Harmonizome 3.0

ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear protein which is involved in cell-cycle regulation. The encoded protein is a ubiquitin-ligase capable of ubiquinating PCNP (PEST-containing nuclear protein), and together they may play a role in tumorigenesis. The encoded protein contains an NIRF_N domain, a PHD finger, a set- and ring-associated (SRA) domain, and a RING finger domain and several of these domains have been shown to be essential for the regulation of cell proliferation. This protein may also have a role in intranuclear degradation of polyglutamine aggregates. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants some of which are non-protein coding. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

listerin E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Like most RING finger proteins, LTN1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Chu et al., 2009 [PubMed 19196968]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]

itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases. HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases transfer ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to protein substrates, thus targeting specific proteins for lysosomal degradation. The encoded protein plays a role in multiple cellular processes including erythroid and lymphoid cell differentiation and the regulation of immune responses. Mutations in this gene are a cause of syndromic multisystem autoimmune disease. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

ring finger and FYVE-like domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables enzyme binding activity; p53 binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity; negative regulation of signal transduction; and protein K48-linked ubiquitination. Located in endosome membrane and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 10, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH10 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Morokuma et al., 2007 [PubMed 17604280]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

Cbl proto-oncogene-like 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-ligase for the E-cadherin complex and mediates its ubiquitination, endocytosis, and degradation in the lysosomes. The encoded protein contains a RING-finger domain and is also thought to have a role in control of cell proliferation. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome X. Alternative splicing results in a non-coding transcript variant. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of E3 ligases, which play an important role in protein ubiquitination. The encoded protein contains four WW domains and may play a role in multiple processes including chondrogenesis and the regulation of oncogenic signaling pathways via interactions with Smad proteins and the tumor suppressor PTEN. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 10. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

WW domain-containing proteins are found in all eukaryotes and play an important role in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular functions such as protein degradation, transcription, and RNA splicing. This gene encodes a protein which contains 4 tandem WW domains and a HECT (homologous to the E6-associated protein carboxyl terminus) domain. The encoded protein belongs to a family of NEDD4-like proteins, which are E3 ubiquitin-ligase molecules and regulate key trafficking decisions, including targeting of proteins to proteosomes or lysosomes. Alternative splicing of this gene generates at least 6 transcript variants; however, the full length nature of these transcripts has not been defined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a HECT domain and ankyrin repeat-containing ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein is involved in specific tagging of target proteins, leading to their subcellular localization or proteasomal degradation. The protein is a potential tumor suppressor and is involved in the pathophysiology of several tumors, including Wilm's tumor. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING1-like

ligand of numb-protein X 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 1

This gen encodes a member of the HERC protein family. This protein stimulates guanine nucleotide exchange on ARF1 and Rab proteins. This protein may be involved in membrane transport processes. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3

This gene encodes a member the HERC ubiquitin ligase family. The encoded protein is located in the cytosol and binds ubiquitin via a HECT domain. Mutations in this gene have been associated with colorectal and gastric carcinomas. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene belongs to the HERC gene family that encodes a group of unusually large proteins, which contain multiple structural domains. All members have at least 1 copy of an N-terminal region showing homology to the cell cycle regulator RCC1 and a C-terminal HECT (homologous to E6-AP C terminus) domain found in a number of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases. Genetic variations in this gene are associated with skin/hair/eye pigmentation variability. Multiple pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 15 and 16. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5

This gene is a member of the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases and encodes a protein with a HECT domain and five RCC1 repeats. Pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulate expression of this gene in endothelial cells. The protein localizes to the cytoplasm and perinuclear region and functions as an interferon-induced E3 protein ligase that mediates ISGylation of protein targets. The protein also acts as a modulator of the antiviral immune response. The gene lies in a cluster of HERC family genes on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2021]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4

HERC4 belongs to the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases, all of which contain a HECT domain and at least 1 RCC1 (MIM 179710)-like domain (RLD). The 350-amino acid HECT domain is predicted to catalyze the formation of a thioester with ubiquitin before transferring it to a substrate, and the RLD is predicted to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small G proteins (Hochrainer et al., 2005 [PubMed 15676274]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 6

HERC6 belongs to the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases, all of which contain a HECT domain and at least 1 RCC1 (MIM 179710)-like domain (RLD). The 350-amino acid HECT domain is predicted to catalyze the formation of a thioester with ubiquitin before transferring it to a substrate, and the RLD is predicted to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small G proteins (Hochrainer et al., 2005 [PubMed 15676274]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

MYC binding protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and member of the PHR (Phr1/MYCBP2, highwire and RPM-1) family of proteins. The encoded protein plays a role in axon guidance and synapse formation in the developing nervous system. In mammalian cells, this protein regulates the cAMP and mTOR signaling pathways, and may additionally regulate autophagy. Reduced expression of this gene has been observed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients and a mutation in this gene has been identified in patients with a rare inherited vision defect. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING2-like

ring finger protein 128, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a type I transmembrane protein that localizes to the endocytic pathway. This protein contains a RING zinc-finger motif and has been shown to possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Expression of this gene in retrovirally transduced T cell hybridoma significantly inhibits activation-induced IL2 and IL4 cytokine production. Induced expression of this gene was observed in anergic CD4(+) T cells, which suggested a role in the induction of anergic phenotype. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ring finger protein 125, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase that contains a RING finger domain in the N-terminus and three zinc-binding and one ubiquitin-interacting motif in the C-terminus. As a result of myristoylation, this protein associates with membranes and is primarily localized to intracellular membrane systems. The encoded protein may function as a positive regulator in the T-cell receptor signaling pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) family. The protein is an E3 ligase and is involved in ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of specific proteins. The activity of this ubiquitin ligase has been implicated in the development of certain forms of Parkinson's disease, the regulation of the cellular response to hypoxia and induction of apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in several additional transcript variants, some encoding different isoforms and others that have not been fully characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) family. The protein is an E3 ligase and is involved in ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of specific proteins. The activity of this ubiquitin ligase has been implicated in regulating cellular response to hypoxia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3

