or within binding activity of sperm to zona pellucida and protein processing. Predicted to be located in acrosomal vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transmembrane protease, serine 13

This gene encodes a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease family. The encoded protein contains a type II transmembrane domain, a receptor class A domain, a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain and a protease domain. Transmembrane serine proteases are regulated by protease inhibitors and known to function in development, homeostasis, infection, and tumorigenesis. This protein facilitates entry of viruses into host cells by proteolytically cleaving and activating viral envelope glycoproteins. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2021]

transmembrane protease, serine 15

This gene encodes an enzyme that converts the pancreatic proenzyme trypsinogen to trypsin, which activates other proenzymes including chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases. The precursor protein is cleaved into two chains that form a heterodimer linked by a disulfide bond. This protein is a member of the trypsin family of peptidases. Mutations in this gene cause enterokinase deficiency, a malabsorption disorder characterized by diarrhea and failure to thrive. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

transmembrane protease, serine 11C, pseudogene

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in self proteolysis. Predicted to be located in dendrite; perikaryon; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 52, pseudogene

protease, serine 27

This gene is located within a large protease gene cluster on chromosome 16. It belongs to the group-1 subfamily of serine proteases. The encoded protein is a secreted tryptic serine protease and is expressed mainly in the pancreas. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

protease, serine, 21 (testisin)

This gene encodes a cell-surface anchored serine protease, which is a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases. The encoded protein is predicted to be active on peptide linkages involving the carboxyl group of lysine or arginine. The encoded protein localizes to the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of premeiotic testicular germ cells and may be involved in progression of testicular tumors of germ cell origin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

protease, serine, 22

This gene encodes a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases. The enzyme is expressed in the airways in a developmentally regulated manner. The gene is part of a cluster of serine protease genes on chromosome 16. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protease, serine, 23

This gene encodes a conserved member of the trypsin family of serine proteases. Mouse studies found a decrease of mRNA levels of this gene after ovulation was induced. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

protease, serine, 3 pseudogene 2

Although this locus appears to encode a protein similar to trypsinogen, the locus is thought to be a transcribed pseudogene. ESTs support its transcription, but expression of its predicted protein has not been observed. Its predicted protein sequence differs significantly from the known functional trypsinogens, including a different amino acid at the conserved residue 122 which is important for autolysis. This pseudogene and several other trypsinogen genes are localized to the T cell receptor beta locus on chromosome 7. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

acrosin-like protease

protease, serine, 36

Enables serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 35

Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 47

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 45

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 42

This gene encodes a member of a cluster of testis-specific serine proteases. The orthologous mouse gene is expressed during meiosis in pachytene spermatocytes and is required for germ cell survival. This human locus is represented as a pseudogene because it contains an early stop codon that disrupts the trypsin domain, compared to the mouse ortholog. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2019]

protease, serine, 41

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 48

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transmembrane protease, serine 11A

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to be located in extracellular region and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transmembrane protease, serine 11B

Enables serine-type peptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transmembrane protease, serine 11D

This gene encodes a trypsin-like serine protease released from the submucosal serous glands onto mucous membrane. It is a type II integral membrane protein and has 29-38% identity in the sequence of the catalytic region with human hepsin, enteropeptidase, acrosin, and mast cell tryptase. The noncatalytic region has little similarity to other known proteins. This protein may play some biological role in the host defense system on the mucous membrane independently of or in cooperation with other substances in airway mucous or bronchial secretions. This protein facilitates entry of viruses into host cells by proteolytically cleaving and activating viral envelope glycoproteins. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2021]

transmembrane protease, serine 11E

Predicted to enable serine-type peptidase activity. Involved in cognition. Predicted to be located in extracellular region and membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transmembrane protease, serine 11F

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to act upstream of or within establishment of skin barrier. Located in cell surface. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease-associated domain containing 1

Located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 12 (neurotrypsin, motopsin)

This gene encodes a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases and contains a signal peptide, a proline-rich region, a Kringle domain, four scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains, and a trypsin-like serine protease domain. The protein, sometimes referred to as neurotrypsin or motopsin, is secreted from neuronal cells and localizes to the synaptic cleft. Studies in mice show that this protein cleaves a protein, agrin, that is important for the formation and maintenance of exitatory synapses. Defects in this gene cause a form of autosomal recessive cognitive impairment (MRT1). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

protease, serine, 16 (thymus)

This gene encodes a serine protease expressed exclusively in the thymus. It is thought to play a role in the alternative antigen presenting pathway used by cortical thymic epithelial cells during the positive selection of T cells. The gene is found in the large histone gene cluster on chromosome 6, near the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region. A second transcript variant has been described, but its full length nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial inner membrane protease subunit 1 pseudogene

protease, serine, 44

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease, serine, 30, pseudogene

transmembrane protease, serine 9

The protein encoded by this gene is a membrane-bound type II serine polyprotease that is cleaved to release three different proteases. Two of the proteases are active and can be inhibited by serine protease inhibitors, and one is thought to be catalytically inactive. This gene enhances the invasive capability of pancreatic cancer cells and may be involved in cancer progression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

transmembrane protease, serine 2

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the serine protease family. The encoded protein contains a type II transmembrane domain, a receptor class A domain, a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain and a protease domain. Serine proteases are known to be involved in many physiological and pathological processes. This gene was demonstrated to be up-regulated by androgenic hormones in prostate cancer cells and down-regulated in androgen-independent prostate cancer tissue. The protease domain of this protein is thought to be cleaved and secreted into cell media after autocleavage. This protein also facilitates entry of viruses into host cells by proteolytically cleaving and activating viral envelope glycoproteins. Viruses found to use this protein for cell entry include Influenza virus and the human coronaviruses HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2020]

transmembrane protease, serine 3

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the serine protease family. The encoded protein contains a serine protease domain, a transmembrane domain, an LDL receptor-like domain, and a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain. Serine proteases are known to be involved in a variety of biological processes, whose malfunction often leads to human diseases and disorders. This gene was identified by its association with both congenital and childhood onset autosomal recessive deafness. This gene is expressed in fetal cochlea and many other tissues, and is thought to be involved in the development and maintenance of the inner ear or the contents of the perilymph and endolymph. This gene was also identified as a tumor-associated gene that is overexpressed in ovarian tumors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

transmembrane protease, serine 4

This gene encodes a member of the serine protease family. Serine proteases are known to be involved in a variety of biological processes, whose malfunction often leads to human diseases and disorders. This gene was identified as a gene overexpressed in pancreatic carcinoma. The encoded protein is membrane bound with a N-terminal anchor sequence and a glycosylated extracellular region containing the serine protease domain. The protein has been found to promote SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2021]

transmembrane protease, serine 5

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the serine protease family. Serine proteases are known to be involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

transmembrane protease, serine 6

The protein encoded by this gene is a type II transmembrane serine proteinase that is found attached to the cell surface. The encoded protein may be involved in matrix remodeling processes in the liver. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

transmembrane protease, serine 7

Predicted to enable serine-type peptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protease-associated domain containing 1 pseudogene 1

actin maturation protease

Enables cysteine-type aminopeptidase activity and initiator methionyl aminopeptidase activity. Involved in protein processing. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine protease 45, pseudogene

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine protease 47, pseudogene

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine protease 42, pseudogene

This gene encodes a member of a cluster of testis-specific serine proteases. The orthologous mouse gene is expressed during meiosis in pachytene spermatocytes and is required for germ cell survival. This human locus is represented as a pseudogene because it contains an early stop codon that disrupts the trypsin domain, compared to the mouse ortholog. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2019]

serine protease 44, pseudogene

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine protease 46, pseudogene

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mouse mammary tumor virus receptor homolog 2

male-specific lethal 3 homolog (Drosophila) pseudogene 1

Predicted to be involved in chromatin organization and regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of MSL complex and NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

seizure related 6 homolog (mouse)-like

Predicted to be involved in regulation of protein kinase C signaling and synapse maturation. Predicted to act upstream of or within activation of protein kinase C activity; adult locomotory behavior; and cerebellar Purkinje cell layer development. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including glutamatergic synapse; neuronal cell body; and postsynaptic membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 44 homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a peripheral membrane protein associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane translocase, which functions in the import of proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane and into the mitochondrial matrix. The encoded protein mediates binding of mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 to the translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23 (TIM23) complex. Expression of this gene is upregulated in kidney in a mouse model of diabetes. A mutation in this gene is associated with familial oncocytic thyroid carcinoma. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

RAD9 homolog B (S. pombe)

Predicted to be involved in DNA integrity checkpoint signaling; DNA repair; and cellular response to ionizing radiation. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAD9 homolog A (S. pombe)

This gene product is highly similar to Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad9, a cell cycle checkpoint protein required for cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair. This protein possesses 3' to 5' exonuclease activity, which may contribute to its role in sensing and repairing DNA damage. It forms a checkpoint protein complex with RAD1 and HUS1. This complex is recruited by checkpoint protein RAD17 to the sites of DNA damage, which is thought to be important for triggering the checkpoint-signaling cascade. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 2

The product of this gene is a membrane-associated protein that may play a role in synapse organization and signalling in neuronal cells. This gene is biallelically expressed in the brain, however, only the paternal allele is expressed in the testis (PMID:18055845). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 3

Predicted to enable PDZ domain binding activity; molecular adaptor activity; and scaffold protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission and protein-containing complex assembly. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including cholinergic synapse; glutamatergic synapse; and neuromuscular junction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 1

Predicted to enable molecular adaptor activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of postsynaptic density. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including aggresome assembly; protein localization to synapse; and regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse and postsynaptic density, intracellular component. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 4

The product of this gene is a membrane-associated guanylate kinase found at the postsynaptic density in neuronal cells. It is a signaling molecule that can interact with potassium channels and receptors, as well as other signaling molecules. The protein encoded by this gene can interact with PSD-95 through its guanylate kinase domain and may be involved in clustering PSD-95 in the postsynaptic density region. The encoded protein is one of at least four similar proteins that have been found. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 5

Predicted to enable microtubule binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including centrosome localization; kinetochore assembly; and mitotic spindle organization. Located in cytosol; nucleus; and spindle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vitelline membrane outer layer 1 homolog (chicken)

Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog D (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein belonging to the vacuolar-protein-sorting-13 gene family. In yeast, vacuolar-protein-sorting-13 proteins are involved in trafficking of membrane proteins between the trans-Golgi network and the prevacuolar compartment. While several transcript variants may exist for this gene, the full-length natures of only two have been described to date. These two represent the major variants of this gene and encode distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene may control steps in the cycling of proteins through the trans-Golgi network to endosomes, lysosomes and the plasma membrane. Mutations in this gene cause the autosomal recessive disorder, chorea-acanthocytosis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog C (S. cerevisiae)

Involved in mitochondrion organization and negative regulation of type 2 mitophagy. Located in several cellular components, including late endosome; lipid droplet; and mitochondrial outer membrane. Implicated in Parkinson's disease 23. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog B (yeast)

This gene encodes a potential transmembrane protein that may function in vesicle-mediated transport and sorting of proteins within the cell. This protein may play a role in the development and the function of the eye, hematological system, and central nervous system. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Cohen syndrome. Multiple splice variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

KRR1, small subunit (SSU) processome component, homolog (yeast)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in ribosomal small subunit biogenesis. Located in chromosome; intercellular bridge; and nuclear lumen. Part of small-subunit processome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein associated with topoisomerase II homolog 2 (yeast)

Predicted to enable RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in P-body assembly; deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA; and negative regulation of translation. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

chromobox homolog 3 pseudogene 9

chromobox homolog 3 pseudogene 6

chromobox homolog 3 pseudogene 7

chromobox homolog 3 pseudogene 4

chromobox homolog 3 pseudogene 5

chromobox homolog 3 pseudogene 2

chromobox homolog 3 pseudogene 1

unc-50 homolog (C. elegans)

Predicted to enable RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein localization to cell surface. Predicted to be located in nuclear inner membrane. Predicted to be active in Golgi membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

unc-5 homolog B (C. elegans)

This gene encodes a member of the netrin family of receptors. This particular protein mediates the repulsive effect of netrin-1 and is a vascular netrin receptor. This encoded protein is also in a group of proteins called dependence receptors (DpRs) which are involved in pro- and anti-apoptotic processes. Many DpRs are involved in embryogenesis and in cancer progression. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

unc-5 homolog C (C. elegans)

This gene product belongs to the UNC-5 family of netrin receptors. Netrins are secreted proteins that direct axon extension and cell migration during neural development. They are bifunctional proteins that act as attractants for some cell types and as repellents for others, and these opposite actions are thought to be mediated by two classes of receptors. The UNC-5 family of receptors mediate the repellent response to netrin; they are transmembrane proteins containing 2 immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains and 2 type I thrombospondin motifs in the extracellular region. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

unc-5 homolog A (C. elegans)

UNC5A belongs to a family of netrin-1 (MIM 601614) receptors thought to mediate the chemorepulsive effect of netrin-1 on specific axons. For more information on UNC5 proteins, see UNC5C (MIM 603610).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

unc-5 homolog D (C. elegans)

Predicted to enable netrin receptor activity. Involved in cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules. Predicted to be located in cell surface and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

REX1, RNA exonuclease 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like 9, pseudogene

v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 pseudogene

pecanex homolog (Drosophila)

This gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein similar to the pecanex protein in Drosophila. The fly protein is a component of the Notch signaling pathway, which functions in several developmental processes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

RNA exonuclease 1 homolog

NOP58 ribonucleoprotein homolog (yeast) pseudogene

protein capicua homolog

unconventional SNARE in the ER 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable SNAP receptor activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including lysosomal transport; protein catabolic process; and retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to act upstream of or within endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization and regulation of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vacuolar protein sorting 28 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein subunit of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal complexes required for transport), which functions in the transport and sorting of proteins into subcellular vesicles. This complex can also be hijacked to facilitate the budding of enveloped viruses from the cell membrane. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

radial spoke head 9 homolog (Chlamydomonas)

This gene encodes a protein thought to be a component of the radial spoke head in motile cilia and flagella. Mutations in this gene are associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

DNA-damage inducible 1 homolog 2 (S. cerevisiae)

Enables aspartic-type endopeptidase activity; identical protein binding activity; and ubiquitin binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to hydroxyurea; proteolysis; and regulation of DNA stability. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DNA-damage inducible 1 homolog 1 (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable aspartic-type endopeptidase activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to hydroxyurea; regulation of DNA stability; and regulation of protein stability. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

LSM5 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 9 pseudogene

dead end homolog 1 pseudogene 2

SWI5 recombination repair homolog (yeast) pseudogene

LSM2 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

activator of 90 kDa heat shock protein ATPase homolog 2-like

MMS19 nucleotide excision repair homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables nuclear estrogen receptor binding activity and transcription coactivator activity. Involved in protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer. Located in cytosol; nucleoplasm; and spindle. Part of MMXD complex and cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 6-like

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables protein heterodimerization activity; protein methyltransferase activity; and tRNA methyltransferase activator activity. Involved in macromolecule methylation and positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process. Located in nucleoplasm and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM22 homolog pseudogene

meiotic nuclear divisions 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

Fecundity gene, Boorla, of sheep, homolog of

UPF0587 protein C1orf123 homolog pseudogene

ARP3 actin-related protein 3 homolog B (yeast)

This gene encodes a member of the actin-related proteins (ARP), which form multiprotein complexes and share 35-55% amino acid identity with conventional actin. The protein encoded by this gene may have a regulatory role in the actin cytoskeleton and induce cell-shape change and motility. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 2, 4, 10, 16, 22 and Y. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

nuclear protein localization 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable ubiquitin binding activity and ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity. Predicted to contribute to K48-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding activity and K63-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway; negative regulation of type I interferon production; and proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process. Located in nucleus. Part of UFD1-NPL4 complex and VCP-NPL4-UFD1 AAA ATPase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

smu-1 suppressor of mec-8 and unc-52 homolog (C. elegans)

Involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Located in nucleus. Part of U2-type precatalytic spliceosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dnaJ homolog subfamily B member 6-like

tRNA methyltransferase 44 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is a putative tRNA methyltransferase found in the cytoplasm. Defects in this gene may be a cause of partial epilepsy with pericentral spikes (PEPS), but that has not been proven definitively. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

meiotic nuclear divisions 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The product of the MND1 gene associates with HOP2 (MIM 608665) to form a stable heterodimeric complex that binds DNA and stimulates the recombinase activity of RAD51 (MIM 179617) and DMC1 (MIM 602721) (Chi et al., 2007 [PubMed 17639080]). Both the MND1 and HOP2 genes are indispensable for meiotic recombination.[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

required for meiotic nuclear division 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the evolutionary conserved sif2 family of proteins that share the DUF155 domain in common. This protein is thought to be localized in the mitochondria and involved in mitochondrial translation. Mutations in this gene are associated with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-11. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

peter pan homolog (Drosophila)

The protein encoded by this gene is an evolutionarily conserved protein similar to yeast SSF1 as well as to the gene product of the Drosophila gene peter pan (ppan). SSF1 is known to be involved in the second step of mRNA splicing. Both SSF1 and ppan are essential for cell growth and proliferation. Exogenous expression of this gene was reported to reduce the anchorage-independent growth of some tumor cells. Read-through transcription of this gene with P2RY11/P2Y(11), an adjacent downstream gene that encodes an ATP receptor, has been found. These read-through transcripts are ubiquitously present and up-regulated during granulocyte differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

notchless homolog 1 (Drosophila)

Predicted to be involved in regulation of Notch signaling pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including chordate embryonic development; hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis; and positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Located in nucleolus and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DPH2 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene is one of two human genes similar to the yeast gene dph2. The yeast gene was identified by its ability to complement a diphthamide mutant strain, and thus probably functions in diphthamide biosynthesis. Diphthamide is a post-translationally modified histidine residue present in elongation factor 2 (EF2) that is the target of diphtheria toxin ADP-ribosylation. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

v-mos Moloney murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog

MOS is a serine/threonine kinase that activates the MAP kinase cascade through direct phosphorylation of the MAP kinase activator MEK (MAP2K1; MIM 176872) (Prasad et al., 2008 [PubMed 18246541]).[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2009]

suppressor of zeste 12 homolog pseudogene 1

suppressor of zeste 12 homolog pseudogene 2

LSM8 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a member of the like-Sm family of proteins. The encoded protein consists of a closed barrel shape, made up of five anti-parallel beta strands and an alpha helix. This protein partners with six paralogs to form a heteroheptameric ring which transiently binds U6 small nuclear RNAs and is involved in the general maturation of RNA in the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

LSM4 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a member of the LSm family of RNA-binding proteins. LSm proteins form stable heteromers that bind specifically to the 3'-terminal oligo(U) tract of U6 snRNA and may play a role in pre-mRNA splicing by mediating U4/U6 snRNP formation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

LSM5 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

Sm-like proteins were identified in a variety of organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family (see SNRPD2; MIM 601061). Sm-like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif, which consists of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length that folds as a loop. The Sm-like proteins are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are important for pre-mRNA splicing.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

LSM6 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

Sm-like proteins were identified in a variety of organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family (see SNRPD2; MIM 601061). Sm-like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif, which consists of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length that folds as a loop. The Sm-like proteins are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are important for pre-mRNA splicing.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

glial cells missing homolog 1 (Drosophila) pseudogene

son of sevenless homolog 2 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a regulatory protein that is involved in the positive regulation of ras proteins. Mutations in this gene are associated with Noonan Syndrome-9. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

son of sevenless homolog 1 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a protein that is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RAS proteins, membrane proteins that bind guanine nucleotides and participate in signal transduction pathways. GTP binding activates and GTP hydrolysis inactivates RAS proteins. The product of this gene may regulate RAS proteins by facilitating the exchange of GTP for GDP. Mutations in this gene are associated with gingival fibromatosis 1 and Noonan syndrome type 4. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 14 pseudogene

v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog

This gene encodes a member of the erythroblast transformation-specific (ETS) family of transcriptions factors. All members of this family are key regulators of embryonic development, cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and apoptosis. The protein encoded by this gene is mainly expressed in the nucleus. It contains an ETS DNA-binding domain and a PNT (pointed) domain which is implicated in the self-association of chimeric oncoproteins. This protein is required for platelet adhesion to the subendothelium, inducing vascular cell remodeling. It also regulates hematopoesis, and the differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytic cells. This gene is involved in chromosomal translocations, resulting in different fusion gene products, such as TMPSSR2-ERG and NDRG1-ERG in prostate cancer, EWS-ERG in Ewing's sarcoma and FUS-ERG in acute myeloid leukemia. More than two dozens of transcript variants generated from combinatorial usage of three alternative promoters and multiple alternative splicing events have been reported, but the full-length nature of many of these variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

enhancer of rudimentary homolog (Drosophila)