Predicted to enable ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion and regulation of protein stability. Located in mitochondrion and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a component of a ubiquitination complex. The encoded protein is involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF), which is a transcription factor that plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression by oxygen. In addition to oxygen-related gene expression, this protein plays a role in many other cellular processes including cilia formation, cytokine signaling, regulation of senescence, and formation of the extracellular matrix. Variants of this gene are associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, pheochromocytoma, erythrocytosis, renal cell carcinoma, and cerebellar hemangioblastoma. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2022]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

ubiquitin protein ligase E3B

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: E1 ubiquitin-activating enzymes, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. This gene encodes a member of the E3 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and transfers the ubiquitin to the targeted substrates. A HECT (homology to E6-AP C-terminus) domain in the C-terminus of the longer isoform of this protein is the catalytic site of ubiquitin transfer and forms a complex with E2 conjugases. Shorter isoforms of this protein which lack the C-terminal HECT domain are therefore unlikely to bind E2 enzymes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3C

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in protein K29-linked ubiquitination; protein K48-linked ubiquitination; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be part of proteasome complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3A

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, part of the ubiquitin protein degradation system. This imprinted gene is maternally expressed in brain and biallelically expressed in other tissues. Maternally inherited deletion of this gene causes Angelman Syndrome, characterized by severe motor and intellectual retardation, ataxia, hypotonia, epilepsy, absence of speech, and characteristic facies. The protein also interacts with the E6 protein of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, resulting in ubiquitination and proteolysis of tumor protein p53. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding three isoforms with different N-termini. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full length nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3D

Enables cyclin binding activity; ubiquitin protein ligase activity; and ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme binding activity. Involved in protein autoubiquitination; protein monoubiquitination; and protein polyubiquitination. Part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Is active in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

zinc and ring finger 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a role in neural-cell differentiation. Overexpression of this gene causes neurite-like elongation. The encoded protein contains both a zinc finger and a RING finger motif and is localized in the endosome/lysosome compartment, indicating that it may be involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein modification, and in synaptic vessicle membranes in neurons. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

zinc and ring finger 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane; nuclear lumen; and plasma membrane. Part of protein-containing complex. Is active in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 138, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

mahogunin ring finger 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in endosome to lysosome transport; negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; and protein monoubiquitination. Located in several cellular components, including early endosome; endoplasmic reticulum; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

checkpoint with forkhead and ring finger domains, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase required for the maintenance of the antephase checkpoint that regulates cell cycle entry into mitosis and, therefore, may play a key role in cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. The encoded protein has an N-terminal forkhead-associated domain, a central RING-finger domain, and a cysteine-rich C-terminal region. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

ring finger protein 19A, RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the ring between ring fingers (RBR) protein family, and the encoded protein contains two RING-finger motifs and an in between RING fingers motif. This protein is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is localized to Lewy bodies, and ubiquitylates synphilin-1, which is an interacting protein of alpha synuclein in neurons. The encoded protein may be involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that polyubiquitinates some proteins, tagging them for degradation. The encoded protein upregulates p53 in some cancer cells and may inhibit myelopoiesis. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, although the full-length nature of some of them have not been determined yet. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables enzyme binding activity; ubiquitin-protein transferase activity; and zinc ion binding activity. Involved in protein ubiquitination. Located in several cellular components, including Lewy body; cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex; and nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3A pseudogene 1

ubiquitin protein ligase E3A pseudogene 2

autocrine motility factor receptor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This locus encodes a glycosylated transmembrane receptor. Its ligand, autocrine motility factor, is a tumor motility-stimulating protein secreted by tumor cells. The encoded receptor is also a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family of proteins. It catalyzes ubiquitination and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of specific proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

Cbl proto-oncogene-like 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains 10 tandem leucine-rich repeats. This protein is an essential element of the cyclin A-CDK2 S-phase kinase. It specifically recognizes phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B, also referred to as p27 or KIP1) predominantly in S phase and interacts with S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1 or p19). In addition, this gene is established as a protooncogene causally involved in the pathogenesis of lymphomas. Alternative splicing of this gene generates three transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP pseudogene

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1B

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis. Located in actin cytoskeleton and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT, C2 and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of dendrite morphogenesis and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT, C2 and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a member of a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases which plays an important role in the proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural crest cells as a regulator of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)/Ret signaling. This gene also plays an important role in angiogenesis through stabilization of endothelial cell-to-cell junctions as a regulator of angiomotin-like 1 stability. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal calcium/lipid-binding (C2) domain involved in membrane targeting, two-four WW domains responsible for cellular localization and substrate recognition, and a C-terminal homologous with E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECT) catalytic domain. Naturally occurring mutations in this gene are associated with neurodevelopmental delay, hypotonia, and epilepsy. The decreased expression of this gene in the aganglionic colon is associated with Hirschsprung's disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2017]

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to a family of apoptotic suppressor proteins. Members of this family share a conserved motif termed, baculovirus IAP repeat, which is necessary for their anti-apoptotic function. This protein functions through binding to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors TRAF1 and TRAF2 and inhibits apoptosis induced by menadione, a potent inducer of free radicals, and interleukin 1-beta converting enzyme. This protein also inhibits at least two members of the caspase family of cell-death proteases, caspase-3 and caspase-7. Mutations in this gene are the cause of X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 2 and 11.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF12-B-like