Enables methyl-CpG binding activity. Predicted to be involved in pyrimidine nucleoside metabolic process. Located in midbody and nucleus. Part of methylosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Dexi homolog (mouse)

ubiquitination factor E4A (UFD2 homolog, yeast) pseudogene

PWP2 periodic tryptophan protein homolog (yeast)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in ribosomal small subunit biogenesis. Part of small-subunit processome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

PWP1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene contains several WD-40 repeats and is found mostly in the nucleus. The expression and localization of this protein are cell cycle dependent. Expression of this gene is upregulated in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

partner of NOB1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in ribosomal small subunit biogenesis. Located in nucleolus and nucleoplasm. Part of small-subunit processome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

prune homolog 2 (Drosophila)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 and adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting family, whose members play roles in many cellular processes including apotosis, cell transformation, and synaptic function. Several functions for this protein have been demonstrated including suppression of Ras homolog family member A activity, which results in reduced stress fiber formation and suppression of oncogenic cellular transformation. A high molecular weight isoform of this protein has also been shown to colocalize with Adaptor protein complex 2, beta-Adaptin and endodermal markers, suggesting an involvement in post-endocytic trafficking. In prostate cancer cells, this gene acts as a tumor suppressor and its expression is regulated by prostate cancer antigen 3, a non-protein coding gene on the opposite DNA strand in an intron of this gene. Prostate cancer antigen 3 regulates levels of this gene through formation of a double-stranded RNA that undergoes adenosine deaminase actin on RNA-dependent adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

transmembrane phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase and tensin homolog 2

TPIP is a member of a large class of membrane-associated phosphatases with substrate specificity for the 3-position phosphate of inositol phospholipids.[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2002]

v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like

This gene encodes a protein kinase containing SH2 and SH3 (src homology) domains which has been shown to activate the RAS and JUN kinase signaling pathways and transform fibroblasts in a RAS-dependent fashion. It is a substrate of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, plays a role in fibroblast transformation by BCR-ABL, and may be oncogenic.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

suppressor of Ty 5 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables enzyme binding activity and protein heterodimerization activity. Involved in positive regulation of macroautophagy; regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of DSIF complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

fragile X mental retardation, autosomal homolog 1

The protein encoded by this gene is an RNA binding protein that interacts with the functionally-similar proteins FMR1 and FXR2. These proteins shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm and associate with polyribosomes, predominantly with the 60S ribosomal subunit. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

fragile X mental retardation, autosomal homolog 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a RNA binding protein containing two KH domains and one RCG box, which is similar to FMRP and FXR1. It associates with polyribosomes, predominantly with 60S large ribosomal subunits. This encoded protein may self-associate or interact with FMRP and FXR1. It may have a role in the development of fragile X cognitive disability syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

numb homolog (Drosophila)-like

Involved in cytokine-mediated signaling pathway. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and glutamatergic synapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 19 pseudogene 8

cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

proline synthetase co-transcribed homolog (bacterial)

This gene encodes a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding protein involved in the homeostatic regulation of intracellular pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. This gene has a tumor suppressive effect on hepatocellular carcinoma and other solid tumors of epithelial origin. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene are associated with a pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ribosome biogenesis protein BMS1 homolog

YKT6 v-SNARE homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

slowmo homolog 2 (Drosophila) pseudogene

zinc finger protein 106 homolog (mouse) pseudogene

ribosomal RNA processing 8, methyltransferase, homolog (yeast)

Enables methylated histone binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to glucose starvation; intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator; and regulation of gene expression. Acts upstream of with a negative effect on regulation of G1 to G0 transition. Located in several cellular components, including cytosol; nuclear lumen; and rDNA heterochromatin. Part of eNoSc complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal RNA processing 9, small subunit (SSU) processome component, homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a member of the WD-repeat protein family. The encoded protein is a component of the nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snoRNP) and is essential for 18s rRNA processing during ribosome synthesis. It contains seven WD domains required for nucleolar localization and specific interaction with the U3 small nucleolar RNA (U3 snoRNA). [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

LLP homolog, long-term synaptic facilitation (Aplysia)

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in dendrite extension and positive regulation of dendritic spine development. Located in chromosome and nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TSR1, 20S rRNA accumulation, homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in endonucleolytic cleavage of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) and maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA). Predicted to be located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Twirler mouse mutation, human homolog of

TSR3, 20S rRNA accumulation, homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables 18S rRNA aminocarboxypropyltransferase activity. Involved in enzyme-directed rRNA pseudouridine synthesis. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TSR2, 20S rRNA accumulation, homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene appears to repress the transcription of NF-kappaB and may be involved in apoptosis. Defects in this gene are a cause of Diamond-Blackfan anemia. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein homolog

chromobox homolog 3 pseudogene 8

T, brachyury homolog (mouse) pseudogene

REX1, RNA exonuclease 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like 6, pseudogene

binder of sperm protein homolog 1

Predicted to enable heparin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in sperm capacitation. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be active in cell surface. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 4

nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 3

nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 2

RAD54 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the DEAD-like helicase superfamily. It shares similarity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD54 and RDH54, both of which are involved in homologous recombination and repair of DNA. This protein binds to double-stranded DNA, and displays ATPase activity in the presence of DNA. This gene is highly expressed in testis and spleen, which suggests active roles in meiotic and mitotic recombination. Homozygous mutations of this gene were observed in primary lymphoma and colon cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

increased sodium tolerance 1 homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a protein with MIT-interacting motifs that interacts with components of endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT). ESCRT functions in vesicle budding, such as that which occurs during membrane abscission in cytokinesis. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 19. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

suppressor of Ty 4 homolog 1 (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes the small subunit of DRB (5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole) sensitivity-inducing factor (DSIF) complex, which regulates mRNA processing and transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. The encoded protein is localized to the nucleus and interacts with the large subunit (SUPT5H) to form the DSIF complex. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 2 and 12. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

SV2 related protein homolog (rat)

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in transmembrane transport and xenobiotic transport. Predicted to be located in synaptic vesicle. Predicted to be active in synaptic vesicle membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell wall biogenesis 43 C-terminal homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in GPI anchor biosynthetic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including cerebrospinal fluid circulation; establishment of protein localization; and protein N-linked glycosylation. Predicted to be located in extracellular region and membrane. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

WAS protein family homolog 4 pseudogene

Predicted to enable alpha-tubulin binding activity and gamma-tubulin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation; endosomal transport; and exocytosis. Predicted to be located in cytosol and recycling endosome membrane. Predicted to be part of WASH complex. Predicted to be active in early endosome and recycling endosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA polymerase I transcription factor homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 3

RNA polymerase I transcription factor homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 2

Predicted to enable RNA polymerase I core binding activity and RNA polymerase I general transcription initiation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in transcription initiation at RNA polymerase I promoter. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA polymerase I transcription factor homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

Predicted to enable RNA polymerase I general transcription initiation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in transcription initiation at RNA polymerase I promoter. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog B

Enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity and protein kinase binding activity. Involved in lymphocyte differentiation and negative regulation of interferon-beta production. Located in several cellular components, including centrosome; chromatin; and nucleoplasm. Part of nucleus and transcription repressor complex. Implicated in breast cancer and immunodeficiency 53. Biomarker of breast cancer and transitional cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A

NF-kappa-B is a ubiquitous transcription factor involved in several biological processes. It is held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state by specific inhibitors. Upon degradation of the inhibitor, NF-kappa-B moves to the nucleus and activates transcription of specific genes. NF-kappa-B is composed of NFKB1 or NFKB2 bound to either REL, RELA, or RELB. The most abundant form of NF-kappa-B is NFKB1 complexed with the product of this gene, RELA. Four transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

LSM14A, SCD6 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 9 pseudogene

protein associated with topoisomerase II homolog 1 (yeast)

Enables poly(G) binding activity and poly(U) RNA binding activity. Involved in P-body assembly and deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Located in CCR4-NOT complex; P-body; and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

chromobox homolog 3 pseudogene 3

ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homolog (C. elegans)

This gene encodes a large coiled coil domain-containing protein that functions in autophagy during starvation conditions. Mutations in this gene cause Vici syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

wings apart-like homolog (Drosophila)

Enables ATP-dependent protein-DNA unloader activity. Involved in several processes, including mitotic sister chromatid segregation; negative regulation of DNA replication; and negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion. Located in several cellular components, including intercellular bridge; mitotic spindle; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

Sjoegren syndrome nuclear autoantigen 1 homolog

NSA2 ribosome biogenesis homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a nucleolar protein involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. This gene was identified based on sequence similarity to a highly conserved Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene encoding a pre-ribosomal protein, which is involved in large ribosomal subunit biogenesis. The encoded protein is found at elevated levels in diabetic nephropathy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Several related pseudogenes have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

Ras homolog enriched in brain pseudogene

uncharacterized protein C6orf106 homolog pseudogene

lin-7 homolog A (C. elegans)

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in generating and maintaining the asymmetric distribution of channels and receptors at the cell membrane. The encoded protein also is required for the localization of some specific channels and can be part of a protein complex that couples synaptic vesicle exocytosis to cell adhesion in the brain. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

lin-7 homolog C (C. elegans)

Enables L27 domain binding activity and cytoskeletal protein binding activity. Involved in morphogenesis of an epithelial sheet. Located in cell-cell junction; cytoplasm; and plasma membrane. Part of MPP7-DLG1-LIN7 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

lin-7 homolog B (C. elegans)

Enables protein domain specific binding activity. Predicted to be involved in neurotransmitter secretion; regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction; and synaptic vesicle transport. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of MPP7-DLG1-LIN7 complex. Predicted to be active in basolateral plasma membrane; cell-cell junction; and postsynaptic density, intracellular component. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

alkB, alkylation repair homolog 8 (E. coli)

Enables tRNA (uridine) methyltransferase activity; tRNA binding activity; and zinc ion binding activity. Involved in DNA damage response; tRNA methylation; and tRNA wobble uridine modification. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Implicated in autosomal recessive intellectual developmental disorder 71. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vacuolar protein sorting 53 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Involved in endocytic recycling and retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi. Acts upstream of or within lysosomal transport. Located in several cellular components, including Golgi apparatus; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; and recycling endosome. Part of EARP complex and GARP complex. Implicated in pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2E. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

alkB, alkylation repair homolog 7 (E. coli)

Predicted to enable dioxygenase activity and metal ion binding activity. Involved in DNA damage response and regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in programmed necrotic cell death. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

alkB, alkylation repair homolog 2 (E. coli)

The Escherichia coli AlkB protein protects against the cytotoxicity of methylating agents by repair of the specific DNA lesions generated in single-stranded DNA. ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 (MIM 610603) are E. coli AlkB homologs that catalyze the removal of 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine (Duncan et al., 2002 [PubMed 12486230]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

alkB, alkylation repair homolog 3 (E. coli)

The Escherichia coli AlkB protein protects against the cytotoxicity of methylating agents by repair of the specific DNA lesions generated in single-stranded DNA. ALKBH2 (MIM 610602) and ALKBH3 are E. coli AlkB homologs that catalyze the removal of 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine (Duncan et al., 2002 [PubMed 12486230]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

alkB, alkylation repair homolog 1 (E. coli)

This gene encodes a homolog to the E. coli alkB gene product. The E. coli alkB protein is part of the adaptive response mechanism of DNA alkylation damage repair. It is involved in damage reversal by oxidative demethylation of 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

body length, human homolog of mouse body length 1

protein capicua homolog pseudogene

clustered mitochondria (cluA/CLU1) homolog

Enables mRNA binding activity. Involved in intracellular distribution of mitochondria and mitochondrion organization. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog

The Fos gene family consists of 4 members: FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, and FOSL2. These genes encode leucine zipper proteins that can dimerize with proteins of the JUN family, thereby forming the transcription factor complex AP-1. As such, the FOS proteins have been implicated as regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. In some cases, expression of the FOS gene has also been associated with apoptotic cell death. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

homolog of rat pragma of Rnd2

This gene encodes an enzyme that belongs to the tyrosine protein kinase family. A similar protein in rat binds to Rho family GTPase 2 (Rnd2) and regulates neurite outgrowth via activation of Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA). [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

UPF1 regulator of nonsense transcripts homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a protein that is part of a post-splicing multiprotein complex involved in both mRNA nuclear export and mRNA surveillance. mRNA surveillance detects exported mRNAs with truncated open reading frames and initiates nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). When translation ends upstream from the last exon-exon junction, this triggers NMD to degrade mRNAs containing premature stop codons. This protein is located only in the cytoplasm. When translation ends, it interacts with the protein that is a functional homolog of yeast Upf2p to trigger mRNA decapping. Use of multiple polyadenylation sites has been noted for this gene. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

UPF2 regulator of nonsense transcripts homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a protein that is part of a post-splicing multiprotein complex involved in both mRNA nuclear export and mRNA surveillance. mRNA surveillance detects exported mRNAs with truncated open reading frames and initiates nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). When translation ends upstream from the last exon-exon junction, this triggers NMD to degrade mRNAs containing premature stop codons. This protein is located in the perinuclear area. It interacts with translation release factors and the proteins that are functional homologs of yeast Upf1p and Upf3p. Two splice variants have been found for this gene; both variants encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mago-nashi homolog, proliferation-associated (Drosophila)

Drosophila that have mutations in their mago nashi (grandchildless) gene produce progeny with defects in germplasm assembly and germline development. This gene encodes the mammalian mago nashi homolog. In mammals, mRNA expression is not limited to the germ plasm, but is expressed ubiquitously in adult tissues and can be induced by serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

retinal pigment epithelium-derived rhodopsin homolog

Opsins are members of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor superfamily. This gene belongs to the seven-exon subfamily of mammalian opsin genes that includes opsin 5 and retinal G protein coupled receptor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

N(alpha)-acetyltransferase 40, NatD catalytic subunit, homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

Dab, mitogen-responsive phosphoprotein, homolog 2 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a mitogen-responsive phosphoprotein. It is expressed in normal ovarian epithelial cells, but is down-regulated or absent from ovarian carcinoma cell lines, suggesting its role as a tumor suppressor. This protein binds to the SH3 domains of GRB2, an adaptor protein that couples tyrosine kinase receptors to SOS (a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras), via its C-terminal proline-rich sequences, and may thus modulate growth factor/Ras pathways by competing with SOS for binding to GRB2. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

Dab, reelin signal transducer, homolog 1 (Drosophila)

The laminar organization of multiple neuronal types in the cerebral cortex is required for normal cognitive function. In mice, the disabled-1 gene plays a central role in brain development, directing the migration of cortical neurons past previously formed neurons to reach their proper layer. This gene is similar to disabled-1, and the protein encoded by this gene is thought to be a signal transducer that interacts with protein kinase pathways to regulate neuronal positioning in the developing brain. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

KRI1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene overlaps with the gene for cysteine endopeptidase AUT-like 4 in a head-to-tail orientation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

coenzyme Q5 homolog, methyltransferase (S. cerevisiae)

Enables 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity. Involved in methylation and ubiquinone biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane and mitochondrial matrix. Part of ubiquinone biosynthesis complex. Implicated in primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency 9. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

radial spoke head 10 homolog B (Chlamydomonas)

Predicted to enable kinase activity. Predicted to be located in 9+2 motile cilium. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

fin bud initiation factor homolog (zebrafish)

Predicted to enable protein homodimerization activity. Predicted to be located in Golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; and extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

immunoresponsive 1 homolog (mouse)

Enables aconitate decarboxylase activity and protein homodimerization activity. Involved in defense response; positive regulation of antimicrobial humoral response; and tolerance induction to lipopolysaccharide. Predicted to be active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a type I single transmembrane domain receptor, which is a subunit of cis-prenyltransferase, and serves as a specific receptor for the neural and cardiovascular regulator Nogo-B. The encoded protein is essential for dolichol synthesis and protein glycosylation. This gene is highly expressed in non-small cell lung carcinomas as well as estrogen receptor-alpha positive breast cancer cells where it promotes epithelial mesenchymal transition. This gene is associated with the poor prognosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene cause a congenital disorder of glycosylation and are associated with epilepsy. A knockout of the orthologous gene in mice causes embryonic lethality before day 6.5. Pseudogenes of this gene have been defined on chromosomes 13 and X. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

ovostatin homolog 2

suppressor of Ty 16 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

UTP14, U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein, homolog A (yeast)

This gene encodes a member of the uridine triphosphate 14 family. As an essential component of a large ribonucleoprotein complex bound to the U3 small nucleolar RNA, the encoded protein is involved in ribosome biogenesis and 18S rRNA synthesis. An autosomal retrotransposed copy of this X-linked gene exists on chromosome 13. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

UTP14, U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein, homolog C (yeast)

Predicted to be involved in several processes, including meiotic cell cycle; rRNA processing; and spermatogenesis. Located in cytosol and nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HUS1 checkpoint homolog b (S. pombe)

The protein encoded by this gene is most closely related to HUS1, a component of a cell cycle checkpoint protein complex involved in cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage. This protein can interact with the check point protein RAD1 but not with RAD9. Overexpression of this protein has been shown to induce cell death, which suggests a related but distinct role of this protein, as compared to the HUS1. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

muscle RAS oncogene homolog

This gene encodes a member of the Ras family of small GTPases. These membrane-associated proteins function as signal transducers in multiple processes including cell growth and differentiation, and dysregulation of Ras signaling has been associated with many types of cancer. The encoded protein may play a role in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha and MAP kinase signaling pathways. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

chromobox homolog 8

Enables methylated histone binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in chromatin and nucleoplasm. Part of PRC1 complex. Biomarker of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma and glioblastoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

chromobox homolog 7

This gene encodes a protein that contains the CHROMO (CHRomatin Organization MOdifier) domain. The encoded protein is a component of the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), and is thought to control the lifespan of several normal human cells. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

chromobox homolog 6

Predicted to enable chromatin binding activity and methylated histone binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nuclear body. Part of PcG protein complex. Biomarker of glioblastoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

chromobox homolog 5

This gene encodes a highly conserved nonhistone protein, which is a member of the heterochromatin protein family. The protein is enriched in the heterochromatin and associated with centromeres. The protein has a single N-terminal chromodomain which can bind to histone proteins via methylated lysine residues, and a C-terminal chromo shadow-domain (CSD) which is responsible for the homodimerization and interaction with a number of chromatin-associated nonhistone proteins. The encoded product is involved in the formation of functional kinetochore through interaction with essential kinetochore proteins. The gene has a pseudogene located on chromosome 3. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chromobox homolog 4

Enables SUMO binding activity; SUMO ligase activity; and enzyme binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nuclear body. Part of PRC1 complex. Implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

chromobox homolog 3

At the nuclear envelope, the nuclear lamina and heterochromatin are adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane. The protein encoded by this gene binds DNA and is a component of heterochromatin. This protein also can bind lamin B receptor, an integral membrane protein found in the inner nuclear membrane. The dual binding functions of the encoded protein may explain the association of heterochromatin with the inner nuclear membrane. This protein binds histone H3 tails methylated at Lys-9 sites. This protein is also recruited to sites of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage and double-strand breaks. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein but differing in the 5' UTR, have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

chromobox homolog 2

This gene encodes a component of the polycomb multiprotein complex, which is required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes throughout development via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones. Disruption of this gene in mice results in male-to-female gonadal sex reversal. Mutations in this gene are also associated with gonadal dysgenesis in humans. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

chromobox homolog 1

This gene encodes a highly conserved nonhistone protein, which is a member of the heterochromatin protein family . The protein is enriched in the heterochromatin and associated with centromeres. The protein has a single N-terminal chromodomain which can bind to histone proteins via methylated lysine residues, and a C-terminal chromo shadow-domain (CSD) which is responsible for the homodimerization and interaction with a number of chromatin-associated nonhistone proteins. The protein may play an important role in the epigenetic control of chromatin structure and gene expression. Several related pseudogenes are located on chromosomes 1, 3, and X. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 15

Predicted to enable ATPase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including cellular response to starvation; negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone; and negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

soc-2 suppressor of clear homolog (C. elegans)

This gene encodes a protein that consists almost entirely of leucine-rich repeats, a domain implicated in protein-protein interactions. The protein may function as a scaffold linking RAS to downstream signal transducers in the RAS/ERK MAP kinase signaling cascade. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

nipsnap homolog 1 (C. elegans) pseudogene

Nipped-B homolog (Drosophila)

This gene encodes the homolog of the Drosophila melanogaster Nipped-B gene product and fungal Scc2-type sister chromatid cohesion proteins. The Drosophila protein facilitates enhancer-promoter communication of remote enhancers and plays a role in developmental regulation. It is also homologous to a family of chromosomal adherins with broad roles in sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, and DNA repair. The human protein has a bipartite nuclear targeting sequence and a putative HEAT repeat. Condensins, cohesins and other complexes with chromosome-related functions also contain HEAT repeats. Mutations in this gene result in Cornelia de Lange syndrome, a disorder characterized by dysmorphic facial features, growth delay, limb reduction defects, and cognitive disability. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 17 homolog B (yeast) pseudogene 1

leishmanolysin homolog

Predicted to enable peptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in establishment of left/right asymmetry. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eva-1 homolog C (C. elegans) pseudogene

AAR2 splicing factor homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes the homolog of the yeast A1-alpha2 repressin protein that is involved in mRNA splicing. Alternately spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase activity. Involved in rescue of stalled ribosome. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

BUD13 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of U2-type precatalytic spliceosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ISY1 splicing factor homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Located in nucleus. Part of U2-type catalytic step 1 spliceosome and catalytic step 2 spliceosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein mago nashi homolog pseudogene

ribosomal RNA processing 7 homolog B (S. cerevisiae), pseudogene

Predicted to be involved in rRNA processing and ribosomal small subunit assembly. Predicted to be part of CURI complex and UTP-C complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog

This gene, a Kirsten ras oncogene homolog from the mammalian ras gene family, encodes a protein that is a member of the small GTPase superfamily. A single amino acid substitution is responsible for an activating mutation. The transforming protein that results is implicated in various malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma. Alternative splicing leads to variants encoding two isoforms that differ in the C-terminal region. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

WAS protein family homolog 6 pseudogene

Predicted to enable alpha-tubulin binding activity and gamma-tubulin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation; endosomal transport; and exocytosis. Predicted to be located in cytosol and recycling endosome membrane. Predicted to be part of WASH complex. Predicted to be active in early endosome and recycling endosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA methyltransferase 11 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

WAS protein family homolog 1 pseudogene

WEE1 homolog (S. pombe) pseudogene

dead end homolog 1 pseudogene 1

vacuolar protein sorting 25 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein that is a subunit of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II). This protein complex functions in sorting of ubiquitinated membrane proteins during endocytosis. A pseudogene of this gene is present on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

vacuolar protein sorting 29 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene belongs to a group of vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes that, when functionally impaired, disrupt the efficient delivery of vacuolar hydrolases. The protein encoded by this gene is a component of a large multimeric complex, termed the retromer complex, which is involved in retrograde transport of proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network. This VPS protein may be involved in the formation of the inner shell of the retromer coat for retrograde vesicles leaving the prevacuolar compartment. Alternative splice variants encoding different isoforms and representing non-protein coding transcripts have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

SDE2 telomere maintenance homolog (S. pombe)

Enables damaged DNA binding activity and snoRNA binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to UV; gene expression; and mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling. Located in several cellular components, including Golgi apparatus; cytosol; and nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosome biogenesis protein BMS1 homolog

vacuolar protein sorting 52 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein that is similar to the yeast suppressor of actin mutations 2 gene. The yeast protein forms a subunit of the tetrameric Golgi-associated retrograde protein complex that is involved in vesicle trafficking from from both early and late endosomes, back to the trans-Golgi network. This gene is located on chromosome 6 in a head-to-head orientation with the gene encoding ribosomal protein S18. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

vacuolar protein sorting 51 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a member of the vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 51 family. The encoded protein is a component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein complex which acts as a tethering factor for carriers in retrograde transport from the early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 16

Involved in regulation of autophagosome size. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 17

Predicted to enable RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in spliceosomal complex disassembly. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Predicted to be part of spliceosomal complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 14

Predicted to enable dopamine receptor binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein transport. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 12

This gene encodes a member of a subclass of the HSP40/DnaJ protein family. Members of this family of proteins are associated with complex assembly, protein folding, and export. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 13

This gene encodes a member of the Dnaj protein family whose members act as co-chaperones of a partner heat-shock protein by binding to the latter and stimulating ATP hydrolysis. The encoded protein associates with the heat-shock protein Hsc70 and plays a role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. It may also be involved in post-endocytic transport mechanisms via its associations with other proteins, including the sorting nexin SNX1. Mutations in this gene are associated with Parkinson's disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 10

This gene encodes an endoplasmic reticulum co-chaperone which is part of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation complex involved in recognizing and degrading misfolded proteins. The encoded protein reduces incorrect disulfide bonds in misfolded glycoproteins. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 11

Involved in cristae formation. Located in MICOS complex; SAM complex; and nuclear speck. Part of MIB complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 18

Predicted to enable Hsp70 protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular response to misfolded protein and chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 19

The protein encoded by this gene is thought to be part of a complex involved in the ATP-dependent transport of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner cell membrane to the mitochondrial matrix. Defects in this gene are a cause of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 5 (MGA5), also known as dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia (DCMA). Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, 14 and 19. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

suppressor of Ty 16 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Transcription of protein-coding genes can be reconstituted on naked DNA with only the general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. However, this minimal system cannot transcribe DNA packaged into chromatin, indicating that accessory factors may facilitate access to DNA. One such factor, FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription), interacts specifically with histones H2A/H2B to effect nucleosome disassembly and transcription elongation. FACT is composed of an 80 kDa subunit and a 140 kDa subunit; this gene encodes the 140 kDa subunit. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

HGH1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

slowmo homolog 2 (Drosophila) pseudogene

fission 1 (mitochondrial outer membrane) homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables identical protein binding activity; lipid binding activity; and molecular adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of ATP metabolic process; negative regulation of fatty acid transport; and organelle fission. Acts upstream of or within mitochondrion organization. Located in mitochondrial outer membrane and peroxisomal membrane. Part of protein-containing complex. Biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

elongation factor 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable RNA polymerase II complex binding activity. Predicted to be involved in transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of transcription elongation factor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ras homolog family member T1

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity and GTPase activity. Involved in several processes, including mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization; mitochondrion transport along microtubule; and regulation of mitochondrion organization. Located in mitochondrial outer membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ras homolog family member T2

This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of GTPases. The encoded protein is localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane and plays a role in mitochondrial trafficking and fusion-fission dynamics. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

golgi to ER traffic protein 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables protein-folding chaperone binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cytoplasmic sequestering of protein; establishment of protein localization to membrane; and proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process. Located in chromosome; cytosol; and nuclear lumen. Part of BAT3 complex. Implicated in congenital disorder of glycosylation type II. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eva-1 homolog A (C. elegans)

Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including TOR signaling; cardiac left ventricle morphogenesis; and connective tissue replacement. Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eva-1 homolog B (C. elegans)

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eva-1 homolog C (C. elegans)

Enables heparin binding activity. Located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

REX1, RNA exonuclease 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like 5, pseudogene

Dexi homolog (mouse) pseudogene

radial spoke head 10 homolog B2 (Chlamydomonas)

This gene encodes a protein component of the radial spoke head in flagella and motile cilia. Eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia share a common 9 + 2 structure, in which nine peripheral microtubule doublets (MTDs) surround a central-pair of microtubules (CP), with radial spokes connecting the MTDs to the CP. The radial spoke is a multi-protein complex that works as a mechanochemical transducer between the CP and the MTDs. The radial spoke contributes to the regulation of the activity of dynein motors, and thus to flagellar motility. PMID: 22754630 provides a good review of radial spokes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

AVL9 homolog (S. cerevisiase)

Involved in cell migration. Located in recycling endosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

fragile X mental retardation, autosomal homolog 1 pseudogene

WAS protein family homolog 7 pseudogene

LSM14A, SCD6 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog-like 1

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene is localized in the outer membrane of the mitochondria. It is the channel-forming subunit of the translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane (TOM) complex that is essential for import of protein precursors into mitochondria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

phosphatase and tensin homolog pseudogene 1 (functional)

PTENP1 represents a highly homologous processed pseudogene of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), a protein that encodes a tumor suppressor that functions by negatively regulating the AKT/PKB signaling pathway. PTENP1 is found on chromosome 9 and regulates PTEN by both sense and antisense RNAs (Gene ID: 101243555). This long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA) acts as a decoy for PTEN targeting microRNAs and also exerts a tumor suppressive activity. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2020]

RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 3

This gene encodes a member of the RNA-binding FOX protein family which is involved in the regulation of alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. The protein has an N-terminal proline-rich region, an RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain, and a C-terminal alanine-rich region. This gene produces the neuronal nuclei (NeuN) antigen that has been widely used as a marker for post-mitotic neurons. This gene has its highest expression in the central nervous system and plays a prominent role in neural tissue development and regulation of adult brain function. Mutations in this gene have been associated with numerous neurological disorders. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 1

The Fox-1 family of RNA-binding proteins is evolutionarily conserved, and regulates tissue-specific alternative splicing in metazoa. Fox-1 recognizes a (U)GCAUG stretch in regulated exons or in flanking introns. The protein binds to the C-terminus of ataxin-2 and may contribute to the restricted pathology of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Ataxin-2 is the product of the SCA2 gene which causes familial neurodegenerative diseases. Fox-1 and ataxin-2 are both localized in the trans-Golgi network. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase homolog (Arabidopsis)(non-functional)-like

Predicted to enable transaminase activity. Predicted to be involved in amino acid metabolic process. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

suppressor of Ty 20 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like 2

Predicted to enable transcription coregulator activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

suppressor of Ty 20 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like 1

Predicted to enable transcription coregulator activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be part of SAGA complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RAD52 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

vacuolar protein sorting 37 homolog A pseudogene

UTP3, small subunit (SSU) processome component, homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in ribosomal small subunit biogenesis. Located in nucleolus. Part of small-subunit processome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

notch homolog 2 N-terminal-like protein

Enables Notch binding activity. Involved in cerebral cortex development and positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway. Located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Leo1, Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex component, homolog (S. cerevisiae)

LEO1, parafibromin (CDC73; MIM 607393), CTR9 (MIM 609366), and PAF1 (MIM 610506) form the PAF protein complex that associates with the RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A (MIM 180660) and with a histone methyltransferase complex (Rozenblatt-Rosen et al., 2005 [PubMed 15632063]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

Ras homolog enriched in brain like 1

Enables GTP binding activity. Involved in TOR signaling and positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

YdjC homolog (bacterial)

Predicted to enable deacetylase activity and magnesium ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in carbohydrate metabolic process. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

IBA57, iron-sulfur cluster assembly homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the mitochondrion and is part of the iron-sulfur cluster assembly pathway. The encoded protein functions late in the biosynthesis of mitochondrial 4Fe-4S proteins. Defects in this gene have been associated with autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia-74 and with multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome-3. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. The smaller isoform is not likely to be localized to the mitochondrion since it lacks the amino-terminal transit peptide. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

LSM2 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

SAGA-associated factor 29 homolog

ribosomal RNA processing 7 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in cilium disassembly; protein localization to nucleolus; and ribosome biogenesis. Located in centrosome; cilium; and nucleolus. Part of small-subunit processome. Implicated in primary autosomal recessive microcephaly. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 13

This gene encodes a member of the heat shock protein 40 co-chaperone family which is produced in large amounts in the testis and is located on the radial spokes of the axoneme in human sperm flagella and other flagellar structures. The encoded protein associates with the sperm annulus, as part of the septin complex, through direct interaction with septin 4, during sperm terminal differentiation. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene are associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia and male infertility. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 12

DNAJB12 belongs to the evolutionarily conserved DNAJ/HSP40 family of proteins, which regulate molecular chaperone activity by stimulating ATPase activity. DNAJ proteins may have up to 3 distinct domains: a conserved 70-amino acid J domain, usually at the N terminus; a glycine/phenylalanine (G/F)-rich region; and a cysteine-rich domain containing 4 motifs resembling a zinc finger domain (Ohtsuka and Hata, 2000 [PubMed 11147971]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 14

Enables Hsp70 protein binding activity. Involved in chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding and protein-containing complex assembly. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

suppressor of Ty 20 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable transcription coregulator activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of gluconeogenesis and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Part of SAGA-type complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase GDE1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

intraflagellar transport 20 homolog (Chlamydomonas) pseudogene

v-ral simian leukemia viral oncogene homolog A (ras related) pseudogene

alkylated DNA repair protein alkB homolog 8-like

lethal giant larvae homolog 2 (Drosophila)

The lethal (2) giant larvae protein of Drosophila plays a role in asymmetric cell division, epithelial cell polarity, and cell migration. This human gene encodes a protein similar to lethal (2) giant larvae of Drosophila. In fly, the protein's ability to localize cell fate determinants is regulated by the atypical protein kinase C (aPKC). In human, this protein interacts with aPKC-containing complexes and is cortically localized in mitotic cells. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

lethal giant larvae homolog 1 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a protein that is similar to a tumor suppressor in Drosophila. The protein is part of a cytoskeletal network and is associated with nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain and a kinase that specifically phosphorylates this protein at serine residues. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog pseudogene

REX1, RNA exonuclease 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like 10, pseudogene

inscuteable homolog (Drosophila)

In Drosophila, neuroblasts divide asymmetrically into another neuroblast at the apical side and a smaller ganglion mother cell on the basal side. Cell polarization is precisely regulated by 2 apically localized multiprotein signaling complexes that are tethered by Inscuteable, which regulates their apical localization (Izaki et al., 2006 [PubMed 16458856]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

polyhomeotic homolog 1 (Drosophila)

This gene is a homolog of the Drosophila polyhomeotic gene, which is a member of the Polycomb group of genes. The gene product is a component of a multimeric protein complex that contains EDR2 and the vertebrate Polycomb protein BMH1. The gene product, the EDR2 protein, and the Drosophila polyhomeotic protein share 2 highly conserved domains, named homology domains I and II. These domains are involved in protein-protein interactions and may mediate heterodimerization of the protein encoded by this gene and the EDR2 protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

polyhomeotic homolog 3 (Drosophila)

Predicted to enable chromatin binding activity and histone binding activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of PRC1 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

polyhomeotic homolog 2 (Drosophila)

In Drosophila melanogaster, the 'Polycomb' group (PcG) of genes are part of a cellular memory system that is responsible for the stable inheritance of gene activity. PcG proteins form a large multimeric, chromatin-associated protein complex. The protein encoded by this gene has homology to the Drosophila PcG protein 'polyhomeotic' (Ph) and is known to heterodimerize with EDR1 and colocalize with BMI1 in interphase nuclei of human cells. The specific function in human cells has not yet been determined. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

WEE1 homolog (S. pombe) pseudogene

male-specific lethal 2 homolog (Drosophila)

Enables histone H2B ubiquitin ligase activity. Involved in DNA damage response and protein monoubiquitination. Part of MSL complex and nucleus. Is active in chromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

unc-79 homolog (C. elegans)

The NALCN channel is responsible for Na(+) leak currents. The protein encoded by this gene, along with UNC80, is an accessory subunit of the NALCN channel that contributes to the Ca(2+) sensitivity of the channel. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

ssu-2 homolog (C. elegans)

Predicted to enable heat shock protein binding activity and unfolded protein binding activity. Involved in odontogenesis. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

unc-93 homolog B8 pseudogene (C. elegans)

unc-93 homolog B1 (C. elegans)

This gene encodes a protein that is involved in innate and adaptive immune response by regulating toll-like receptor signaling. The encoded protein traffics nucleotide sensing toll-like receptors to the endolysosome from the endoplasmic reticulum. Deficiency of the encoded protein has been associated with herpes simplex encephalitis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

unc-93 homolog B3 pseudogene (C. elegans)

unc-93 homolog B2 pseudogene (C. elegans)

unc-93 homolog B5 pseudogene (C. elegans)

unc-93 homolog B4 pseudogene (C. elegans)

unc-93 homolog B7 pseudogene (C. elegans)

unc-93 homolog B6 pseudogene (C. elegans)

tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is of unknown function. However, it is orthologous to the mouse Trmt2a gene and contains an RNA methyltransferase domain. Expression of this gene varies during the cell cycle, with aberrant expression being a possible biomarker in certain breast cancers. Several transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a homolog of the TRM2 gene in S. cerevisiae. The yeast gene encodes a tRNA methyltransferase that plays a role in tRNA maturation. The yeast protein also has endo-exonuclease activity and may be involved in DNA double strand break repair. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcripts encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

GINS complex subunit 2 (Psf2 homolog) pseudogene

clustered mitochondria (cluA/CLU1) homolog pseudogene 1

adrenocortical dysplasia homolog (mouse)

This gene encodes a protein that is involved in telomere function. This protein is one of six core proteins in the telosome/shelterin telomeric complex, which functions to maintain telomere length and to protect telomere ends. Through its interaction with other components, this protein plays a key role in the assembly and stabilization of this complex, and it mediates the access of telomerase to the telomere. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. This gene, which is also referred to as TPP1, is distinct from the unrelated TPP1 gene on chromosome 11, which encodes tripeptidyl-peptidase I. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ClpB homolog, mitochondrial AAA ATPase chaperonin

This gene belongs to the ATP-ases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA+) superfamily. Members of this superfamily form ring-shaped homo-hexamers and have highly conserved ATPase domains that are involved in various processes including DNA replication, protein degradation and reactivation of misfolded proteins. All members of this family hydrolyze ATP through their AAA+ domains and use the energy generated through ATP hydrolysis to exert mechanical force on their substrates. In addition to an AAA+ domain, the protein encoded by this gene contains a C-terminal D2 domain, which is characteristic of the AAA+ subfamily of Caseinolytic peptidases to which this protein belongs. It cooperates with Hsp70 in the disaggregation of protein aggregates. Allelic variants of this gene are associated with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, which causes cataracts and neutropenia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

eva-1 homolog C (C. elegans) pseudogene

intraflagellar transport 57 homolog (Chlamydomonas) pseudogene

REX1, RNA exonuclease 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like 8, pseudogene

non-SMC element 4 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

suppressor of fused homolog (Drosophila)

The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays an important role in early human development. The pathway is a signaling cascade that plays a role in pattern formation and cellular proliferation during development. This gene encodes a negative regulator of the hedgehog signaling pathway. Defects in this gene are a cause of medulloblastoma. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

ariadne homolog 2 pseudogene 1

Sfi1 homolog, spindle assembly associated (yeast)

Enables phosphatase binding activity. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

unc-119 homolog B (C. elegans)

Enables lipid binding activity. Involved in cilium assembly and lipoprotein transport. Located in ciliary transition zone. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

shadow of prion protein homolog (zebrafish)

Predicted to enable nucleic acid binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into nucleus. Predicted to be located in extracellular region and plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 1 homolog pseudogene 1

ChaC, cation transport regulator homolog 2 (E. coli)

The protein encoded by this gene is a gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase that catalyzes the conversion of glutathione to 5-oxoproline and cysteinylglycine. It is thought that this gene is upregulated in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and that the glutathione depletion enhances apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B

The Fos gene family consists of 4 members: FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, and FOSL2. These genes encode leucine zipper proteins that can dimerize with proteins of the JUN family, thereby forming the transcription factor complex AP-1. As such, the FOS proteins have been implicated as regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ras homolog family member G pseudogene