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 3 (putative)

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including sensory perception of smell; suckling behavior; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the N-end rule pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within in utero embryonic development and olfactory behavior. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 2

Enables L-leucine binding activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to L-leucine; protein K63-linked ubiquitination; and regulation of signal transduction. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 1

The N-end rule pathway is one proteolytic pathway of the ubiquitin system. The recognition component of this pathway, encoded by this gene, binds to a destabilizing N-terminal residue of a substrate protein and participates in the formation of a substrate-linked multiubiquitin chain. This leads to the eventual degradation of the substrate protein. The protein described in this record has a RING-type zinc finger and a UBR-type zinc finger. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Johanson-Blizzard syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 7 (putative)

This gene encodes a UBR box-containing protein that belongs to the E3 ubiquitin ligase family. The protein also contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) in the C-terminus. In mammals, the encoded protein recognizes N-degrons, the destabilizing N-terminal residues of short-lived proteins, which results in ubiquitinylation, and proteolysis via the proteasome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 5

This gene encodes a progestin-induced protein, which belongs to the HECT (homology to E6-AP carboxyl terminus) family. The HECT family proteins function as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases, targeting specific proteins for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. This gene is localized to chromosome 8q22 which is disrupted in a variety of cancers. This gene potentially has a role in regulation of cell proliferation or differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 4

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with the retinoblastoma-associated protein in the nucleus and with calcium-bound calmodulin in the cytoplasm. The encoded protein appears to be a cytoskeletal component in the cytoplasm and part of the chromatin scaffold in the nucleus. In addition, this protein is a target of the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4-like, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Nedd4 family of HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases. HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases transfer ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to protein substrates, thus targeting specific proteins for lysosomal degradation. The encoded protein mediates the ubiquitination of multiple target substrates and plays a critical role in epithelial sodium transport by regulating the cell surface expression of the epithelial sodium channel, ENaC. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with essential hypertension. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

ring-box 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This locus encodes a RING finger-like domain-containing protein. The encoded protein interacts with cullin proteins and likely plays a role in ubiquitination processes necessary for cell cycle progression. This protein may also affect protein turnover. Related pseudogenes exist on chromosomes 2 and 5.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3 pseudogene

tripartite motif containing 71, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that binds with miRNAs and maintains the growth and upkeep of embryonic stem cells. This gene also is involved in the G1-S phase transition of the cell cycle. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

topoisomerase I binding, arginine/serine-rich, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear protein which is serine and arginine rich, and contains a RING-type zinc finger domain. It is highly expressed in the testis, and functions as an ubiquitin-protein E3 ligase. Mutations in this gene are associated with retinitis pigmentosa type 31. Alternatively spliced transcript variants, encoding different isoforms, have been observed for this locus. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

TNF receptor-associated factor 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) protein family. TRAF proteins are associated with, and mediate signal transduction from, members of the TNF receptor superfamily. This protein has an amino terminal RING domain which is followed by four zinc-finger motifs, a central coiled-coil region and a highly conserved carboxyl terminal domain, known as the TRAF-C domain and mediates signaling from members of the TNF receptor superfamily as well as the Toll/IL-1 family. Signals from receptors such as CD40, TNFSF11/RANCE and IL-1 have been shown to be mediated by this protein. This protein also interacts with various protein kinases including IRAK1/IRAK, SRC and PKCzeta, which provides a link between distinct signaling pathways. This protein functions as a signal transducer in the NF-kappaB pathway that activates IkappaB kinase (IKK) in response to proinflammatory cytokines. The interaction of this protein with UBE2N/UBC13, and UBE2V1/UEV1A, which are ubiquitin conjugating enzymes catalyzing the formation of polyubiquitin chains, has been found to be required for IKK activation by this protein. This protein also interacts with the transforming growth factor (TGF) beta receptor complex and is required for Smad-independent activation of the JNK and p38 kinases. The protein encoded by this gene is a key molecule in antiviral innate and antigen-specific immune responses. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2021]

TNF receptor-associated factor 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF; see MIM 191160) receptor-associated factors, such as TRAF7, are signal transducers for members of the TNF receptor superfamily (see MIM 191190). TRAFs are composed of an N-terminal cysteine/histidine-rich region containing zinc RING and/or zinc finger motifs; a coiled-coil (leucine zipper) motif; and a homologous region that defines the TRAF family, the TRAF domain, which is involved in self-association and receptor binding.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

ring finger protein 138, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 2

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine kinase and is part of some signal transduction cascades, including the ERK and JNK kinase pathways as well as the NF-kappa-B pathway. The encoded protein is activated by autophosphorylation and requires magnesium as a cofactor in phosphorylating other proteins. This protein has E3 ligase activity conferred by a plant homeodomain (PHD) in its N-terminus and phospho-kinase activity conferred by a kinase domain in its C-terminus. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 pseudogene 1

Cbl proto-oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene is a proto-oncogene that encodes a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein is one of the enzymes required for targeting substrates for degradation by the proteasome. This protein mediates the transfer of ubiquitin from ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) to specific substrates. This protein also contains an N-terminal phosphotyrosine binding domain that allows it to interact with numerous tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates and target them for proteasome degradation. As such it functions as a negative regulator of many signal transduction pathways. This gene has been found to be mutated or translocated in many cancers including acute myeloid leukaemia, and expansion of CGG repeats in the 5' UTR has been associated with Jacobsen syndrome. Mutations in this gene are also the cause of Noonan syndrome-like disorder. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

ring finger protein 34, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RINF finger, a motif known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. This protein interacts with DNAJA3/hTid-1, which is a DnaJ protein reported to function as a modulator of apoptosis. Overexpression of this gene in Hela cells was shown to confer the resistance to TNF-alpha induced apoptosis, suggesting an anti-apoptotic function of this protein. This protein can be cleaved by caspase-3 during the induction of apoptosis. This protein also targets p53 and phospho-p53 for degradation. Alternatively splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