SEC22 vesicle trafficking protein homolog C (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a member of the SEC22 family of vesicle trafficking proteins. The encoded protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and may play a role in the early stages of ER-Golgi protein trafficking. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

SEC22 vesicle trafficking protein homolog B (S. cerevisiae) (gene/pseudogene)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SEC22 family of vesicle trafficking proteins. It seems to complex with SNARE and it is thought to play a role in the ER-Golgi protein trafficking. This protein has strong similarity to Mus musculus and Cricetulus griseus proteins.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

SEC22 vesicle trafficking protein homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the member of the SEC22 family of vesicle trafficking proteins. This protein has similarity to rat SEC22 and may act in the early stages of the secretory pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2008]

lin-28 homolog A (C. elegans)

This gene encodes a LIN-28 family RNA-binding protein that acts as a posttranscriptional regulator of genes involved in developmental timing and self-renewal in embryonic stem cells. The encoded protein functions through direct interaction with target mRNAs and by disrupting the maturation of certain miRNAs involved in embryonic development. This protein prevents the terminal processing of the LET7 family of microRNAs which are major regulators of cellular growth and differentiation. Aberrant expression of this gene is associated with cancer progression in multiple tissues. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

actin-related protein 10 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in retrograde axonal transport of mitochondrion. Predicted to act upstream of or within microtubule-based movement. Predicted to be located in cytosol; extracellular region; and secretory granule. Predicted to be part of dynactin complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

angel homolog 2 (Drosophila)

Enables mRNA 3'-UTR binding activity. Involved in 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization and negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle. Located in Cajal body and cytoplasm. Is active in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle 37 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

ARP1 actin-related protein 1 homolog B, centractin beta (yeast)

This gene encodes a 42.3 kD subunit of dynactin, a macromolecular complex consisting of 10 subunits ranging in size from 22 to 150 kD. Dynactin binds to both microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein and is involved in a diverse array of cellular functions, including ER-to-Golgi transport, the centripetal movement of lysosomes and endosomes, spindle formation, chromosome movement, nuclear positioning, and axonogenesis. This subunit, like ACTR1A, is an actin-related protein. These two proteins, which are of equal length and share 90% amino acid identity, are present in a constant ratio of approximately 1:15 in the dynactin complex. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

ARP1 actin-related protein 1 homolog A, centractin alpha (yeast)

This gene encodes a 42.6 kD subunit of dynactin, a macromolecular complex consisting of 10-11 subunits ranging in size from 22 to 150 kD. Dynactin binds to both microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein. It is involved in a diverse array of cellular functions, including ER-to-Golgi transport, the centripetal movement of lysosomes and endosomes, spindle formation, chromosome movement, nuclear positioning, and axonogenesis. This subunit is present in 8-13 copies per dynactin molecule, and is the most abundant molecule in the dynactin complex. It is an actin-related protein, and is approximately 60% identical at the amino acid level to conventional actin. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NSL1, MIND kinetochore complex component, homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 28

This gene encodes a member of the DnaJ heat shock protein family. The encoded protein, which contains a conserved N-terminal DnaJ domain, is thought to play a role in protein folding or act as a molecular chaperone protein. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 27

Predicted to enable GTPase activity. Predicted to be involved in intracellular protein transport. Predicted to be located in cytoplasmic vesicle and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C , member 25

Predicted to be involved in protein folding. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 24

Diphthamide is a unique posttranslationally modified histidine found only in translation elongation factor-2 (EEF2; MIM 130610). This modification is conserved from archaebacteria to humans and serves as the target for ADP-ribosylation and inactivation of EEF2 by diphtheria toxin (DT) and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. DPH4 is 1 of several enzymes involved in synthesis of diphthamide in EEF2 (Liu et al., 2004 [PubMed 15485916]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 22

Predicted to be active in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 21

This gene encodes a member of the DNAJ heat shock protein 40 family of proteins that is characterized by two N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat domains and a C-terminal DNAJ domain. This protein binds the precursor 45S ribosomal RNA and may be involved in early nuclear ribosomal RNA biogenesis and maturation of the 60S ribosomal subunit. Mutations in this gene result in Bone marrow failure syndrome 3. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

SSU72 RNA polymerase II CTD phosphatase homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat phosphatase activity. Involved in co-transcriptional mRNA 3'-end processing, cleavage and polyadenylation pathway. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

UTP6, small subunit (SSU) processome component, homolog (yeast) pseudogene

required for meiotic nuclear division 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

UTP18, small subunit (SSU) processome component, homolog (yeast) pseudogene

mRNA turnover 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein sharing a low level of sequence similarity with ribosomal protein P0. While the precise function of the encoded protein is currently unknown, it appears to be involved in mRNA turnover and ribosome assembly. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia (trithorax homolog, Drosophila); translocated to, 10 pseudogene 1

PET117 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

nucleolar complex associated 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Histone modification by histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) can control major aspects of transcriptional regulation. NOC2L represents a novel HDAC-independent inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase (INHAT) (Hublitz et al., 2005 [PubMed 16322561]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

SEC11 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase S26B family. The encoded protein is an 18kDa subunit of the signal peptidase complex and has been linked to cell migration and invasion, gastric cancer and lymph node metastasis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 8. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

SEC11 homolog C (S. cerevisiae)

Enables serine-type endopeptidase activity. Involved in signal peptide processing. Part of signal peptidase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SEC11 homolog B, pseudogene (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable peptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in signal peptide processing. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be part of signal peptidase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

shadow of prion protein homolog (zebrafish) pseudogene 1

WEE1 homolog (S. pombe) pseudogene

RAD21 homolog (S. pombe)

The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to the gene product of Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad21, a gene involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, as well as in chromatid cohesion during mitosis. This protein is a nuclear phospho-protein, which becomes hyperphosphorylated in cell cycle M phase. The highly regulated association of this protein with mitotic chromatin specifically at the centromere region suggests its role in sister chromatid cohesion in mitotic cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

intraflagellar transport 80 homolog (Chlamydomonas) pseudogene

ARP3 actin-related protein 3 homolog C (yeast)

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity and actin binding activity. Predicted to contribute to actin filament binding activity. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

discs, large homolog 3 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein family. The encoded protein may play a role in clustering of NMDA receptors at excitatory synapses. It may also negatively regulate cell proliferation through interaction with the C-terminal region of the adenomatosis polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein. Mutations in this gene have been associated with X-linked cognitive disability. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

discs, large homolog 2 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family. The encoded protein forms a heterodimer with a related family member that may interact at postsynaptic sites to form a multimeric scaffold for the clustering of receptors, ion channels, and associated signaling proteins. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full-length nature is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

discs, large homolog 5 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the family of discs large (DLG) homologs, a subset of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) superfamily. The MAGUK proteins are composed of a catalytically inactive guanylate kinase domain, in addition to PDZ and SH3 domains, and are thought to function as scaffolding molecules at sites of cell-cell contact. The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm, and interacts with components of adherens junctions and the cytoskeleton. It is proposed to function in the transmission of extracellular signals to the cytoskeleton and in the maintenance of epithelial cell structure. Alternative splice variants have been described but their biological nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

pelota homolog (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a protein which contains a conserved nuclear localization signal. The encoded protein may have a role in spermatogenesis, cell cycle control, and in meiotic cell division. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chibby homolog 1 (Drosophila) pseudogene

RAD17 homolog (S. pombe) pseudogene 2

RAD17 homolog (S. pombe) pseudogene 1

v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2

This gene encodes a transcription factor which regulates genes involved in development and apoptosis. The encoded protein is also a protooncogene and shown to be involved in regulation of telomerase. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the X chromosome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]

v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1

This gene encodes a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, which are defined by the presence of a conserved ETS DNA-binding domain that recognizes the core consensus DNA sequence GGAA/T in target genes. These proteins function either as transcriptional activators or repressors of numerous genes, and are involved in stem cell development, cell senescence and death, and tumorigenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

rhomboid 5 homolog 1 (Drosophila)

Predicted to enable growth factor binding activity and serine-type endopeptidase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of protein secretion; regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway; and regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process. Located in Golgi membrane and endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

rhomboid 5 homolog 2 (Drosophila)

Predicted to enable protein transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of protein secretion and regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within protein localization to plasma membrane and regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity. Located in plasma membrane. Implicated in palmoplantar keratoderma-esophageal carcinoma syndrome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

suppressor of Ty 4 homolog 1 (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 10 homolog B (yeast)

FXC1, or TIMM10B, belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that are organized in heterooligomeric complexes in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. These proteins mediate the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

seizure related 6 homolog (mouse)-like 2

This gene encodes a seizure-related protein that is localized on the cell surface. The gene is located in a region of chromosome 16p11.2 that is thought to contain candidate genes for autism spectrum disorders (ASD), though there is no evidence directly implicating this gene in ASD. Increased expression of this gene has been found in lung cancers, and the protein is therefore considered to be a novel prognostic marker for lung cancer. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

Vac14 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a scaffold protein that is a component of the PIKfyve protein kinase complex. This complex is responsible for the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate, an important component of cellular membranes, from phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Mice lacking a functional copy of this gene exhibit severe neurodegeneration. Mutations in the human gene have been identified in patients with a childhood onset progressive neurological disorder characterized by impaired movement, dystonia, and striatal abnormalities. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

transformer-2 protein homolog alpha-like

chromobox homolog 5 pseudogene 1

enabled homolog (Drosophila) pseudogene

glial cells missing homolog 1 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a DNA-binding protein with a gcm-motif (glial cell missing motif). The encoded protein is a homolog of the Drosophila glial cells missing gene (gcm). This protein binds to the GCM-motif (A/G)CCCGCAT, a novel sequence among known targets of DNA-binding proteins. The N-terminal DNA-binding domain confers the unique DNA-binding activity of this protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

glial cells missing homolog 2 (Drosophila)

This gene is a homolog of the Drosophila glial cells missing gene, which is thought to act as a binary switch between neuronal and glial cell determination. The protein encoded by this gene contains a conserved N-terminal GCM motif that has DNA-binding activity. The protein is a transcription factor that acts as a master regulator of parathyroid development. It has been suggested that this transcription factor might mediate the effect of calcium on parathyroid hormone expression and secretion in parathyroid cells. Mutations in this gene are associated with hypoparathyroidism. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

digestive organ expansion factor homolog (zebrafish)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in several processes, including protein catabolic process; protein destabilization; and protein localization to nucleolus. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

slowmo homolog 2 (Drosophila) pseudogene

porcupine homolog (Drosophila)

This gene belongs to the evolutionarily conserved porcupine (Porc) gene family. Genes of the porcupine family encode endoplasmic reticulum proteins with multiple transmembrane domains. Porcupine proteins are involved in the processing of Wnt (wingless and int homologue) proteins. Disruption of this gene is associated with focal dermal hypoplasia, and the encoded protein has been implicated in cancer. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast)-like

Predicted to enable protein transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrion. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SEC31 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein of unknown function. The protein has moderate similarity to rat VAP1 protein which is an endosomal membrane-associated protein, containing a putative Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II phosphorylation site. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

SEC31 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene shares similarity with the yeast Sec31 protein, and is a component of the outer layer of the coat protein complex II (COPII). The encoded protein is involved in vesicle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and contains multiple WD repeats near the N-terminus and a proline-rich region in the C-terminal half. It associates with the protein encoded by the SEC13 homolog, nuclear pore and COPII coat complex component (SEC13), and is required for ER-Golgi transport. Monoubiquitylation of this protein by CUL3-KLHL12 was found to regulate the size of COPII coats to accommodate unusually shaped cargo. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

dispatched homolog 1 (Drosophila)

The pattern of cellular proliferation and differentiation that leads to normal development of embryonic structures often depends upon the localized production of secreted protein signals. Cells surrounding the source of a particular signal respond in a graded manner according to the effective concentration of the signal, and this response produces the pattern of cell types constituting the mature structure. A novel segment-polarity gene known as dispatched has been identified in Drosophila and its protein product is required for normal Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. This gene is one of two human homologs of Drosophila dispatched and, based on sequence identity to its mouse counterpart, the encoded protein may play an essential role in Hh patterning activities in the early embryo. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

dispatched homolog 2 (Drosophila)

This gene is one of two human homologs of a segment-polarity gene known as dispatched identified in Drosophila. The product of this gene may be required for normal Hedgehog (Hh) signaling during embryonic pattern formation. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

discs, large homolog 1 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a multi-domain scaffolding protein that is required for normal development. This protein may have a role in septate junction formation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, synaptogenesis and lymphocyte activation. A multitude of transcript variants deriving from alternative splicing and the use of multiple alternate promoter have been observed, including some splice variants that may be specific to brain and other tissues. An upstream uORF may regulate translation at some splice variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2018]

ribosome binding protein 1 homolog 180kDa (dog) pseudogene

sine oculis binding protein homolog (Drosophila)

The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear zinc finger protein that is involved in development of the cochlea. Defects in this gene have also been linked to intellectual disability. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

seizure threshold 2 homolog (mouse)

The protein encoded by this gene is expressed in the brain, predominantly in the parietal and frontal cortex as well as in dorsal root ganglia. It is localized to the peroxisome, and is implicated in resistance to oxidative stress. It likely functions by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but itself has no direct SOD activity. Studies in mice show that this gene confers low seizure threshold, and may also enhance epileptogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

nipsnap homolog 1 (C. elegans)

This gene encodes a member of the NipSnap family of proteins that may be involved in vesicular transport. A similar protein in mice inhibits the calcium channel TRPV6, and is also localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it may play a role in mitochondrial DNA maintenance. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 17. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 50 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a subunit of the TIM23 inner mitochondrial membrane translocase complex. The encoded protein functions as the receptor subunit that recognizes the mitochondrial targeting signal, or presequence, on protein cargo that is destined for the mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix. This protein may also play a role in maintaining the membrane permeability barrier, and knockdown of this gene in human cells results in the release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

male-specific lethal 3 homolog (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a nuclear protein that is similar to the product of the Drosophila male-specific lethal-3 gene. The Drosophila protein plays a critical role in a dosage-compensation pathway, which equalizes X-linked gene expression in males and females. Thus, the human protein is thought to play a similar function in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation, and it has been found as part of a complex that is responsible for histone H4 lysine-16 acetylation. This gene can undergo X inactivation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 2, 7 and 8. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

cell division cycle protein 27 homolog pseudogene

v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene neuroblastoma derived homolog

This gene is a member of the MYC family and encodes a protein with a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain. This protein is located in the nucleus and must dimerize with another bHLH protein in order to bind DNA. Amplification of this gene is associated with a variety of tumors, most notably neuroblastomas. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene lung carcinoma derived homolog

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation. Located in chromosome and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 2

This gene is almost exclusively expressed in the brain, mainly in the neuronal layers. It encodes a protein that shows sequence similarity to bacterial DnaJ protein and the yeast homologs. In bacteria, this protein is implicated in protein folding and protein complex dissociation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a molecular chaperone, tumor suppressor, and member of the heat shock protein-40 family. The encoded protein binds the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin and targets it to the plasma membrane. This protein also binds incorrectly folded E-cadherin and targets it for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. This gene is a strong tumor suppressor for colorectal carcinoma, and downregulation of it may serve as a good biomarker for predicting patient outcomes. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

ecdysoneless homolog (Drosophila)

Enables histone acetyltransferase binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog 2

This gene encodes a member of the R-Ras subfamily of Ras-like small GTPases. The encoded protein associates with the plasma membrane and may function as a signal transducer. This protein may play an important role in activating signal transduction pathways that control cell proliferation. Mutations in this gene are associated with the growth of certain tumors. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 1 and 2. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

WAS protein family homolog 2 pseudogene

Predicted to enable alpha-tubulin binding activity and gamma-tubulin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation; endosomal transport; and exocytosis. Predicted to be located in several cellular components, including autophagosome; centriole; and endosome. Predicted to be part of WASH complex. Predicted to be active in early endosome and recycling endosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mutS homolog 4

This gene encodes a member of the DNA mismatch repair mutS family. This member is a meiosis-specific protein that is not involved in DNA mismatch correction, but is required for reciprocal recombination and proper segregation of homologous chromosomes at meiosis I. This protein and MSH5 form a heterodimer which binds uniquely to a Holliday Junction and its developmental progenitor, thus provoking ADP-ATP exchange, and stabilizing the interaction between parental chromosomes during meiosis double-stranded break repair. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

NOP10 ribonucleoprotein homolog (yeast) pseudogene

angel homolog 1 (Drosophila)

Enables eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding activity and protein domain specific binding activity. Located in several cellular components, including cis-Golgi network; endoplasmic reticulum; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Is active in mitochondrial outer membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translation machinery associated 7 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

glyoxylate reductase 1 homolog (Arabidopsis) pseudogene

discs, large homolog 4 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family. It heteromultimerizes with another MAGUK protein, DLG2, and is recruited into NMDA receptor and potassium channel clusters. These two MAGUK proteins may interact at postsynaptic sites to form a multimeric scaffold for the clustering of receptors, ion channels, and associated signaling proteins. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

AHA1, activator of heat shock 90kDa protein ATPase homolog 1 (yeast)

Enables ATPase activator activity; Hsp90 protein binding activity; and protein-folding chaperone binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of ATP-dependent activity. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

AHA1, activator of heat shock 90kDa protein ATPase homolog 2 (yeast)

Predicted to enable ATPase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in protein folding. Predicted to be active in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 6 homolog (yeast)

Predicted to be involved in protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 7 homolog (yeast)

This gene encodes a subunit of the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane. The encoded protein regulates the assembly and stability of the translocase complex. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 5 homolog (yeast)

Predicted to be involved in protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane. Located in mitochondrion. Part of mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

spinster homolog 3 (Drosophila)

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in lipid transport and transmembrane transport. Predicted to be active in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SLX1 structure-specific endonuclease subunit homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein that is an important regulator of genome stability. The protein represents the catalytic subunit of the SLX1-SLX4 structure-specific endonuclease, which can resolve DNA secondary structures that are formed during repair and recombination processes. Two identical copies of this gene are located on the p arm of chromosome 16 due to a segmental duplication; this record represents the more centromeric copy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Read-through transcription also occurs between this gene and the downstream SULT1A3 (sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-preferring, member 3) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

SLX1 structure-specific endonuclease subunit homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein that is an important regulator of genome stability. The protein represents the catalytic subunit of the SLX1-SLX4 structure-specific endonuclease, which can resolve DNA secondary structures that are formed during repair and recombination processes. Two identical copies of this gene are located on the p arm of chromosome 16 due to a segmental duplication; this record represents the more telomeric copy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Read-through transcription also occurs between this gene and the downstream SULT1A4 (sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-preferring, member 4) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

v-ral simian leukemia viral oncogene homolog B

This gene encodes a GTP-binding protein that belongs to the small GTPase superfamily and Ras family of proteins. GTP-binding proteins mediate the transmembrane signaling initiated by the occupancy of certain cell surface receptors. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

v-ral simian leukemia viral oncogene homolog A (ras related)

The product of this gene belongs to the small GTPase superfamily, Ras family of proteins. GTP-binding proteins mediate the transmembrane signaling initiated by the occupancy of certain cell surface receptors. This gene encodes a low molecular mass ras-like GTP-binding protein that shares about 50% similarity with other ras proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 9

This gene is a member of the J protein family. J proteins function in many cellular processes by regulating the ATPase activity of 70 kDa heat shock proteins. This gene is a member of the type 2 subgroup of DnaJ proteins. The encoded protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. This protein is induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and plays a role in protecting stressed cells from apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 8

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the DNAJ/HSP40 family of proteins that regulate chaperone activity. This family member suppresses aggregation and toxicity of polyglutamine proteins, and the C-terminal tail is essential for this activity. It has been implicated as a cancer-testis antigen and as a cancer stem-like cell antigen involved in renal cell carcinoma. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 3

Predicted to enable Hsp70 protein binding activity and unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in chaperone-mediated protein folding. Predicted to be located in acrosomal vesicle and centrosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 1

This gene encodes a member of the DnaJ or Hsp40 (heat shock protein 40 kD) family of proteins. DNAJ family members are characterized by a highly conserved amino acid stretch called the 'J-domain' and function as one of the two major classes of molecular chaperones involved in a wide range of cellular events, such as protein folding and oligomeric protein complex assembly. The encoded protein is a molecular chaperone that stimulates the ATPase activity of Hsp70 heat-shock proteins in order to promote protein folding and prevent misfolded protein aggregation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 7

The protein encoded by this intronless gene belongs to the evolutionarily conserved DNAJ/HSP40 family of proteins, which regulate molecular chaperone activity by stimulating ATPase activity. DNAJ proteins may have up to 3 distinct domains: a conserved 70-amino acid J domain, usually at the N terminus; a glycine/phenylalanine (G/F)-rich region; and a cysteine-rich domain containing 4 motifs resembling a zinc finger domain.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 6

This gene encodes a member of the DNAJ protein family. DNAJ family members are characterized by a highly conserved amino acid stretch called the 'J-domain' and function as one of the two major classes of molecular chaperones involved in a wide range of cellular events, such as protein folding and oligomeric protein complex assembly. This family member may also play a role in polyglutamine aggregation in specific neurons. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants; however, not all variants have been fully described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 5

This gene encodes a member of the DNAJ heat shock protein 40 family of co-chaperone proteins. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal DNAJ domain and a C-terminal substrate binding domain but lacks the cysteine-rich domain found in other DNAJ family members. In mice, a multi-protein complex containing this protein, thioredoxin 1, and histone deacetylase 4, serves as a master negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

RAD23 homolog B-like (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

NSA2 ribosome biogenesis homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

vacuolar protein sorting 37 homolog D (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in protein targeting to membrane; protein targeting to vacuole; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway. Located in extracellular exosome. Part of ESCRT I complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vacuolar protein sorting 37 homolog C (S. cerevisiae)

VPS37C is a subunit of ESCRT-I (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a complex in the class E vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) pathway required for sorting ubiquitinated transmembrane proteins into internal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (Eastman et al., 2005 [PubMed 15509564]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

vacuolar protein sorting 37 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Enables calcium-dependent protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein targeting to membrane; protein targeting to vacuole; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway. Located in endosome membrane; midbody; and plasma membrane. Part of ESCRT I complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

vacuolar protein sorting 37 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

This gene belongs to the VPS37 family, and encodes a component of the ESCRT-I (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I) protein complex, required for the sorting of ubiquitinated transmembrane proteins into internal vesicles of multivesicular bodies. Expression of this gene is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, and mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia-53. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 5. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

GAR1 ribonucleoprotein homolog (yeast) pseudogene

spindle assembly 6 homolog (C. elegans)

The protein encoded by this gene is a central component of centrioles and is necessary for their duplication and function. Centrioles adopt a cartwheel-shaped structure, with the encoded protein forming the hub and spokes inside a microtubule cylinder. Defects in this gene are a cause of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

vacuolar protein sorting 35 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene belongs to a group of vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes. The encoded protein is a component of a large multimeric complex, termed the retromer complex, involved in retrograde transport of proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network. The close structural similarity between the yeast and human proteins that make up this complex suggests a similarity in function. Expression studies in yeast and mammalian cells indicate that this protein interacts directly with VPS35, which serves as the core of the retromer complex. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vacuolar protein sorting 36 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein that is a subunit of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II). This protein complex functions in sorting of ubiquitinated membrane proteins during endocytosis. A similar protein complex in rat is associated with RNA polymerase elongation factor II. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

vacuolar protein sorting 39 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein that may promote clustering and fusion of late endosomes and lysosomes. The protein may also act as an adaptor protein that modulates the transforming growth factor-beta response by coupling the transforming growth factor-beta receptor complex to the Smad pathway. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

ESF1, nucleolar pre-rRNA processing protein, homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in rRNA processing. Located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

UPF3 regulator of nonsense transcripts homolog A (yeast)

This gene encodes a protein that is part of a post-splicing multiprotein complex involved in both mRNA nuclear export and mRNA surveillance. The encoded protein is one of two functional homologs to yeast Upf3p. mRNA surveillance detects exported mRNAs with truncated open reading frames and initiates nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). When translation ends upstream from the last exon-exon junction, this triggers NMD to degrade mRNAs containing premature stop codons. This protein binds to the mRNA and remains bound after nuclear export, acting as a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein. It forms with Y14 a complex that binds specifically 20 nt upstream of exon-exon junctions. This gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 13. Several splice variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

slowmo homolog 2 (Drosophila) pseudogene

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 2 pseudogene

Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog

This gene belongs to the Ras oncogene family, whose members are related to the transforming genes of mammalian sarcoma retroviruses. The products encoded by these genes function in signal transduction pathways. These proteins can bind GTP and GDP, and they have intrinsic GTPase activity. This protein undergoes a continuous cycle of de- and re-palmitoylation, which regulates its rapid exchange between the plasma membrane and the Golgi apparatus. Mutations in this gene cause Costello syndrome, a disease characterized by increased growth at the prenatal stage, growth deficiency at the postnatal stage, predisposition to tumor formation, cognitive disability, skin and musculoskeletal abnormalities, distinctive facial appearance and cardiovascular abnormalities. Defects in this gene are implicated in a variety of cancers, including bladder cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Multiple transcript variants, which encode different isoforms, have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tRNA methyltransferase 10 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the tRNA (Guanine-1)-methyltransferase family. A similar gene in yeast modifies several different tRNA species. Mutations in this gene are associated with microcephaly, short stature, and impaired glucose metabolism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

tRNA methyltransferase 10 homolog C (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes the precursor of a subunit of the mitochondrial ribonuclease P, which is involved in 5' processing of mitochondrial tRNAs. The encoded protein may confer RNA-binding capacity to mitochondrial ribonuclease P and may be essential for transcript processing, RNA modification, translation and mitochondrial respiration. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

tRNA methyltransferase 10 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Enables tRNA (guanosine(9)-N1)-methyltransferase activity. Involved in protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane. Located in cytosol. Part of TIM22 mitochondrial import inner membrane insertion complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NSA2 ribosome biogenesis homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

NSA2 ribosome biogenesis homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

NSA2 ribosome biogenesis homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

ras homolog family member T1 pseudogene 3

ras homolog family member T1 pseudogene 2

RCD1 required for cell differentiation1 homolog (S. pombe)

This gene encodes a member of the highly conserved RCD1 protein family. The encoded protein is a transcriptional cofactor and a core protein of the CCR4-NOT complex. It may be involved in signal transduction as well as retinoic acid-regulated cell differentiation and development. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

non-SMC element 4 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

LTV1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

numb homolog (Drosophila)

The protein encoded by this gene plays a role in the determination of cell fates during development. The encoded protein, whose degradation is induced in a proteasome-dependent manner by MDM2, is a membrane-bound protein that has been shown to associate with EPS15, LNX1, and NOTCH1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 1 pseudogene 5

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 1 pseudogene 4

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 1 pseudogene 6

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 1 pseudogene 1

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 1 pseudogene 3

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 1 pseudogene 2

UPF3 regulator of nonsense transcripts homolog B (yeast)

This gene encodes a protein that is part of a post-splicing multiprotein complex involved in both mRNA nuclear export and mRNA surveillance. The encoded protein is one of two functional homologs to yeast Upf3p. mRNA surveillance detects exported mRNAs with truncated open reading frames and initiates nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). When translation ends upstream from the last exon-exon junction, this triggers NMD to degrade mRNAs containing premature stop codons. This protein binds to the mRNA and remains bound after nuclear export, acting as a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein. It forms with Y14 a complex that binds specifically 20 nt upstream of exon-exon junctions. This gene is located on the long arm of chromosome X. Two splice variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

male-specific lethal 1 homolog (Drosophila)

Enables protein-macromolecule adaptor activity. Involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of MSL complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

slit homolog 3 (Drosophila)

The protein encoded by this gene is secreted, likely interacting with roundabout homolog receptors to effect cell migration. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

slit homolog 2 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the slit family of secreted glycoproteins, which are ligands for the Robo family of immunoglobulin receptors. Slit proteins play highly conserved roles in axon guidance and neuronal migration and may also have functions during other cell migration processes including leukocyte migration. Members of the slit family are characterized by an N-terminal signal peptide, four leucine-rich repeats, nine epidermal growth factor repeats, and a C-terminal cysteine knot. Proteolytic processing of this protein gives rise to an N-terminal fragment that contains the four leucine-rich repeats and five epidermal growth factor repeats and a C-terminal fragment that contains four epidermal growth factor repeats and the cysteine knot. Both full length and cleaved proteins are secreted extracellularly and can function in axon repulsion as well as other specific processes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

slit homolog 1 (Drosophila)

Enables Roundabout binding activity. Involved in axon extension involved in axon guidance; motor neuron axon guidance; and negative chemotaxis. Predicted to be located in several cellular components, including endoplasmic reticulum membrane; extracellular region; and focal adhesion. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

dpy-30 homolog (C. elegans)

This gene encodes an integral core subunit of the SET1/MLL family of H3K4 methyltransferases. The encoded protein directly controls cell cycle regulators and plays an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

asteroid homolog 1 (Drosophila)

Enables 3' overhang single-stranded DNA endodeoxyribonuclease activity. Involved in double-strand break repair via homologous recombination and double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining. Implicated in Lynch syndrome and mismatch repair cancer syndrome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MDN1, midasin homolog (yeast)

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity and ATP hydrolysis activity. Involved in ribosomal large subunit assembly. Located in cytosol; intermediate filament cytoskeleton; and nuclear lumen. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

UTP18 small subunit (SSU) processome component homolog (yeast)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in ribosomal small subunit biogenesis. Located in nuclear membrane; nucleolus; and nucleoplasm. Part of small-subunit processome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SEC16 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein that forms part of the Sec16 complex. This protein has a role in protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi and mediates COPII vesicle formation at the transitional ER. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2013]

SEC16 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

SEC16B is a mammalian homolog of S. cerevisiae Sec16 that is required for organization of transitional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sites and protein export (Bhattacharyya and Glick, 2007 [PubMed 17192411]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2009]

ES1 protein homolog, mitochondrial

differentially expressed in FDCP 6 homolog (mouse)

DEF6, or IBP, is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAC (MIM 602048) and CDC42 (MIM 116952) that is highly expressed in B and T cells (Gupta et al., 2003 [PubMed 12923183]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

differentially expressed in FDCP 8 homolog (mouse)

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in lysosome localization; positive regulation of bone resorption; and positive regulation of ruffle assembly. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ESF1, nucleolar pre-rRNA processing protein, homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog K

The developmentally regulated expression of the globin genes depends on upstream regulatory elements termed locus control regions (LCRs). LCRs are associated with powerful enhancer activity that is mediated by the transcription factor NFE2 (nuclear factor erythroid-2). NFE2 recognition sites are also present in the gene promoters of 2 heme biosynthetic enzymes, porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD; MIM 609806) and ferrochelatase (FECH; MIM 612386). NFE2 DNA-binding activity consists of a heterodimer containing an 18-kD Maf protein (MafF, MafG (MIM 602020), or MafK) and p45 (MIM 601490). Both subunits are members of the activator protein-1 superfamily of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins (see MIM 165160). Maf homodimers suppress transcription at NFE2 sites.[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2008]

v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A

MAFA is a transcription factor that binds RIPE3b, a conserved enhancer element that regulates pancreatic beta cell-specific expression of the insulin gene (INS; MIM 176730) (Olbrot et al., 2002 [PubMed 12011435]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B

The protein encoded by this gene is a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor that plays an important role in the regulation of lineage-specific hematopoiesis. The encoded nuclear protein represses ETS1-mediated transcription of erythroid-specific genes in myeloid cells. This gene contains no introns. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog F

The protein encoded by this gene is a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor that lacks a transactivation domain. It is known to bind the US-2 DNA element in the promoter of the oxytocin receptor (OTR) gene and most likely heterodimerizes with other leucine zipper-containing proteins to enhance expression of the OTR gene during term pregnancy. The encoded protein can also form homodimers, and since it lacks a transactivation domain, the homodimer may act as a repressor of transcription. This gene may also be involved in the cellular stress response. Multiple transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G

Globin gene expression is regulated through nuclear factor erythroid-2 (NFE2) elements located in enhancer-like locus control regions positioned many kb upstream of alpha- and beta-gene clusters (summarized by Blank et al., 1997 [PubMed 9166829]). NFE2 DNA-binding activity consists of a heterodimer containing a ubiquitous small Maf protein (MafF, MIM 604877; MafG; or MafK, MIM 600197) and the tissue-restricted protein p45 NFE2 (MIM 601490). Both subunits are members of the activator protein-1-like superfamily of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins (see MIM 165160).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

MAF1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein that is similar to Maf1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein highly conserved in eukaryotic cells. Yeast Maf1 is a negative effector of RNA polymerase III (Pol III). It responds to changes in the cellular environment and represses pol III transcription. Biochemical studies identified the initiation factor TFIIIB as a target for Maf1-dependent repression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

CTF8, chromosome transmission fidelity factor 8 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a short protein that forms part of the Ctf18 replication factor C (RFC) complex that occurs in both yeast and mammals. The heteroheptameric RFC complex plays a role in sister chromatid cohesion and may load the replication clamp PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) onto DNA during DNA replication and repair. This gene is ubiquitously expressed and has been shown to have reduced expression in renal and prostate tumors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. This gene has a pseudogene on chromosome X. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2018]

ras homolog family member V

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity; GTPase activity; and protein kinase binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including Cdc42 protein signal transduction; actin filament organization; and endocytosis. Predicted to be located in endosome membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ras homolog family member U

This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of GTPases. This protein can activate PAK1 and JNK1, and can induce filopodium formation and stress fiber dissolution. It may also mediate the effects of WNT1 signaling in the regulation of cell morphology, cytoskeletal organization, and cell proliferation. A non-coding transcript variant of this gene results from naturally occurring read-through transcription between this locus and the neighboring DUSP5P (dual specificity phosphatase 5 pseudogene) locus.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

ras homolog family member J

This gene encodes one of the many small GTP-binding proteins in the Rho family shown to be associated with focal adhesions in endothelial cells (PMID: 21148427, 22103495). The encoded protein is activated by vascular endothelial growth factor and may regulate angiogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

ras homolog family member H

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ras superfamily of guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-metabolizing enzymes. The encoded protein is expressed in hematopoietic cells, where it functions as a negative regulator of cell growth and survival. This gene may be hypermutated or misexpressed in leukemias and lymphomas. Chromosomal translocations in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occur between this locus and B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (BCL6) on chromosome 3, leading to the production of fusion transcripts. Alternative splicing in the 5' untranslated region results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

ras homolog family member C

This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape, attachment, and motility. The protein encoded by this gene is prenylated at its C-terminus, and localizes to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. It is thought to be important in cell locomotion. Overexpression of this gene is associated with tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ras homolog family member B

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity and GTPase activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to hydrogen peroxide; cellular response to ionizing radiation; and regulation of cell migration. Located in cleavage furrow and endosome membrane. Biomarker of breast cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ras homolog family member A

This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape, attachment, and motility. Overexpression of this gene is associated with tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

ras homolog family member G

This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape, attachment, and motility. The encoded protein facilitates translocation of a functional guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) complex from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane where ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 is activated to promote lamellipodium formation and cell migration. Two related pseudogene have been identified on chromosomes 20 and X. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

suppressor of variegation 4-20 homolog 2 (Drosophila)

SUV420H2 and the related enzyme SUV420H1 (MIM 610881) function as histone methyltransferases that specifically trimethylate nucleosomal histone H4 (see MIM 602822) on lysine-20 (K20) (Schotta et al., 2004 [PubMed 15145825]).[supplied by OMIM, Dec 2009]

ras homolog family member D

Ras homolog, or Rho, proteins interact with protein kinases and may serve as targets for activated GTPase. They play a critical role in muscle differentiation. The protein encoded by this gene binds GTP and is a member of the small GTPase superfamily. It is involved in endosome dynamics and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and it may coordinate membrane transport with the function of the cytoskeleton. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

idnK, gluconokinase homolog (E. coli)

Predicted to enable gluconokinase activity. Predicted to be involved in D-gluconate catabolic process. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MAF1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

mago-nashi homolog B (Drosophila)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome and nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay. Located in nucleus. Part of U2-type catalytic step 1 spliceosome; U2-type precatalytic spliceosome; and exon-exon junction subcomplex mago-y14. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

EFR3 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is part of a complex that plays a role in maintaining an active pool of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K) at the plasma membrane. This protein is thought to be a peripheral membrane protein that associates with the plasma membrane through palmitoylation. Studies indicate that this gene product plays a role in controlling G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activity by affecting receptor phosphorylation. Whole exome sequencing studies have implicated mutations in this gene with autism spectrum disorders. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

EFR3 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Involved in phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process and protein localization to plasma membrane. Located in actin cytoskeleton; cytosol; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SEC13 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

S13 erythroblastosis (avian) oncogene homolog

fem-1 homolog b (C. elegans)

This gene encodes an ankyrin repeat protein that belongs to the death receptor-associated family of proteins and plays a role in mediating apoptosis. The encoded protein is also thought to function in the replication stress-induced checkpoint signaling pathway via interaction with checkpoint kinase 1. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

fem-1 homolog c (C. elegans)

Enables ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the C-end degron rule pathway. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of Cul2-RING ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

fem-1 homolog a (C. elegans)

Enables EP4 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor binding activity and ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in negative regulation of inflammatory response and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the C-end degron rule pathway. Part of Cul2-RING ubiquitin ligase complex. Is active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ARP2 actin-related protein 2 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

LSM3 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 2

This gene is one of several human genes similar to the C. elegans gene Fox-1. This gene encodes an RNA binding protein that is thought to be a key regulator of alternative exon splicing in the nervous system and other cell types. The protein binds to a conserved UGCAUG element found downstream of many alternatively spliced exons and promotes inclusion of the alternative exon in mature transcripts. The protein also interacts with the estrogen receptor 1 transcription factor and regulates estrogen receptor 1 transcriptional activity. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

T, brachyury homolog (mouse) pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 homolog (yeast)

Enables mitochondrion targeting sequence binding activity; protein-transporting ATPase activity; and unfolded protein binding activity. Involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion. Located in mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact site and mitochondrial outer membrane. Is active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 22 homolog (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. The encoded protein interacts with TOMM20 and TOMM40, and forms a complex with several other proteins to import cytosolic preproteins into the mitochondrion. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cms1 ribosomal small subunit homolog (yeast)

Enables RNA binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

naked cuticle homolog 1 (Drosophila)

In the mouse, Nkd is a Dishevelled (see DVL1; MIM 601365)-binding protein that functions as a negative regulator of the Wnt (see WNT1; MIM 164820)-beta-catenin (see MIM 116806)-Tcf (see MIM 602272) signaling pathway.[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2003]

naked cuticle homolog 2 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of a family of proteins that function as negative regulators of Wnt receptor signaling through interaction with Dishevelled family members. The encoded protein participates in the delivery of transforming growth factor alpha-containing vesicles to the cell membrane. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

xylulokinase homolog (H. influenzae)

The protein encoded by this gene shares 22% sequence identity with Hemophilus influenzae xylulokinase, and even higher identity to other gene products in C.elegans (45%) and yeast (31-35%), which are thought to belong to a family of enzymes that include fucokinase, gluconokinase, glycerokinase and xylulokinase. These proteins play important roles in energy metabolism. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

SNF8, ESCRT-II complex subunit, homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

Friend-murine leukemia virus integration site 3 homolog

Ras homolog enriched in brain

This gene is a member of the small GTPase superfamily and encodes a lipid-anchored, cell membrane protein with five repeats of the RAS-related GTP-binding region. This protein is vital in regulation of growth and cell cycle progression due to its role in the insulin/TOR/S6K signaling pathway. The protein has GTPase activity and shuttles between a GDP-bound form and a GTP-bound form, and farnesylation of the protein is required for this activity. Three pseudogenes have been mapped, two on chromosome 10 and one on chromosome 22. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Vac14 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