ring finger protein 138, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger, a motif present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ring finger protein 8, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger motif and an FHA domain. This protein has been shown to interact with several class II ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2), including UBE2E1/UBCH6, UBE2E2, and UBE2E3, and may act as an ubiquitin ligase (E3) in the ubiquitination of certain nuclear proteins. This protein is also known to play a role in the DNA damage response and depletion of this protein causes cell growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

ring finger protein 5, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger, which is a motif known to be involved in protein-protein interactions. This protein is a membrane-bound ubiquitin ligase. It can regulate cell motility by targeting paxillin ubiquitination and altering the distribution and localization of paxillin in cytoplasm and cell focal adhesions. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

transmembrane protein 129, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in protein polyubiquitination; retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring-box 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

ring finger protein 5, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene 1

SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a ubiquitin ligase that is specific for receptor-regulated SMAD proteins in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. This protein plays a key roll in the regulation of cell motility, cell signalling, and cell polarity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

Enables SMAD binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nuclear speck. Part of ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MDM2 proto-oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a nuclear-localized E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein can promote tumor formation by targeting tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, for proteasomal degradation. This gene is itself transcriptionally-regulated by p53. Overexpression or amplification of this locus is detected in a variety of different cancers. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 2. Alternative splicing results in a multitude of transcript variants, many of which may be expressed only in tumor cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene was previously referred to as FBX30, and belongs to the Fbws class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains 7 tandem WD40 repeats. This protein binds directly to cyclin E and probably targets cyclin E for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Mutations in this gene are detected in ovarian and breast cancer cell lines, implicating the gene's potential role in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

G2/M-phase specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in apoptotic process and protein ubiquitination. Predicted to act upstream of or within blastocyst development; negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway; and protein polyubiquitination. Located in Golgi apparatus and cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

deltex 3 like, E3 ubiquitin ligase

Enables several functions, including STAT family protein binding activity; histone H4K91 ubiquitin ligase activity; and protein ADP-ribosyltransferase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of protein localization; protein ubiquitination; and regulation of macromolecule metabolic process. Located in several cellular components, including early endosome; lysosome; and nucleoplasm. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tripartite motif containing 72, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including plasma membrane repair; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein homooligomerization. Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway; negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway; and negative regulation of myotube differentiation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and sarcolemma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3

The protein encoded by this gene transfers ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to targeted substrates, leading to the degradation of those substrates. The encoded protein has been shown to transfer ubiquitin to TRIOBP to facilitate cell cycle progression, and to STX8. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4

Predicted to enable ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in glucose homeostasis and glucose metabolic process. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

Cbl proto-oncogene C, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the Cbl family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Cbl proteins play important roles in cell signaling through the ubiquitination and subsequent downregulation of tyrosine kinases. Expression of this gene may be restricted to epithelial cells, and alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

Cbl proto-oncogene B, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which promotes proteosome-mediated protein degradation by transferring ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to a substrate. The encoded protein is involved in the regulation of immune response by limiting T-cell receptor, B-cell receptor, and high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor activation. Studies in mouse suggest that this gene is involved in antifungal host defense and that its inhibition leads to increased fungal killing. Manipulation of this gene may be beneficial in implementing immunotherapies for a variety of conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and infections. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2017]

HECT domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including chordate embryonic development; circulatory system development; and protein ubiquitination. Predicted to be active in nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

praja ring finger 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an enzyme that has E2-dependent E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. This enzyme belongs to a class of ubiquitin ligases that include a RING finger motif, and it can interact with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5B. This gene is located in an area of chromosome X where several X-linked cognitive disability disorders have been associated, and it has also been found as part of a contiguous gene deletion associated with craniofrontonasal syndrome, though a direct link to any disorder has yet to be demonstrated. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

praja ring finger 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding activity; protein kinase A regulatory subunit binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; regulation of macrophage activation; and regulation of signal transduction. Located in cytoplasm; cytoskeleton; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 41, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein plays a role in type 1 cytokine receptor signaling by controlling the balance between JAK2-associated cytokine receptor degradation and ectodomain shedding. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 4, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH4 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH4 reduces surface accumulation of several membrane glycoproteins by directing them to the endosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH7 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH proteins add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of a family of membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin ligases containing RING-CH-type zinc finger motifs. Ubiquitination of type II deiodinase by the encoded protein is an important regulatory step in thyroid hormone signalling. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH1 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH proteins add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH1 downregulates the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules (see MIM 142880) and other glycoproteins by directing them to the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Thibodeau et al., 2008 [PubMed 18389477]; De Gassart et al., 2008 [PubMed 18305173]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 3, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family. The encoded protein is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may be involved in regulation of the endosomal transport pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2013]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH2 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH2 reduces surface accumulation of several glycoproteins and appears to regulate early endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) trafficking (Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]; Nakamura et al., 2005 [PubMed 15689499]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 8, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

MARCH8 is a member of the MARCH family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases (EC 6.3.2.19). MARCH enzymes add ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) to target lysines in substrate proteins, thereby signaling their vesicular transport between membrane compartments. MARCH8 induces the internalization of several membrane glycoproteins (Goto et al., 2003 [PubMed 12582153]; Bartee et al., 2004 [PubMed 14722266]).[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2010]

ring finger and CHY zinc finger domain containing 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene has ubiquitin ligase activity. It mediates E3-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of target proteins, including tumor protein 53, histone deacetylase 1, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B, thus regulating their levels and cell cycle progression. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

ring finger protein 168, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase protein that contains a RING finger, a motif present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. The protein is involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Mutations in this gene result in Riddle syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

apoptosis resistant E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process; protein polyubiquitination; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