LSM14A, SCD6 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

tRNA methyltransferase 11 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 12 pseudogene

suppressor of variegation 4-20 homolog 1 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a protein that contains a SET domain. SET domains appear to be protein-protein interaction domains that mediate interactions with a family of proteins that display similarity with dual-specificity phosphatases (dsPTPases). The function of this gene has not been determined. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

WAS protein homolog associated with actin, golgi membranes and microtubules

This gene encodes a protein that plays a role in actin nucleation, Golgi membrane association and microtubule binding. The encoded protein is a nucleation-promoting factor that regulates the Actin-related protein 2/3 complex. The activated complex initiates growth of new actin filaments by binding to existing actin filaments. The encoded protein also functions in regulation of transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex and in maintenance of the Golgi complex near the centrosome. Four pseudogenes of this gene are present on the same arm of chromosome 15 as this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

HFM1, ATP-dependent DNA helicase homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is thought to be an ATP-dependent DNA helicase and is expressed mainly in germ-line cells. Defects in this gene are a cause of premature ovarian failure 9 (POF9). [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

signal peptidase complex subunit 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

signal peptidase complex subunit 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 2

FtsJ RNA methyltransferase homolog 2 (E. coli)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S-adenosylmethionine-binding protein family. It is a nucleolar protein and it may be involved in the processing and modification of rRNA. This gene has been suggested to be involved in cell cycle control and DNA repair. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

FtsJ homolog 3 (E. coli)

Although the function of this gene is not known, the existence of this gene is supported by mRNA and EST data. A possible function of the encoded protein can be inferred from amino acid sequence similarity to the E.coli FtsJ protein and to a mouse protein possibly involved in embryogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

FtsJ RNA methyltransferase homolog 1 (E. coli)

This gene encodes a member of the methyltransferase superfamily. The encoded protein localizes to the nucleolus, binds to S-adenosylmethionine, and may be involved in the processing and modification of ribosomal RNA. Mutations in this gene are associated with cognitive disability. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

RAD52 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene shares similarity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad52, a protein important for DNA double-strand break repair and homologous recombination. This gene product was shown to bind single-stranded DNA ends, and mediate the DNA-DNA interaction necessary for the annealing of complementary DNA strands. It was also found to interact with DNA recombination protein RAD51, which suggested its role in RAD51 related DNA recombination and repair. A pseudogene of this gene is present on chromosome 2. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Additional alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

RAD50 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad50, a protein involved in DNA double-strand break repair. This protein forms a complex with MRE11 and NBS1. The protein complex binds to DNA and displays numerous enzymatic activities that are required for nonhomologous joining of DNA ends. This protein, cooperating with its partners, is important for DNA double-strand break repair, cell cycle checkpoint activation, telomere maintenance, and meiotic recombination. Knockout studies of the mouse homolog suggest this gene is essential for cell growth and viability. Mutations in this gene are the cause of Nijmegen breakage syndrome-like disorder.[provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

UTP6, small subunit (SSU) processome component, homolog (yeast)

Predicted to enable snoRNA binding activity. Involved in ribosomal small subunit biogenesis. Located in chromosome and nucleolus. Part of small-subunit processome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

WAS protein family homolog 5 pseudogene

T, brachyury homolog (mouse)

The protein encoded by this gene is an embryonic nuclear transcription factor that binds to a specific DNA element, the palindromic T-site. It binds through a region in its N-terminus, called the T-box, and effects transcription of genes required for mesoderm formation and differentiation. The protein is localized to notochord-derived cells. Variation in this gene was associated with susceptibility to neural tube defects and chordoma. A mutation in this gene was found in a family with sacral agenesis with vertebral anomalies. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2018]

radial spoke 3 homolog (Chlamydomonas)

The protein encoded by this gene acts as a protein kinase A anchoring protein. Mutations in this gene cause primary ciliary dyskinesia; a disorder characterized by defects of the axoneme in motile cilia and sperm flagella. The homolog of this gene was first identified in the blue-green algae Chlamydomonas as encoding a radial spoke protein that formed a structural component of motile cilia and flagella. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

radial spoke head 1 homolog (Chlamydomonas)

This gene encodes a male meiotic metaphase chromosome-associated acidic protein. This gene is expressed in tissues with motile cilia or flagella, including the trachea, lungs, airway brushings, and testes. Mutations in this gene result in primary ciliary dyskinesia-24. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the evolutionarily conserved DNAJ/HSP40 family of proteins, which regulate molecular chaperone activity by stimulating ATPase activity. DNAJ proteins may have up to 3 distinct domains: a conserved 70-amino acid J domain, usually at the N terminus; a glycine/phenylalanine (G/F)-rich region; and a cysteine-rich domain containing 4 motifs resembling a zinc finger domain. The product of this gene works as a cochaperone of Hsp70s in protein folding and mitochondrial protein import in vitro. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 3

This gene encodes a member of the DNAJ/Hsp40 protein family. DNAJ/Hsp40 proteins stimulate the ATPase activity of Hsp70 chaperones and play critical roles in protein folding, degradation, and multimeric complex assembly. The encoded protein is localized to mitochondria and mediates several cellular processes including proliferation, survival and apoptotic signal transduction. The encoded protein also plays a critical role in tumor suppression through interactions with oncogenic proteins including ErbB2 and the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 1

This gene encodes a member of the DnaJ family of proteins, which act as heat shock protein 70 cochaperones. Heat shock proteins facilitate protein folding, trafficking, prevention of aggregation, and proteolytic degradation. Members of this family are characterized by a highly conserved N-terminal J domain, a glycine/phenylalanine-rich region, four CxxCxGxG zinc finger repeats, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain. The J domain mediates the interaction with heat shock protein 70 to recruit substrates and regulate ATP hydrolysis activity. In humans, this gene has been implicated in positive regulation of virus replication through co-option by the influenza A virus. Several pseudogenes of this gene are found on other chromosomes. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 4

Enables protein-folding chaperone binding activity and unfolded protein binding activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of endothelial cell migration; negative regulation of inclusion body assembly; and protein refolding. Located in cytosol and membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

maturin, neural progenitor differentiation regulator homolog (Xenopus)

Involved in negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; positive regulation of MAPK cascade; and positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal RNA processing 12 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Located in cytosol; nucleolus; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosomal RNA processing 15 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein that co-purifies with human nucleoli. A similar protein in budding yeast is a component of pre-60S ribosomal particles, and is required for the early maturation steps of the 60S subunit. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

atonal homolog 7 (Drosophila)

This intronless gene encodes a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors, with similarity to Drosophila atonal gene that controls photoreceptor development. Studies in mice suggest that this gene plays a central role in retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve formation. Mutations in this gene are associated with nonsyndromic congenital retinal nonattachment. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

atonal homolog 1 (Drosophila)

Enables sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including neuron differentiation; positive regulation of neuron differentiation; and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including generation of neurons; neuroblast migration; and positive regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation. Predicted to be located in chromatin. Predicted to be active in nucleus. Implicated in autosomal dominant nonsyndromic deafness 89. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

atonal homolog 8 (Drosophila)

Enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity and E-box binding activity. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction; positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation; and regulation of gene expression. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Yip1 interacting factor homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport. Located in Golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Yip1 interacting factor homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport. Located in Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor attachment protein 1 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

failed axon connections homolog (Drosophila)

Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog A (yeast)

This translocase is involved in the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial inner membrane. The gene is mutated in Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome/Deafness Dystonia Syndrome (MTS/DDS) and it is postulated that MTS/DDS is a mitochondrial disease caused by a defective mitochondrial protein import system. Defects in this gene also cause Jensen syndrome; an X-linked disease with opticoacoustic nerve atrophy and muscle weakness. This protein, along with TIMM13, forms a 70 kDa heterohexamer. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog B (yeast)

This gene encodes a member of a well-conserved family of proteins with similarity to yeast Tim mitochondrial import proteins. This gene is encoded by a nuclear gene and is transported into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. When formed into complexes, these proteins guide membrane-spanning proteins across the mitochondrial intermembrane space before they are added into the mitochondrial inner membrane. This gene is adjacent to succinate dehydrogenase, subunit D (SDHD), in which mutations have been found in affected members of families with hereditary paraganglioma.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

arsA arsenite transporter, ATP-binding, homolog 1 (bacterial)

This gene represents the human homolog of the bacterial arsA gene, encoding the arsenite-stimulated ATPase component of the arsenite transporter responsible for resistance to arsenicals. This protein is also a central component of a transmembrane domain (TMD) recognition complex (TRC) that is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It recognizes and selectively binds the TMD of TA proteins in the cytosol, and delivers them to the ER for insertion. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

WAS protein family homolog 3 pseudogene

Predicted to enable alpha-tubulin binding activity and gamma-tubulin binding activity. Involved in several processes, including Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation; early endosome to late endosome transport; and protein targeting to lysosome. Located in endosome; filopodium; and lamellipodium. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

non-specific cytotoxic cell receptor protein 1 homolog (zebrafish)

Predicted to contribute to ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell population proliferation. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

rogdi homolog (Drosophila)

Involved in brain development; neurogenesis; and odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth. Located in nuclear envelope. Implicated in Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

coenzyme Q7 homolog, ubiquinone (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene is similar to a mitochondrial di-iron containing hydroxylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is involved with ubiquinone biosynthesis. Mutations in the yeast gene lead to slower development and longer life span. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

PRP40 pre-mRNA processing factor 40 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cytoskeleton organization; regulation of cell shape; and regulation of cytokinesis. Located in nuclear matrix and nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ARP8 actin-related protein 8 homolog (yeast)

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity. Involved in several processes, including chromatin remodeling; regulation of chromosome organization; and regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process. Located in centrosome and nucleoplasm. Part of Ino80 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ARP6 actin-related protein 6 homolog (yeast)

Predicted to enable nucleosome binding activity. Involved in nucleolus organization. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ARP5 actin-related protein 5 homolog (yeast)

Involved in several processes, including DNA repair; chromatin remodeling; and regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Part of Ino80 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ARP3 actin-related protein 3 homolog (yeast)

The specific function of this gene has not yet been determined; however, the protein it encodes is known to be a major constituent of the ARP2/3 complex. This complex is located at the cell surface and is essential to cell shape and motility through lamellipodial actin assembly and protrusion. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

ARP2 actin-related protein 2 homolog (yeast)

The specific function of this gene has not yet been determined; however, the protein it encodes is known to be a major constituent of the ARP2/3 complex. This complex is located at the cell surface and is essential to cell shape and motility through lamellipodial actin assembly and protrusion. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protein fem-1 homolog A-like

REX1, RNA exonuclease 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like 12, pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

URB2 ribosome biogenesis 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator and ribosome biogenesis. Located in aggresome; midbody; and nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

URB1 ribosome biogenesis 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in maturation of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA) and maturation of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA). Located in fibrillar center. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phosphate regulating endopeptidase homolog, X-linked

The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane endopeptidase that belongs to the type II integral membrane zinc-dependent endopeptidase family. The protein is thought to be involved in bone and dentin mineralization and renal phosphate reabsorption. Mutations in this gene cause X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

differentially expressed in FDCP 8 homolog (mouse) pseudogene

MON2 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable proton transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in Golgi to endosome transport. Located in early endosome membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translation machinery associated 7 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

chibby homolog 1 (Drosophila)

Beta-catenin is a transcriptional activator and oncoprotein involved in the development of several cancers. The protein encoded by this gene interacts directly with the C-terminal region of beta-catenin, inhibiting oncogenic beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation by competing with transcription factors for binding to beta-catenin. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

chibby homolog 3 (Drosophila)

cell division cycle protein 27 homolog pseudogene

homolog of C. elegans smu-1 pseudogene

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 11

This gene encodes a soluble glycoprotein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen that functions as a co-chaperone of binding immunoglobulin protein, a 70 kilodalton heat shock protein chaperone required for the proper folding and assembly of proteins in the ER. The encoded protein contains a highly conserved J domain of about 70 amino acids with a characteristic His-Pro-Asp (HPD) motif and may regulate the activity of binding immunoglobulin protein by stimulating ATPase activity. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

Mdm1 nuclear protein homolog (mouse)

This gene encodes a microtubule-binding nuclear protein that localizes to the centrioles of dividing cells and differentiating multiciliated cells and negatively regulates centriole duplication. The encoded protein is closely associated with the centriole barrel, and resides in the centriole lumen. Naturally-occurring mutations in the orthologous mouse gene are associated with age-related retinal degeneration. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2019]

v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog

This gene encodes a member of an adapter protein family that binds to several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. The product of this gene has several SH2 and SH3 domains (src-homology domains) and is involved in several signaling pathways, recruiting cytoplasmic proteins in the vicinity of tyrosine kinase through SH2-phosphotyrosine interaction. The N-terminal SH2 domain of this protein functions as a positive regulator of transformation whereas the C-terminal SH3 domain functions as a negative regulator of transformation. Two alternative transcripts encoding different isoforms with distinct biological activity have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 9 homolog (yeast)

TIMM9 belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that are organized in heterooligomeric complexes in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. These proteins mediate the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

nucleolar complex associated 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in rRNA processing. Located in nucleolus and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-like protein LOC641515 homolog

tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog B (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

vacuolar protein sorting 26 homolog A (S. pombe)

This gene belongs to a group of vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes. The encoded protein is a component of a large multimeric complex, termed the retromer complex, involved in retrograde transport of proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network. The close structural similarity between the yeast and human proteins that make up this complex suggests a similarity in function. Expression studies in yeast and mammalian cells indicate that this protein interacts directly with VPS35, which serves as the core of the retromer complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vacuolar protein sorting 26 homolog B (S. pombe)

Predicted to be involved in intracellular protein transport and retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi. Predicted to act upstream of or within cellular response to type II interferon. Predicted to be located in early endosome and late endosome. Predicted to be part of retromer complex. Predicted to be active in glutamatergic synapse; postsynaptic early endosome; and postsynaptic recycling endosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DIM1 dimethyladenosine transferase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is a methyltransferase that is responsible for dimethylation of adjacent adenosines near the 18S rRNA decoding site. The encoded protein is essential for ribosome biogenesis, although its catalytic activity is not involved in the process. The yeast ortholog of this protein functions in the cytoplasm while this protein functions in the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

presequence translocase-associated motor 16 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein involved in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling. This protein also plays a role in the import of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins into the mitochondrial matrix and may be important in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Mutations in this gene cause Megarbane-Dagher-Melike type spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, an early lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by short stature, developmental delay and other skeletal abnormalities. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

spinster homolog 1 (Drosophila)

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in lysophospholipid transport and phospholipid efflux. Predicted to act upstream of or within regulation of lysosomal lumen pH. Located in lysosomal membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spinster homolog 2 (Drosophila)

The protein encoded by this gene is a transporter of sphingosine 1-phosphate, a secreted lipid that is important in cardiovascular, immunological, and neural development. Defects in this gene are a cause of early onset progressive hearing loss. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

REX1, RNA exonuclease 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like 2, pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

cytochrome c oxidase assembly homolog 15 (yeast)

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, catalyzes the electron transfer from reduced cytochrome c to oxygen. This component is a heteromeric complex consisting of 3 catalytic subunits encoded by mitochondrial genes and multiple structural subunits encoded by nuclear genes. The mitochondrially-encoded subunits function in electron transfer, and the nuclear-encoded subunits may function in the regulation and assembly of the complex. This nuclear gene encodes a protein which is not a structural subunit, but may be essential for the biogenesis of COX formation and may function in the hydroxylation of heme O, according to the yeast mutant studies. This protein is predicted to contain 5 transmembrane domains localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Alternative splicing of this gene generates two transcript variants diverging in the 3' region. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

COX16 cytochrome c oxidase assembly homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Involved in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane. Implicated in mitochondrial complex IV deficiency nuclear type 22. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

YKT6 v-SNARE homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene product is one of the SNARE recognition molecules implicated in vesicular transport between secretory compartments. It is a membrane associated, isoprenylated protein that functions at the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport step. This protein is highly conserved from yeast to human and can functionally complement the loss of the yeast homolog in the yeast secretory pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

within bgcn homolog (Drosophila)

Enables ribosome binding activity. Involved in exon-exon junction complex disassembly; nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay; and positive regulation of translation. Located in cell junction; cytosol; and nuclear lumen. Part of exon-exon junction complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ras homolog family member T1 pseudogene 1

WEE1 homolog (S. pombe) pseudogene

bicaudal D homolog 1 (Drosophila) pseudogene 1

Friend-murine leukemia virus integration site 1 homolog

notum pectinacetylesterase homolog (Drosophila)

Enables palmitoleyl hydrolase activity. Involved in negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway and protein depalmitoleylation. Acts upstream of or within bone development and regulation of bone mineralization. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum lumen and extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

signal peptidase complex subunit 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 4

transformer 2 alpha homolog (Drosophila)

This gene is a member of the transformer 2 homolog family and encodes a protein with several RRM (RNA recognition motif) domains. This phosphorylated nuclear protein binds to specific RNA sequences and plays a role in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

transformer 2 beta homolog (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a nuclear protein which functions as sequence-specific serine/arginine splicing factor which plays a role in mRNA processing, splicing patterns, and gene expression. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

signal peptidase complex subunit 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 3

chromobox homolog 1 pseudogene 4

chromobox homolog 1 pseudogene 1

roundabout, axon guidance receptor, homolog 2 (Drosophila)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ROBO family, part of the immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins that are highly conserved from fly to human. The encoded protein is a transmembrane receptor for the slit homolog 2 protein and functions in axon guidance and cell migration. Mutations in this gene are associated with vesicoureteral reflux, characterized by the backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters or the kidney. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

protein capicua homolog pseudogene

NSA2 ribosome biogenesis homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 19 pseudogene 3

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 19 pseudogene 2

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 19 pseudogene 5

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 19 pseudogene 7

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 19 pseudogene 6

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 19 pseudogene 9

HEN1 methyltransferase homolog 1 (Arabidopsis)

Enables small RNA 2'-O-methyltransferase activity. Involved in RNA methylation. Predicted to be located in P granule. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 70 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes an import receptor of the outer mitochondrial membrane that is part of the translocase of the outer membrane complex. This protein is involved in the import of mitochondrial precursor proteins. The protein interacts with the SARS-CoV and SARS-Cov-2 ORF9b proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2021]

unc-45 homolog A (C. elegans)

This gene encodes a regulatory component of the progesterone receptor/heat shock protein 90 chaperoning complex, which functions in the assembly and folding of the progesterone receptor. The encoded protein is thought to be essential for normal cell proliferation, and for the accumulation of myosin during development of muscle cells. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2018]

unc-45 homolog B (C. elegans)

This gene encodes a co-chaperone required for folding and accumulation of type II myosins. The protein consists of three tetratricopeptide repeat motifs at the N-terminus that form a complex with heat shock protein 90, a central region of unknown function that is conserved in all Unc-45 proteins, and a C-terminal Unc-45/Cro1/She4 domain. The protein is expressed at high levels in striated muscle, where its muscle myosin chaperone activity is dependent on heat shock protein 90 acting as a co-chaperone. A missense mutation in this gene has been associated with cataract development. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

prickle homolog 1 (Drosophila) pseudogene

vacuolar protein sorting 8 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. Involved in endosomal vesicle fusion. Located in early endosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the Rel homology domain/immunoglobulin-like fold, plexin, transcription factor (RHD/IPT) family. Members of this family regulate genes involved in apoptosis, inflammation, the immune response, and oncogenic processes. This proto-oncogene plays a role in the survival and proliferation of B lymphocytes. Mutation or amplification of this gene is associated with B-cell lymphomas, including Hodgkin's lymphoma. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene are associated with susceptibility to ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Involved in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. Located in cytosol and mitochondrial inner membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MRE11 meiotic recombination 11 homolog B (pseudogene)

MRE11 meiotic recombination 11 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a nuclear protein involved in homologous recombination, telomere length maintenance, and DNA double-strand break repair. By itself, the protein has 3' to 5' exonuclease activity and endonuclease activity. The protein forms a complex with the RAD50 homolog; this complex is required for nonhomologous joining of DNA ends and possesses increased single-stranded DNA endonuclease and 3' to 5' exonuclease activities. In conjunction with a DNA ligase, this protein promotes the joining of noncomplementary ends in vitro using short homologies near the ends of the DNA fragments. This gene has a pseudogene on chromosome 3. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

SEC13 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the SEC13 family of WD-repeat proteins. It is a constituent of the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear pore complex. It has similarity to the yeast SEC13 protein, which is required for vesicle biogenesis from endoplasmic reticulum during the transport of proteins. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

nucleolar complex associated 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

SMEK homolog 3, suppressor of mek1 (Dictyostelium) pseudogene

Predicted to enable protein phosphatase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in DNA damage response and regulation of double-strand break repair. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of protein phosphatase 4 complex. Predicted to be active in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 1

The membrane protein encoded by this gene is a DNAJ-like heat shock protein that binds the molecular chaperone BiP. In addition, the encoded protein contains two SANT domains that have been shown to bind serpin alpha1-antichymotrypsin and inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 17 pseudogene

flightless I homolog (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a protein with a gelsolin-like actin binding domain and an N-terminal leucine-rich repeat-protein protein interaction domain. The protein is similar to a Drosophila protein involved in early embryogenesis and the structural organization of indirect flight muscle. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

dnaJ homolog subfamily C member 24 pseudogene

SWI5 recombination repair homolog (yeast)

Involved in cellular response to ionizing radiation and double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Part of Swi5-Sfr1 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

carboxymethylenebutenolidase homolog (Pseudomonas)

CMBL (EC 3.1.1.45) is a cysteine hydrolase of the dienelactone hydrolase family that is highly expressed in liver cytosol. CMBL preferentially cleaves cyclic esters, and it activates medoxomil-ester prodrugs in which the medoxomil moiety is linked to an oxygen atom (Ishizuka et al., 2010 [PubMed 20177059]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

v-ral simian leukemia viral oncogene homolog A (ras related) pseudogene

SMEK homolog 1, suppressor of mek1 (Dictyostelium)

Predicted to enable protein phosphatase activator activity. Predicted to be involved in DNA damage response and regulation of double-strand break repair. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of gluconeogenesis and protein dephosphorylation. Located in cytosol and nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SMEK homolog 2, suppressor of mek1 (Dictyostelium)

Predicted to enable protein phosphatase activator activity. Involved in regulation of double-strand break repair. Located in centrosome and nuclear speck. Part of chromatin and protein phosphatase 4 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eva-1 homolog C (C. elegans) pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

GUF1 GTPase homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a GTPase that triggers back-translocation of the elongating ribosome during mitochondrial protein synthesis. The protein contains a highly conserved C-terminal domain not found in other GTPases that facilitates tRNA binding. The encoded protein is thought to prevent misincorporation of amino acids in stressful, suboptimal conditions. An allelic variant in this gene has been associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-40. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

mitochondrial rRNA methyltransferase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables rRNA (guanosine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity. Involved in rRNA processing. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity and protein-macromolecule adaptor activity. Involved in TOR signaling; positive regulation of TOR signaling; and regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization. Part of TORC1 complex and TORC2 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

BUD13 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

CCZ1 vacuolar protein trafficking and biogenesis associated homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Enables guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity. Predicted to be involved in vesicle-mediated transport. Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. Part of Mon1-Ccz1 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 1 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Wybutosine is a hypermodified guanosine found in phenylalanine tRNA. Wybutosine functions to stabilize codon-anticodon interactions during ribosome decoding and therefore supports the maintenance of the reading frame. In yeast, the homolog of this gene is essential for the synthesis of wybutosine. The human genome contains two closely related genes that putatively function in wybutosine synthesis. The open reading frame of this locus is disrupted in some individuals. Thus, this locus appears to be an evolving pseudogene, but may still be functional in some members of the population. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2014]

PTC7 protein phosphatase homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity. Involved in peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation and regulation of ubiquinone biosynthetic process. Located in mitochondrial matrix. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

CTF18, chromosome transmission fidelity factor 18 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a protein which is a component of a replication factor C (RFC) complex, which loads proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on to DNA during the S phase of cell cycle. The encoded protein may interact with other proteins, including RFC complex 3, to form a clamp loader complex that plays a role in sister chromatid cohesion during metaphase-anaphase transition. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

enhancer of rudimentary homolog (Drosophila) pseudogene 2

enhancer of rudimentary homolog (Drosophila) pseudogene 1

ESF1, nucleolar pre-rRNA processing protein, homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

de-etiolated homolog 1 (Arabidopsis)

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity and ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; protein ubiquitination; and protein-containing complex assembly. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

chromobox homolog 1 pseudogene 5

chromobox homolog 1 pseudogene 2

chromobox homolog 1 pseudogene 3

up-regulated during skeletal muscle growth 5 homolog (mouse)

Predicted to be involved in proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis. Located in mitochondrion. Part of proton-transporting ATP synthase complex. Implicated in mitochondrial complex V (ATP synthase) deficiency nuclear type 6. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

unc-13 homolog A (C. elegans)

This gene encodes a member of the UNC13 family. UNC13 proteins bind to phorbol esters and diacylglycerol and play important roles in neurotransmitter release at synapses. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

ribosome binding protein 1 homolog 180kDa (dog) pseudogene

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase homolog (Arabidopsis)(non-functional)

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in amino acid metabolic process. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

intraflagellar transport 57 homolog (Chlamydomonas) pseudogene

vacuolar protein sorting 35 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

enhancer of polycomb homolog 2 (Drosophila)

Involved in positive regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination and regulation of cell cycle. Part of NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex and nucleosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

enhancer of polycomb homolog 1 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the polycomb group (PcG) family. The encoded protein is a component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex and can act as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. The encoded protein has been linked to apoptosis, DNA repair, skeletal muscle differentiation, gene silencing, and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

carboxymethylenebutenolidase homolog (Pseudomonas) pseudogene

neuroblastoma RAS viral (v-ras) oncogene homolog

This is an N-ras oncogene encoding a membrane protein that shuttles between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. This shuttling is regulated through palmitoylation and depalmitoylation by the ZDHHC9-GOLGA7 complex. The encoded protein, which has intrinsic GTPase activity, is activated by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor and inactivated by a GTPase activating protein. Mutations in this gene have been associated with somatic rectal cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, Noonan syndrome, and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

RAD21 homolog (S. pombe) pseudogene

Lix1 homolog (chicken) like

Predicted to be involved in autophagosome maturation. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

strawberry notch homolog 2 (Drosophila)

Predicted to enable chromatin DNA binding activity and histone binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to interleukin-6; macrophage activation involved in immune response; and negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

strawberry notch homolog 1 (Drosophila)

Predicted to enable chromatin DNA binding activity and histone binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

NSA2 ribosome biogenesis homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

KRR1, small subunit (SSU) processome component, homolog (yeast) pseudogene 1

related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog

The protein encoded by this gene is a small GTPase involved in diverse processes including angiogenesis, vascular homeostasis and regeneration, cell adhesion, and neuronal axon guidance. Mutations in this gene are found in many invasive cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 8 pseudogene

SAR1 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 3

SAR1 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 2

SAR1 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

SAR1 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 4

sprouty homolog 4 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of a family of cysteine- and proline-rich proteins. The encoded protein is an inhibitor of the receptor-transduced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Activity of this protein impairs the formation of active GTP-RAS. Nucleotide variation in this gene has been associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 17 with or without anosmia. Alternative splicing results in a multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

UTP15, U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein, homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of rRNA processing; positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I; and ribosomal small subunit biogenesis. Located in endoplasmic reticulum and fibrillar center. Part of small-subunit processome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ribosome production factor 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 2

vacuolar protein sorting 18 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Vesicle mediated protein sorting plays an important role in segregation of intracellular molecules into distinct organelles. Genetic studies in yeast have identified more than 40 vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes involved in vesicle transport to vacuoles. This gene encodes the human homolog of yeast class C Vps18 protein. The mammalian class C Vps proteins are predominantly associated with late endosomes/lysosomes, and like their yeast counterparts, may mediate vesicle trafficking steps in the endosome/lysosome pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vacuolar protein sorting 11 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Vesicle mediated protein sorting plays an important role in segregation of intracellular molecules into distinct organelles. Genetic studies in yeast have identified more than 40 vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes involved in vesicle transport to vacuoles. This gene encodes the human homolog of yeast class C Vps11 protein. The mammalian class C Vps proteins are predominantly associated with late endosomes/lysosomes, and like their yeast counterparts, may mediate vesicle trafficking steps in the endosome/lysosome pathway. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

eva-1 homolog C (C. elegans) pseudogene

v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1

This gene encodes one of the three members of the human AKT serine-threonine protein kinase family which are often referred to as protein kinase B alpha, beta, and gamma. These highly similar AKT proteins all have an N-terminal pleckstrin homology domain, a serine/threonine-specific kinase domain and a C-terminal regulatory domain. These proteins are phosphorylated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). AKT/PI3K forms a key component of many signalling pathways that involve the binding of membrane-bound ligands such as receptor tyrosine kinases, G-protein coupled receptors, and integrin-linked kinase. These AKT proteins therefore regulate a wide variety of cellular functions including cell proliferation, survival, metabolism, and angiogenesis in both normal and malignant cells. AKT proteins are recruited to the cell membrane by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) after phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by PI3K. Subsequent phosphorylation of both threonine residue 308 and serine residue 473 is required for full activation of the AKT1 protein encoded by this gene. Phosphorylation of additional residues also occurs, for example, in response to insulin growth factor-1 and epidermal growth factor. Protein phosphatases act as negative regulators of AKT proteins by dephosphorylating AKT or PIP3. The PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is crucial for tumor cell survival. Survival factors can suppress apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner by activating AKT1 which then phosphorylates and inactivates components of the apoptotic machinery. AKT proteins also participate in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway which controls the assembly of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4E) complex and this pathway, in addition to responding to extracellular signals from growth factors and cytokines, is disregulated in many cancers. Mutations in this gene are associated with multiple types of cancer and excessive tissue growth including Proteus syndrome and Cowden syndrome 6, and breast, colorectal, and ovarian cancers. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2

This gene is a putative oncogene encoding a protein belonging to a subfamily of serine/threonine kinases containing SH2-like (Src homology 2-like) domains, which is involved in signaling pathways. The gene serves as an oncogene in the tumorigenesis of cancer cells For example, its overexpression contributes to the malignant phenotype of a subset of human ductal pancreatic cancers. The encoded protein is a general protein kinase capable of phophorylating several known proteins, and has also been implicated in insulin signaling. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2019]

v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the AKT, also called PKB, serine/threonine protein kinase family. AKT kinases are known to be regulators of cell signaling in response to insulin and growth factors. They are involved in a wide variety of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, as well as glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake. This kinase has been shown to be stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Alternatively splice transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 homolog (yeast)-like

Predicted to enable mitochondrion targeting sequence binding activity. Predicted to contribute to protein transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix and tRNA import into mitochondrion. Predicted to be located in mitochondrial outer membrane. Predicted to be part of mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

asp (abnormal spindle) homolog, microcephaly associated (Drosophila)

This gene is the human ortholog of the Drosophila melanogaster 'abnormal spindle' gene (asp), which is essential for normal mitotic spindle function in embryonic neuroblasts. Studies in mouse also suggest a role of this gene in mitotic spindle regulation, with a preferential role in regulating neurogenesis. Mutations in this gene are associated with microcephaly primary type 5. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 7 pseudogene

ras homolog family member A pseudogene

unc-13 homolog D (C. elegans)

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the UNC13 family, containing similar domain structure as other family members but lacking an N-terminal phorbol ester-binding C1 domain present in other Munc13 proteins. The protein appears to play a role in vesicle maturation during exocytosis and is involved in regulation of cytolytic granules secretion. Mutations in this gene are associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 3, a genetically heterogeneous, rare autosomal recessive disorder. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

unc-13 homolog B (C. elegans)

This gene is expressed in the kidney cortical epithelial cells and is upregulated by hyperglycemia. The encoded protein shares a high level of similarity to the rat homolog, and contains 3 C2 domains and a diacylglycerol-binding C1 domain. Hyperglycemia increases the levels of diacylglycerol, which has been shown to induce apoptosis in cells transfected with this gene and thus contribute to the renal cell complications of hyperglycemia. Studies in other species also indicate a role for this protein in the priming step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

unc-13 homolog C (C. elegans)

Predicted to enable calmodulin binding activity and syntaxin-1 binding activity. Predicted to be involved in glutamatergic synaptic transmission and regulated exocytosis. Predicted to be located in presynaptic active zone. Predicted to be active in several cellular components, including axon terminus; parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse; and synaptic vesicle membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ariadne homolog 2 opposite strand

Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

SLU7 splicing factor homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Pre-mRNA splicing occurs in two sequential transesterification steps. The protein encoded by this gene is a splicing factor that has been found to be essential during the second catalytic step in the pre-mRNA splicing process. It associates with the spliceosome and contains a zinc knuckle motif that is found in other splicing factors and is involved in protein-nucleic acid and protein-protein interactions. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

eyes shut homolog (Drosophila)

The product of this gene contains multiple epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like and LamG domains. The protein is expressed in the photoreceptor layer of the retina, and the gene is mutated in autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

LSM7 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

Sm-like proteins were identified in a variety of organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family (see SNRPD2; MIM 601061). Sm-like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif, which consists of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length that folds as a loop. The Sm-like proteins are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are important for pre-mRNA splicing.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

LSM2 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a member of the LSm family of RNA-binding proteins. LSm proteins form stable heteromers that bind specifically to the 3'-terminal oligo(U) tract of U6 snRNA and may play a role in pre-mRNA splicing by mediating U4/U6 snRNP formation. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on the short arm of chromosomes 6 and 19. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

Sec23 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SEC23 subfamily of the SEC23/SEC24 family. It is part of a protein complex and found in the ribosome-free transitional face of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and associated vesicles. This protein has similarity to yeast Sec23p component of COPII. COPII is the coat protein complex responsible for vesicle budding from the ER. The encoded protein is suggested to play a role in the ER-Golgi protein trafficking. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Sec23 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SEC23 subfamily of the SEC23/SEC24 family, which is involved in vesicle trafficking. The encoded protein has similarity to yeast Sec23p component of COPII. COPII is the coat protein complex responsible for vesicle budding from the ER. The function of this gene product has been implicated in cargo selection and concentration. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified in this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 1 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes an evolutionarily-conserved protein containing an N-terminal chromodomain and a C-terminal SET domain. The encoded protein is a histone methyltransferase that trimethylates lysine 9 of histone H3, which results in transcriptional gene silencing. Loss of function of this gene disrupts heterochromatin formation and may cause chromosome instability. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 2 (Drosophila)

Enables cation binding activity; histone H3K9 methyltransferase activity; and ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in epigenetic programming in the zygotic pronuclei. Acts upstream of or within cellular response to hypoxia and negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in chromatin. Is active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 8 pseudogene 1

synapse defective 1, Rho GTPase, homolog 2 (C. elegans)

Predicted to enable GTPase activator activity. Acts upstream of or within cell migration. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in synaptic membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

synapse defective 1, Rho GTPase, homolog 1 (C. elegans)

The protein encoded by this gene is a Rho GTPase-activating protein highly expressed in placenta. The encoded protein is involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and trophoblast cell migration. Decreased expression of this gene has been associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

protein PAT1 homolog 1-like

tRNA methyltransferase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

mRNA turnover 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

rRNA-processing protein FCF1 homolog pseudogene

sex comb on midleg homolog 1 (Drosophila)

Predicted to enable chromatin binding activity and histone binding activity. Predicted to be involved in heterochromatin formation and negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to act upstream of or within anterior/posterior pattern specification; chromatin remodeling; and spermatogenesis. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nanos homolog 1 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a CCHC-type zinc finger protein that is a member of the nanos family. This protein co-localizes with the RNA-binding protein pumilio RNA-binding family member 2 and may be involved in regulating translation as a post-transcriptional repressor. Mutations in this gene are associated with spermatogenic impairment. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

nanos homolog 3 (Drosophila)

Enables enzyme activator activity. Involved in germ cell development; mRNA destabilization; and negative regulation of translation. Located in cytosol; nucleoplasm; and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nanos homolog 2 (Drosophila)

Enables enzyme activator activity. Involved in mRNA destabilization and negative regulation of translation. Located in nucleus and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cell division cycle 27 homolog pseudogene

prickle homolog 1 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a nuclear receptor that may be a negative regulator of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. The encoded protein localizes to the nuclear membrane and has been implicated in the nuclear trafficking of the transcription repressors REST/NRSF and REST4. Mutations in this gene have been linked to progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 3. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

prickle homolog 2 (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a homolog of Drosophila prickle. The exact function of this gene is not known, however, studies in mice suggest that it may be involved in seizure prevention. Mutations in this gene are associated with progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 5. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

prickle homolog 3 (Drosophila)

LIM domain only 6 is a three LIM domain-containing protein. The LIM domain is a cysteine-rich sequence motif that binds zinc atoms to form a specific protein-binding interface for protein-protein interactions. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

prickle homolog 4 (Drosophila)

C6ORF49 is a member of the LIM domain protein family (Teufel et al., 2005 [PubMed 15702247]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

radial spoke head 6 homolog A (Chlamydomonas)

The protein encoded by this gene is similar to a sea urchin radial spoke head protein. Radial spoke protein complexes form part of the axoneme of eukaryotic flagella and are located between the axoneme's outer ring of doublet microtubules and central pair of microtubules. In Chlamydomonas, radial spoke proteins are thought to regulate the activity of dynein and the symmetry of flagellar bending patterns. This gene maps to a region of chromosome 19 that is linked to primary ciliary dyskinesia-2 (CILD2). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tRNA methyltransferase 12 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Wybutosine (yW) is a hypermodified guanosine at the 3-prime position adjacent to the anticodon of phenylalanine tRNA that stabilizes codon-anticodon interactions during decoding on the ribosome. TRMT12 is the human homolog of a yeast gene essential for yW synthesis (Noma and Suzuki, 2006).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

VPS33B interacting protein, apical-basolateral polarity regulator, spe-39 homolog

Involved in endosome to lysosome transport and intracellular protein transport. Acts upstream of or within collagen metabolic process and peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation. Located in Golgi apparatus and endosome. Part of endosome and vesicle tethering complex. Implicated in arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction, and cholestasis 2. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transport and golgi organization 6 homolog (Drosophila)

Predicted to be involved in protein secretion. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transport and golgi organization 2 homolog (Drosophila)

This gene belongs to the transport and Golgi organization family, whose members are predicted to play roles in secretory protein loading in the endoplasmic reticulum. Depletion of this gene in Drosophila S2 cells causes fusion of the Golgi with the ER. In mouse tissue culture cells, this protein co-localizes with a mitochondrially targeted mCherry protein and displays very low levels of co-localization with Golgi and peroxisomes. Allelic variants of this gene are associated with rhabdomyolysis, metabolic crises with encephalopathy, and cardiac arrhythmia. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

ras homolog family member Q

This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape, attachment, and motility. The encoded protein is an important signalling protein for sarcomere assembly and has been shown to play a significant role in the exocytosis of the solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4 and other proteins, possibly acting as the signal that turns on the membrane fusion machinery. Three related pseudogene have been identified on chromosomes 2 and 14. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ras homolog family member F (in filopodia)

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity; GTPase activity; and protein kinase binding activity. Involved in actin filament organization. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

seizure related 6 homolog (mouse)

The protein encoded by this gene is thought to contain five cysteine-rich motifs that are similar to sushi domains, as well as two domains similar to the amino terminal half of the CUB (for complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1) domain. Mutations in this gene have been associated with febrile seizures. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

REX1, RNA exonuclease 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like 1, pseudogene

Predicted to enable exonuclease activity. Predicted to be involved in rRNA 3'-end processing. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 1 pseudogene 1

alkB, alkylation repair homolog 4 (E. coli)

Enables 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity and actin binding activity. Involved in actomyosin structure organization and cleavage furrow ingression. Located in contractile ring and midbody. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 6 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 7 pseudogene

glyoxylate reductase 1 homolog (Arabidopsis)

Enables several functions, including chromatin-protein adaptor activity; methylated histone binding activity; and nucleosome binding activity. Involved in transcription elongation-coupled chromatin remodeling and transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of nucleosome. Is active in chromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nucleolar complex associated 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

cutA divalent cation tolerance homolog (E. coli)