HECT, UBA and WWE domain containing 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a protein containing a C-terminal HECT (E6AP type E3 ubiquitin protein ligase) domain that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein is required for the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl1 (myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (BCL2-related)). This protein also ubiquitinates the p53 tumor suppressor, core histones, and DNA polymerase beta. Mutations in this gene are associated with Turner type X-linked syndromic cognitive disability. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

ligand of numb-protein X 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a membrane-bound protein that is involved in signal transduction and protein interactions. The encoded product is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, which mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of proteins containing phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains. This protein may play an important role in tumorogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. A pseudogene, which is located on chromosome 17, has been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 pseudogene

cyclin B1 interacting protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

HEI10 is a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family and functions in progression of the cell cycle through G(2)/M.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

denticleless E3 ubiquitin protein ligase homolog (Drosophila)

Contributes to ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in several processes, including protein ubiquitination; regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle; and translesion synthesis. Located in centrosome; cytosol; and nuclear lumen. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and Cul4B-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2-like

TNF receptor-associated factor 7, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

tripartite motif containing 63, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the RING zinc finger protein family found in striated muscle and iris. The product of this gene is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that localizes to the Z-line and M-line lattices of myofibrils. This protein plays an important role in the atrophy of skeletal and cardiac muscle and is required for the degradation of myosin heavy chain proteins, myosin light chain, myosin binding protein, and for muscle-type creatine kinase. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The precise function of this gene is unknown; however, the encoded protein is a component of a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates the targeting of substrate proteins for proteasomal degradation. Mutations in this gene are known to cause Parkinson disease and autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease. Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Additional splice variants of this gene have been described but currently lack transcript support. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

MDM2 oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2-like

mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

This gene encodes a protein containing multiple ankyrin repeats and RING finger domains that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein positively regulates Notch signaling by ubiquitinating the Notch receptors, thereby facilitating their endocytosis. This protein may also promote the ubiquitination and degradation of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1). [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

The protein encoded by this gene is an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination of proteins in the Notch signaling pathway. The encoded protein may be a suppressor of melanoma invasion. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

ring finger protein 40, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger, a motif known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. This protein was reported to interact with the tumor suppressor protein RB1. Studies of the rat counterpart suggested that this protein may function as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, and facilitate the ubiquitination and degradation of syntaxin 1, which is an essential component of the neurotransmitter release machinery. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbws class; in addition to an F-box, this protein contains multiple WD-40 repeats. The encoded protein mediates degradation of CD4 via its interaction with HIV-1 Vpu. It has also been shown to ubiquitinate phosphorylated NFKBIA (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha), targeting it for degradation and thus activating nuclear factor kappa-B. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. A related pseudogene exists in chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables several functions, including p53 binding activity; ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity; and ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of defense response; positive regulation of protein metabolic process; and regulation of mitochondrion organization. Located in several cellular components, including mitochondrial outer membrane; neuronal cell body; and peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

deltex 4, E3 ubiquitin ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of innate immune response; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein K48-linked ubiquitination. Is active in centrosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

deltex 1, E3 ubiquitin ligase

Studies in Drosophila have identified this gene as encoding a positive regulator of the Notch-signaling pathway. The human gene encodes a protein of unknown function; however, it may play a role in basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor activity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

deltex 2, E3 ubiquitin ligase

DTX2 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Takeyama et al., 2003 [PubMed 12670957]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2009]

deltex 3, E3 ubiquitin ligase

DTX3 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Takeyama et al., 2003 [PubMed 12670957]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2009]

NHL repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a single subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase. Laforin is polyubiquitinated by the encoded protein. Defects in this intronless gene lead to an accumulation of laforin and onset of Lafora disease, also known as progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 2 (EPM2).[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and response to ionizing radiation. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ring finger protein 20, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene shares similarity with BRE1 of S. cerevisiae. The protein encoded by this human gene is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates chromosome structure by monoubiquitinating histone H2B. This protein acts as a putative tumor suppressor and positively regulates the p53 tumor suppressor as well as numerous histone H2A and H2B genes. In contrast, this protein also suppresses the expression of several protooncogenes and growth-related genes, including many genes that are induced by epidermal growth factor. This gene selectively suppresses the expression of some genes by interfering with chromatin recruitment of transcription elongation factor SII (TFIIS). [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2-like

g2/M phase-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase-like

SNF2 histone linker PHD RING helicase, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

SHPRH is a ubiquitously expressed protein that contains motifs characteristics of several DNA repair proteins, transcription factors, and helicases. SHPRH is a functional homolog of S. cerevisiae RAD5 (Unk et al., 2006 [PubMed 17108083]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ring-box 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase pseudogene

pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Enables ubiquitin-ubiquitin ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of TORC1 signaling; negative regulation of necroptotic process; and protein polyubiquitination. Is active in site of double-strand break. Implicated in colorectal cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a scaffold protein and an intermediate signaling protein in the innate immune response pathway. The encoded protein helps transmit the immune response signal from Toll-like receptors to IRAK1/TRAF6 complexes. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 2

Predicted to enable protein-macromolecule adaptor activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Acts upstream of or within positive regulation of MAPK cascade and positive regulation of protein phosphorylation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene is the founding member of the NEDD4 family of HECT ubiquitin ligases that function in the ubiquitin proteasome system of protein degradation. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal calcium and phospholipid binding C2 domain followed by multiple tryptophan-rich WW domains and, a C-terminal HECT ubiquitin ligase catalytic domain. It plays critical role in the regulation of a number of membrane receptors, endocytic machinery components and the tumor suppressor PTEN. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1

Predicted to enable translation factor activity, non-nucleic acid binding and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway; negative regulation of cell population proliferation; and positive regulation of apoptotic process. Located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2

This gene encodes a protein that is involved in the regulation of myofibril organization. This protein is likely the adaptor component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex in striated muscle, and it regulates the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin during myogenesis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 3

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis. Predicted to act upstream of or within protein ubiquitination. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in early endosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4

The protein encoded by this gene is predicted and it includes two isoforms resulting from two alternatively spliced transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing 11, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ankyrin repeat and SOCS box-containing (ASB) family of proteins. They contain ankyrin repeat sequence and SOCS box domain. The SOCS box serves to couple suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins and their binding partners with the elongin B and C complex, possibly targeting them for degradation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

RAD18 E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to S. cerevisiae DNA damage repair protein Rad18. Yeast Rad18 functions through its interaction with Rad6, which is an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme required for post-replication repair of damaged DNA. Similar to its yeast counterpart, this protein is able to interact with the human homolog of yeast Rad6 protein through a conserved ring-finger motif. Mutation of this motif results in defective replication of UV-damaged DNA and hypersensitivity to multiple mutagens. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 pseudogene 1

STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a protein containing tetratricopeptide repeat and a U-box that functions as a ubiquitin ligase/cochaperone. The encoded protein binds to and ubiquitinates shock cognate 71 kDa protein (Hspa8) and DNA polymerase beta (Polb), among other targets. Mutations in this gene cause spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 16. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

ORC ubiquitin ligase 1

Enables chromatin binding activity and ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in protein autoubiquitination; protein monoubiquitination; and regulation of DNA replication. Located in chromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

COP1 E3 ubiquitin ligase

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and response to ionizing radiation. Part of Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

The precise function of this gene is unknown; however, the encoded protein is a component of a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates the targeting of substrate proteins for proteasomal degradation. Mutations in this gene are known to cause Parkinson disease and autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease. Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Additional splice variants of this gene have been described but currently lack transcript support. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

arkadia (RNF111) C-terminal like ring finger ubiquitin ligase 2C

Predicted to enable ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in motor neuron axon guidance and positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including forelimb morphogenesis; nervous system development; and protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to be part of protein-containing complex. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 (ubiquitin thiolesterase) pseudogene

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 (ubiquitin thiolesterase)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the peptidase C12 family. This enzyme is a thiol protease that hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. This gene is specifically expressed in the neurons and in cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. Mutations in this gene may be associated with Parkinson disease.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L3 (ubiquitin thiolesterase)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the deubiquitinating enzyme family. Members of this family are proteases that catalyze the removal of ubiquitin from polypeptides and are divided into five classes, depending on the mechanism of catalysis. This protein may hydrolyze the ubiquitinyl-N-epsilon amide bond of ubiquitinated proteins to regenerate ubiquitin for another catalytic cycle. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 (ubiquitin thiolesterase) pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

glutamate-ammonia ligase

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 11

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Predicted to act upstream of or within microtubule severing and protein polyglutamylation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 10

Predicted to enable protein-glycine ligase activity, elongating. Predicted to be involved in protein polyglycylation. Predicted to be located in axoneme and microtubule cytoskeleton. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 12

Enables H4K20me3 modified histone binding activity and tubulin binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway and regulation of mitotic cell cycle. Located in cytosol and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ligase IV, DNA, ATP-dependent

The protein encoded by this gene is a DNA ligase that joins single-strand breaks in a double-stranded polydeoxynucleotide in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein is essential for V(D)J recombination and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair through nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). This protein forms a complex with the X-ray repair cross complementing protein 4 (XRCC4), and further interacts with the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Both XRCC4 and DNA-PK are known to be required for NHEJ. The crystal structure of the complex formed by this protein and XRCC4 has been resolved. Defects in this gene are the cause of LIG4 syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ligase I, DNA, ATP-dependent

This gene encodes a member of the ATP-dependent DNA ligase protein family. The encoded protein functions in DNA replication, recombination, and the base excision repair process. Mutations in this gene that lead to DNA ligase I deficiency result in immunodeficiency and increased sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Disruption of this gene may also be associated with a variety of cancers. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

ligase III, DNA, ATP-dependent

This gene is a member of the DNA ligase family. Each member of this family encodes a protein that catalyzes the joining of DNA ends but they each have a distinct role in DNA metabolism. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in excision repair and is located in both the mitochondria and nucleus, with translation initiation from the upstream start codon allowing for transport to the mitochondria and translation initiation from a downstream start codon allowing for transport to the nucleus. Additionally, alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 1

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 2

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 3

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 13, pseudogene

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule bundle formation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

phosphopantothenate--cysteine ligase pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase)

The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate, a precursor of reduced folates involved in 1-carbon metabolism. An increased activity of the encoded protein can result in an increased folate turnover rate and folate depletion. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 5

This gene encodes a member of the tubulin tyrosine ligase like protein family. This protein interacts with two glucocorticoid receptor coactivators, transcriptional intermediary factor 2 and steroid receptor coactivator 1. This protein may function as a coregulator of glucocorticoid receptor mediated gene induction and repression. This protein may also function as an alpha tubulin polyglutamylase.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 4

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization and protein polyglutamylation. Predicted to act upstream of or within regulation of blastocyst development. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 7

Enables alpha-tubulin binding activity; beta-tubulin binding activity; and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Involved in protein polyglutamylation. Predicted to be located in 9+0 non-motile cilium. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 6

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule bundle formation; protein polyglutamylation; and regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility. Predicted to act upstream of or within microtubule severing and positive regulation of cilium movement. Located in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 1

Enables tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Is active in microtubule. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 3

Enables protein-glycine ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including axoneme assembly; flagellated sperm motility; and protein polyglycylation. Predicted to be located in cilium. Predicted to be active in axoneme; microtubule cytoskeleton; and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 2

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 9

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in flagellated sperm motility and microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Predicted to act upstream of or within protein polyglutamylation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm; microtubule; and motile cilium. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 8

Predicted to enable protein-glycine ligase activity, initiating. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including axoneme assembly; flagellated sperm motility; and protein polyglycylation. Predicted to act upstream of or within cilium assembly. Predicted to be located in cilium. Predicted to be active in axoneme; microtubule cytoskeleton; and sperm flagellum. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

tubulin tyrosine ligase

TTL is a cytosolic enzyme involved in the posttranslational modification of alpha-tubulin (see MIM 602529). Alpha-tubulin within assembled microtubules is detyrosinated over time at the C terminus. After microtubule disassembly, TTL restores the tyrosine residues and consequently participates in a cycle of tubulin detyrosination and tyrosination (Erck et al., 2003 [PubMed 14571137]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier subunit

Glutamate-cysteine ligase, also known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, is the first rate limiting enzyme of glutathione synthesis. The enzyme consists of two subunits, a heavy catalytic subunit and a light regulatory subunit. Gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency has been implicated in some forms of hemolytic anemia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015]

glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit

Glutamate-cysteine ligase, also known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase is the first rate-limiting enzyme of glutathione synthesis. The enzyme consists of two subunits, a heavy catalytic subunit and a light regulatory subunit. This locus encodes the catalytic subunit, while the regulatory subunit is derived from a different gene located on chromosome 1p22-p21. Mutations at this locus have been associated with hemolytic anemia due to deficiency of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and susceptibility to myocardial infarction.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit

Succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that acts as a heterodimer, being composed of an invariant alpha subunit and a substrate-specific beta subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is an ATP-specific SCS beta subunit that dimerizes with the SCS alpha subunit to form SCS-A, an essential component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. SCS-A hydrolyzes ATP to convert succinate to succinyl-CoA. Defects in this gene are a cause of myopathic mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. A pseudogene of this gene has been found on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

holocarboxylase synthetase (biotin-(proprionyl-CoA-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolysing)) ligase)

This gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the binding of biotin to carboxylases and histones. The protein plays an important role in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and branched chain amino acid catabolism. Defects in this gene are the cause of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

RNA 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH ligase

Enables RNA ligase (GTP) activity and vinculin binding activity. Involved in tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 4

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 2

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 3

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene 1

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 1

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 2

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 3

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 4

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 5

glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) pseudogene 6

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

succinate-CoA ligase, ADP-forming, beta subunit pseudogene

UFM1-specific ligase 1

Enables UFM1 ligase activity and protein kinase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of reticulophagy; regulation of intracellular signal transduction; and regulation of primary metabolic process. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including positive regulation of cell population proliferation; regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Located in cytoplasm; nucleus; and site of double-strand break. Part of protein-containing complex. Is active in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and mitochondrial outer membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit

This gene encodes a GTP-specific beta subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase. Succinyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes the reversible reaction involving the formation of succinyl-CoA and succinate. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 5 and 12. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

succinate-CoA ligase, alpha subunit

This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the heterodimeric enzyme succinate coenzyme A ligase. This enzyme is targeted to the mitochondria and catalyzes the conversion of succinyl CoA and ADP or GDP to succinate and ATP or GTP. Mutations in this gene are the cause of the metabolic disorder fatal infantile lactic acidosis and mitochondrial DNA depletion. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2010]

tubulin tyrosine ligase like 13

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in microtubule bundle formation. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in ciliary basal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA 5'-phosphate and 3'-OH ligase 1

Enables RNA ligase (ATP) activity. Involved in response to reactive oxygen species. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 1

Predicted to enable metal ion binding activity. Involved in tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 3B

Enables identical protein binding activity and protein methyltransferase activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell population proliferation; positive regulation of gene expression; and protein methylation. Located in cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 2

Predicted to be involved in tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 3C

Predicted to be part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tRNA splicing ligase complex subunit 3A

Enables protein methyltransferase activity. Involved in positive regulation of cell population proliferation; positive regulation of gene expression; and protein methylation. Predicted to be part of tRNA-splicing ligase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2

Enables ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Involved in protein K48-linked ubiquitination. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 30

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 10 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase10 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, J1

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and may contribute to quality control ER-associated degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like (yeast)

The protein encoded by this gene forms a complex with two other proteins, nuclear protein localization-4 and valosin-containing protein, and this complex is necessary for the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. In addition, this complex controls the disassembly of the mitotic spindle and the formation of a closed nuclear envelope after mitosis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Catch 22 syndrome as well as cardiac and craniofacial defects. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 18. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 32 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 32 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin specific peptidase 32 pseudogene 4

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 11

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 12

transmembrane and ubiquitin-like domain containing 1

Involved in ERAD pathway. Predicted to be located in several cellular components, including centrosome; postsynaptic membrane; and recycling endosome. Predicted to be active in postsynaptic recycling endosome membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transmembrane and ubiquitin-like domain containing 2

Predicted to be involved in ERAD pathway. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, X-linked

This gene is a member of the peptidase C19 family and encodes a protein that is similar to ubiquitin-specific proteases. Though this gene is located on the X chromosome, it escapes X-inactivation. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Turner syndrome. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked

This gene is a member of the peptidase C19 family. It encodes a protein that is similar to ubiquitin-specific proteases, which cleave the ubiquitin moiety from ubiquitin-fused precursors and ubiquitinylated proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 34

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 30

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 3

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 17-like protein

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1

Ubiquitin is a highly conserved nuclear and cytoplasmic protein that has a major role in targeting cellular proteins for degradation by the 26S proteosome. It is also involved in the maintenance of chromatin structure, the regulation of gene expression, and the stress response. Ubiquitin is synthesized as a precursor protein consisting of either polyubiquitin chains or a single ubiquitin moiety fused to an unrelated protein. This gene encodes a fusion protein consisting of ubiquitin at the N terminus and ribosomal protein L40 at the C terminus, a C-terminal extension protein (CEP). Multiple processed pseudogenes derived from this gene are present in the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 6

Modification of proteins with ubiquitin (UBB; MIM 191339) or ubiquitin-like proteins controls many signaling networks and requires a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2), and a ubiquitin protein ligase (E3). UBE1L2 is an E1 enzyme that initiates the activation and conjugation of ubiquitin-like proteins (Jin et al., 2007 [PubMed 17597759]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5

This gene encodes a member of the E1-like ubiquitin-activating enzyme family. This protein activates ubiquitin-fold modifier 1, a ubiquitin-like post-translational modifier protein, via the formation of a high-energy thioester bond. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on chromosome 1. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 2

Posttranslational modification of proteins by the addition of the small protein SUMO (see SUMO1; MIM 601912), or sumoylation, regulates protein structure and intracellular localization. SAE1 (MIM 613294) and UBA2 form a heterodimer that functions as a SUMO-activating enzyme for the sumoylation of proteins (Okuma et al., 1999 [PubMed 9920803]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 3

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme family. The encoded enzyme associates with AppBp1, an amyloid beta precursor protein binding protein, to form a heterodimer, and then the enzyme complex activates NEDD8, a ubiquitin-like protein, which regulates cell division, signaling and embryogenesis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the first step in ubiquitin conjugation to mark cellular proteins for degradation. This gene complements an X-linked mouse temperature-sensitive defect in DNA synthesis, and thus may function in DNA repair. It is part of a gene cluster on chromosome Xp11.23. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode the same protein have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 pseudogene 4

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity and cysteine-type endopeptidase activity. Involved in protein deubiquitination. Located in cytoplasm; nucleus; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 10

Ubiquitin is a highly conserved protein that is covalently linked to other proteins to regulate their function and degradation. This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-specific protease family of cysteine proteases. The enzyme specifically cleaves ubiquitin from ubiquitin-conjugated protein substrates. The protein is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm. It functions as a co-factor of the DNA-bound androgen receptor complex, and is inhibited by a protein in the Ras-GTPase pathway. The human genome contains several pseudogenes similar to this gene. Several transcript variants, some protein-coding and others not protein-coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 11

Protein ubiquitination controls many intracellular processes, including cell cycle progression, transcriptional activation, and signal transduction. This dynamic process, involving ubiquitin conjugating enzymes and deubiquitinating enzymes, adds and removes ubiquitin. Deubiquitinating enzymes are cysteine proteases that specifically cleave ubiquitin from ubiquitin-conjugated protein substrates. This gene encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme which lies in a gene cluster on chromosome Xp11.23 [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 16

This gene encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme that is phosphorylated at the onset of mitosis and then dephosphorylated at the metaphase/anaphase transition. It can deubiquitinate H2A, one of two major ubiquitinated proteins of chromatin, in vitro and a mutant form of the protein was shown to block cell division. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 14 (tRNA-guanine transglycosylase)

This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-specific processing (UBP) family of proteases that is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) with His and Cys domains. This protein is located in the cytoplasm and cleaves the ubiquitin moiety from ubiquitin-fused precursors and ubiquitinylated proteins. Mice with a mutation that results in reduced expression of the ortholog of this protein are retarded for growth, develop severe tremors by 2 to 3 weeks of age followed by hindlimb paralysis and death by 6 to 10 weeks of age. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 15

This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin specific protease (USP) family of deubiquitinating enzymes. USP enzymes play critical roles in ubiquitin-dependent processes through polyubiquitin chain disassembly and hydrolysis of ubiquitin-substrate bonds. The encoded protein associates with the COP9 signalosome, and also plays a role in transforming growth factor beta signalling through deubiquitination of receptor-activated SMAD transcription factors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 18

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ubiquitin-specific proteases (UBP) family of enzymes that cleave ubiquitin from ubiquitinated protein substrates. It is highly expressed in liver and thymus, and is localized to the nucleus. This protein efficiently cleaves only ISG15 (a ubiquitin-like protein) fusions, and deletion of this gene in mice results in a massive increase of ISG15 conjugates in tissues, indicating that this protein is a major ISG15-specific protease. Mice lacking this gene are also hypersensitive to interferon, suggesting a function of this protein in downregulating interferon responses, independent of its isopeptidase activity towards ISG15. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 19

Protein ubiquitination controls many intracellular processes, including cell cycle progression, transcriptional activation, and signal transduction. This dynamic process, involving ubiquitin conjugating enzymes and deubiquitinating enzymes, adds and removes ubiquitin. Deubiquitinating enzymes are cysteine proteases that specifically cleave ubiquitin from ubiquitin-conjugated protein substrates. This protein is a ubiquitin protein ligase and plays a role in muscle wasting. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

ubiquitin-like 4A

Enables protein-folding chaperone binding activity. Involved in establishment of protein localization to membrane; regulation of protein stability; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in cytosol; membrane; and nucleoplasm. Part of BAT3 complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 35

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase C19 family of ubiquitin-specific proteases. These deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) catalyze the removal of ubiquitin proteins from other proteins. The encoded protein associates with polarized mitochondria and has been shown to inhibit NF-kappa B activation and delay PARK2-mediated degradation of mitochondria. Expression of this gene is upregulated by the let-7a microRNA and reduced