Enables enzyme binding activity. Involved in protein localization. Located in membrane and mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ras homolog family member Q pseudogene 1

ras homolog family member Q pseudogene 2

ras homolog family member Q pseudogene 3

coenzyme Q10 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable ubiquinone binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular respiration. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

coenzyme Q10 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable ubiquinone binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cellular respiration. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

roundabout, axon guidance receptor, homolog 1 (Drosophila)

Bilateral symmetric nervous systems have special midline structures that establish a partition between the two mirror image halves. Some axons project toward and across the midline in response to long-range chemoattractants emanating from the midline. The product of this gene is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and encodes an integral membrane protein that functions in axon guidance and neuronal precursor cell migration. This receptor is activated by SLIT-family proteins, resulting in a repulsive effect on glioma cell guidance in the developing brain. A related gene is located at an adjacent region on chromosome 3. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

roundabout, axon guidance receptor, homolog 3 (Drosophila)

This gene is a member of the Roundabout (ROBO) gene family that controls neurite outgrowth, growth cone guidance, and axon fasciculation. ROBO proteins are a subfamily of the immunoglobulin transmembrane receptor superfamily. SLIT proteins 1-3, a family of secreted chemorepellants, are ligands for ROBO proteins and SLIT/ROBO interactions regulate myogenesis, leukocyte migration, kidney morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis in addition to neurogenesis. This gene, ROBO3, has a putative extracellular domain with five immunoglobulin (Ig)-like loops and three fibronectin (Fn) type III motifs, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tail with three conserved signaling motifs: CC0, CC2, and CC3 (CC for conserved cytoplasmic). Unlike other ROBO family members, ROBO3 lacks motif CC1. The ROBO3 gene regulates axonal navigation at the ventral midline of the neural tube. In mouse, loss of Robo3 results in a complete failure of commissural axons to cross the midline throughout the spinal cord and the hindbrain. Mutations ROBO3 result in horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS); an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital absence of horizontal gaze, progressive scoliosis, and failure of the corticospinal and somatosensory axon tracts to cross the midline in the medulla. [provided by RefSeq, May 2019]

roundabout, axon guidance receptor, homolog 4 (Drosophila)

Predicted to enable cell-cell adhesion mediator activity. Involved in establishment of endothelial barrier. Located in extracellular exosome. Implicated in aortic valve disease 3. Biomarker of pre-eclampsia and thyroid gland carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nipsnap homolog 3A (C. elegans)

NIPSNAP3A belongs to a family of proteins with putative roles in vesicular transport (Buechler et al., 2004 [PubMed 15177564]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

nipsnap homolog 3B (C. elegans)

NIPSNAP3B belongs to a family of proteins with putative roles in vesicular trafficking (Buechler et al., 2004 [PubMed 15177564]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

NSA2 ribosome biogenesis homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

pseudouridylate synthase 7 homolog (S. cerevisiae)-like

Enables pseudouridine synthase activity. Involved in mRNA pseudouridine synthesis. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

suppressor of Ty 6 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables histone binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II and transcription elongation-coupled chromatin remodeling. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be part of transcription elongation factor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

enabled homolog (Drosophila)

This gene encodes a member of the enabled/ vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein. Members of this gene family are involved in actin-based motility. This protein is involved in regulating the assembly of actin filaments and modulates cell adhesion and motility. Alternate splice variants of this gene have been correlated with tumor invasiveness in certain tissues and these variants may serve as prognostic markers. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 3. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 5 beta

This gene encodes a member of the DNAJ heat shock protein 40 family of co-chaperone proteins that is characterized by an N-terminal DNAJ domain, a linker region, and a cysteine-rich C-terminal domain. The encoded protein, together with heat shock protein 70, is thought to regulate the proper folding of other proteins. The orthologous mouse protein is membrane-associated and is targeted to the trans-golgi network. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 5 gamma

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog 2 pseudogene

mutY homolog

This gene encodes a DNA glycosylase involved in oxidative DNA damage repair. The enzyme excises adenine bases from the DNA backbone at sites where adenine is inappropriately paired with guanine, cytosine, or 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine, a major oxidatively damaged DNA lesion. The protein is localized to the nucleus and mitochondria. This gene product is thought to play a role in signaling apoptosis by the introduction of single-strand breaks following oxidative damage. Mutations in this gene result in heritable predisposition to colorectal cancer, termed MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

denticleless E3 ubiquitin protein ligase homolog (Drosophila)

Contributes to ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in several processes, including protein ubiquitination; regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle; and translesion synthesis. Located in centrosome; cytosol; and nuclear lumen. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and Cul4B-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mago-nashi homolog 2, pseudogene

Ras-homolog enriched in brain pseudogene 1

Ras-homolog enriched in brain pseudogene 3

Ras-homolog enriched in brain pseudogene 2

RFT1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes an enzyme which catalyzes the translocation of the Man(5)GlcNAc (2)-PP-Dol intermediate from the cytoplasmic to the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in the pathway for the N-glycosylation of proteins. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital disorder of glycosylation type In.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

RRN3 RNA polymerase I transcription factor homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA polymerase I core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding activity and RNA polymerase I general transcription initiation factor activity. Involved in transcription initiation at RNA polymerase I promoter. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (FUR1) homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, which catalyzes the conversion of uracil and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-R-diphosphate to uridine monophosphate (UMP). This reaction is an important part of nucleotide metabolism, specifically the pyrimidine salvage pathway. The enzyme localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm. The protein is a potential target for rational design of drugs to treat parasitic infections and cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

isoamyl acetate-hydrolyzing esterase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in lipid catabolic process. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia (trithorax homolog, Drosophila); translocated to, 10

This gene encodes a transcription factor and has been identified as a partner gene involved in several chromosomal rearrangements resulting in various leukemias. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia (trithorax homolog, Drosophila); translocated to, 11

The gene variously symbolized ALL1, HRX, or MLL located on 11q23 has been demonstrated to be fused with a number of translocation partners in cases of leukemia. t(1;11)(q21;q23) translocations that fused the MLL gene to a gene on chromosomal band 1q21 in 2 infants with acute myelomonocytic leukemia have been demonstrated. The N-terminal portion of the MLL gene is critical for leukemogenesis in translocations involving band 11q23. This gene encodes 90 amino acids. It was found to be highly expressed in the thymus but not in peripheral lymphoid tissues. In contrast to its restricted distribution in normal hematopoietic tissue, this gene was expressed in all leukemic cell lines tested. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 5 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 7 pseudogene

headcase homolog (Drosophila)

This gene encodes the homolog of the Drosophila headcase protein, a highly basic, cytoplasmic protein that regulates the re-entry of imaginal cells into the mitotic cycle during adult morphogenesis. In Drosophila, the encoded protein also inhibits terminal branching of neighboring cells during tracheal development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ARV1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

this gene encodes a transmembrane protein that contains a conserved zinc ribbon motif at the N- terminus. A similar protein in mouse is thought to function in fatty acid homeostasis. Mutations in this gene are associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 38. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

antagonist of mitotic exit network 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be part of SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. Predicted to be active in microvillus membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein enabled homolog

WAS protein homolog associated with actin, golgi membranes and microtubules pseudogene

RAD23 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is one of two human homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad23, a protein involved in the nucleotide excision repair (NER). This protein was found to be a component of the protein complex that specifically complements the NER defect of xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XP-c) cell extracts in vitro. This protein was also shown to interact with, and elevate the nucleotide excision activity of 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), which suggested a role in DNA damage recognition in base excision repair. This protein contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain, which was reported to interact with 26S proteasome, and thus this protein may be involved in the ubiquitin mediated proteolytic pathway in cells. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

RAD23 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is one of two human homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad23, a protein involved in nucleotide excision repair. Proteins in this family have a modular domain structure consisting of an ubiquitin-like domain (UbL), ubiquitin-associated domain 1 (UbA1), XPC-binding domain and UbA2. The protein encoded by this gene plays an important role in nucleotide excision repair and also in delivery of polyubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23 homolog (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene is part of a complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that mediates the transport of transit peptide-containing proteins across the membrane. Multiple transcript variants, one protein-coding and others not protein-coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 22 homolog (yeast)

Multipass transmembrane proteins are brought into mitochondria and inserted into the mitochondrial inner membrane by way of the TIM22 complex. This complex has six subunits and is a twin-pore translocase. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of TIM22 and represents the voltage-activated and signal-gated channel. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

meiosis-specific 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in meiosis I cell cycle process; oogenesis; and spermatogenesis. Predicted to be located in chromosome. Predicted to be active in lateral element. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

UPF3 regulator of nonsense transcripts homolog B (yeast) pseudogene

v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog-like 1

Enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog-like 2

The protein encoded by this gene, a member of the MYB family of transcription factor genes, is a nuclear protein involved in cell cycle progression. The encoded protein is phosphorylated by cyclin A/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 during the S-phase of the cell cycle and possesses both activator and repressor activities. It has been shown to activate the cell division cycle 2, cyclin D1, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 genes. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 6

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 7

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 4

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 3

tRNA methyltransferase 11-2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

IST1 homolog

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 17 homolog B (yeast)

This gene encodes a multipass transmembrane protein that forms an integral component of the mitochondrial translocase TIM23 complex. This complex facilitates the transport of mitochondrial proteins from the cytosol across the mitochondrial inner membrane and into the mitochondrion. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 17 homolog A (yeast)

Predicted to contribute to protein transmembrane transporter activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into mitochondrial matrix. Located in mitochondrial inner membrane and nucleoplasm. Part of TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

uncharacterized protein C12orf29 homolog

SWT1 RNA endoribonuclease homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

translation machinery associated 7 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

mutL homolog 3

This gene is a member of the MutL-homolog (MLH) family of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. MLH genes are implicated in maintaining genomic integrity during DNA replication and after meiotic recombination. The protein encoded by this gene functions as a heterodimer with other family members. Somatic mutations in this gene frequently occur in tumors exhibiting microsatellite instability, and germline mutations have been linked to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer type 7 (HNPCC7). Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified, but the full-length nature of only two transcript variants has been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

mutL homolog 1

The protein encoded by this gene can heterodimerize with mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2 to form MutL alpha, part of the DNA mismatch repair system. When MutL alpha is bound by MutS beta and some accessory proteins, the PMS2 subunit of MutL alpha introduces a single-strand break near DNA mismatches, providing an entry point for exonuclease degradation. The encoded protein is also involved in DNA damage signaling and can heterodimerize with DNA mismatch repair protein MLH3 to form MutL gamma, which is involved in meiosis. This gene was identified as a locus frequently mutated in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 7 pseudogene

WEE1 homolog 2 (S. pombe)

Predicted to enable protein tyrosine kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including female pronucleus assembly; negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity; and regulation of meiotic cell cycle. Located in cytosol; nucleoplasm; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 8

Enables Hsp70 protein binding activity. Located in cytosol; intercellular bridge; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 9

Enables heat shock protein binding activity; histone binding activity; and protein-folding chaperone binding activity. Involved in nucleosome assembly and positive regulation of ATP-dependent activity. Located in several cellular components, including cytosol; extracellular space; and nucleoplasm. Part of protein folding chaperone complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 4

Predicted to enable unfolded protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein folding and response to unfolded protein. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 5

This gene is a member of the J protein family. J proteins function in many cellular processes by regulating the ATPase activity of 70 kDa heat shock proteins. The encoded protein plays a role in membrane trafficking and protein folding, and has been shown to have anti-neurodegenerative properties. The encoded protein is known to play a role in cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 8. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 6

DNAJC6 belongs to the evolutionarily conserved DNAJ/HSP40 family of proteins, which regulate molecular chaperone activity by stimulating ATPase activity. DNAJ proteins may have up to 3 distinct domains: a conserved 70-amino acid J domain, usually at the N terminus, a glycine/phenylalanine (G/F)-rich region, and a cysteine-rich domain containing 4 motifs resembling a zinc finger domain (Ohtsuka and Hata, 2000 [PubMed 11147971]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 7

This gene encodes a member of the DNAJ heat shock protein 40 family of proteins that is characterized by two N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat domains and a C-terminal DNAJ domain. This protein binds the chaperone proteins heat shock proteins 70 and 90 in an ATP-dependent manner and may function as a co-chaperone. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 1 and 6. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 2

This gene is a member of the M-phase phosphoprotein (MPP) family. The gene encodes a phosphoprotein with a J domain and a Myb DNA-binding domain which localizes to both the nucleus and the cytosol. The protein is capable of forming a heterodimeric complex that associates with ribosomes, acting as a molecular chaperone for nascent polypeptide chains as they exit the ribosome. This protein was identified as a leukemia-associated antigen and expression of the gene is upregulated in leukemic blasts. Also, chromosomal aberrations involving this gene are associated with primary head and neck squamous cell tumors. This gene has a pseudogene on chromosome 6. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 3

This gene encodes a protein with multiple tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs as well as the highly conserved J domain found in DNAJ chaperone family members. It is a member of the tetratricopeptide repeat family of proteins and acts as an inhibitor of the interferon-induced, dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

PET117 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to be involved in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly. Located in mitochondrion. Implicated in mitochondrial complex IV deficiency nuclear type 19. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

notch homolog 2 N-terminal-like protein

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in nervous system development. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 5 pseudogene 1

non-SMC element 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables protein dimerization activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in DNA damage response. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of Smc5-Smc6 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

non-SMC element 2, MMS21 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a member of a family of E3 small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) ligases that mediates the attachment of a SUMO protein to proteins involved in nuclear transport, transcription, chromosome segregation and DNA repair. The encoded protein is part of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) 5/6 complex which plays a key role genome maintenance, facilitating chromosome segregation and suppressing mitotic recombination. A knockout of the orthologous mouse gene is lethal prior to embryonic day 10.5. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene, that abolish the SUMO ligase activity, are associated with primordial dwarfism and extreme insulin resistance. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

REX4, RNA exonuclease 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

vacuolar protein sorting 45 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Vesicle mediated protein sorting plays an important role in segregation of intracellular molecules into distinct organelles. Genetic studies in yeast have identified more than 40 vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes involved in vesicle transport to vacuoles. This gene is a member of the Sec1 domain family, and shows a high degree of sequence similarity to mouse, rat and yeast Vps45. The exact function of this gene is not known, but its high expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells suggests a role in trafficking proteins, including inflammatory mediators. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

vacuolar protein sorting 41 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Vesicle mediated protein sorting plays an important role in segregation of intracellular molecules into distinct organelles. Genetic studies in yeast have identified more than 40 vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes involved in vesicle transport to vacuoles. This gene encodes the human ortholog of yeast Vps41 protein which is also conserved in Drosophila, tomato, and Arabidopsis. Expression studies in yeast and human indicate that this protein may be involved in the formation and fusion of transport vesicles from the Golgi. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene, however, the full-length nature of not all is known. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vacuolar protein sorting 4 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the AAA protein family (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities), and is the homolog of the yeast Vps4 protein. In humans, two paralogs of the yeast protein have been identified. The former share a high degree of aa sequence similarity with each other, and also with yeast Vps4 and mouse Skd1 proteins. The mouse Skd1 (suppressor of K+ transport defect 1) has been shown to be really an yeast Vps4 ortholog. Functional studies indicate that both human paralogs associate with the endosomal compartments, and are involved in intracellular protein trafficking, similar to Vps4 protein in yeast. The gene encoding this paralog has been mapped to chromosome 16; the gene for the other resides on chromosome 18. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vacuolar protein sorting 4 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the AAA protein family (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities), and is the homolog of the yeast Vps4 protein. In humans, two paralogs of the yeast protein have been identified. The former share a high degree of aa sequence similarity with each other, and also with yeast Vps4 and mouse Skd1 proteins. Mouse Skd1 (suppressor of K+ transport defect 1) has been shown to be a yeast Vps4 ortholog. Functional studies indicate that both human paralogs associate with the endosomal compartments, and are involved in intracellular protein trafficking, similar to Vps4 protein in yeast. The gene encoding this paralog has been mapped to chromosome 18; the gene for the other resides on chromosome 16. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

protein SPT2 homolog

ribosomal RNA processing 36 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

RRP36 functions at an early stage in the processing of 35S preribosomal RNA into the mature 18S species (Gerus et al., 2010 [PubMed 20038530]).[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2010]

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 3 pseudogene

related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog 2 pseudogene

intraflagellar transport 122 homolog (Chlamydomonas) pseudogene

required for meiotic nuclear division 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

extra spindle pole bodies homolog 1 (S. cerevisiae)

Stable cohesion between sister chromatids before anaphase and their timely separation during anaphase are critical for chromosome inheritance. In vertebrates, sister chromatid cohesion is released in 2 steps via distinct mechanisms. The first step involves phosphorylation of STAG1 (MIM 604358) or STAG2 (MIM 300826) in the cohesin complex. The second step involves cleavage of the cohesin subunit SCC1 (RAD21; MIM 606462) by ESPL1, or separase, which initiates the final separation of sister chromatids (Sun et al., 2009 [PubMed 19345191]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]

phosphatase and tensin homolog

This gene was identified as a tumor suppressor that is mutated in a large number of cancers at high frequency. The protein encoded by this gene is a phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase. It contains a tensin like domain as well as a catalytic domain similar to that of the dual specificity protein tyrosine phosphatases. Unlike most of the protein tyrosine phosphatases, this protein preferentially dephosphorylates phosphoinositide substrates. It negatively regulates intracellular levels of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate in cells and functions as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating AKT/PKB signaling pathway. The use of a non-canonical (CUG) upstream initiation site produces a longer isoform that initiates translation with a leucine, and is thought to be preferentially associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane. This longer isoform may help regulate energy metabolism in the mitochondria. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 9. Alternative splicing and the use of multiple translation start codons results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2015]

LSM14B, SCD6 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including maternal mRNA clearance; meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation; and ovarian follicle development. Predicted to be located in cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule. Predicted to be part of ribonucleoprotein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

LSM14A, SCD6 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)

Sm-like proteins were identified in a variety of organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family (see SNRPD2; 601061). Sm-like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif, which consists of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length that folds as a loop. The Sm-like proteins are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are important for pre-mRNA splicing.[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

protein associated with topoisomerase II homolog 1 (yeast) pseudogene

coenzyme Q10 homolog B pseudogene 2

uncharacterized protein C16orf52 homolog B

myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia (trithorax homolog, Drosophila); translocated to, 4

This gene encodes a multi-domain protein involved in signaling and organization of cell junctions during embryogenesis. It has also been identified as the fusion partner of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL-1) gene, involved in acute myeloid leukemias with t(6;11)(q27;q23) translocation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene, however, not all have been fully characterized.[provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia (trithorax homolog, Drosophila); translocated to, 6

Enables histone binding activity and nucleosome binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including renal potassium excretion; renal sodium excretion; and renal water absorption. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia (trithorax homolog, Drosophila); translocated to, 1

Predicted to enable chromatin binding activity and lysine-acetylated histone binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of protein kinase activity. Located in cytosol; fibrillar center; and nucleoplasm. Part of transcription elongation factor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia (trithorax homolog, Drosophila); translocated to, 3

Enables chromatin binding activity; lysine-acetylated histone binding activity; and molecular adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including hematopoietic stem cell differentiation; positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and regulation of stem cell division. Acts upstream of or within negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway and positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of transcription elongation factor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 5 pseudogene 1

NSA2 ribosome biogenesis homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 5 homolog (yeast) pseudogene

transducin-like enhancer of split 1 (E(sp1) homolog, Drosophila)

Enables DNA-binding transcription factor binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and transcription corepressor activity. Involved in negative regulation of anoikis; negative regulation of signal transduction; and regulation of gene expression. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of beta-catenin-TCF complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

protein LLP homolog

REX1, RNA exonuclease 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable exonuclease activity. Predicted to be involved in rRNA 3'-end processing. Located in nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

REX4, RNA exonuclease 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables DNA binding activity and nuclease activity. Involved in DNA catabolic process and DNA repair. Located in nuclear speck and nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TSR1, 20S rRNA accumulation, homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene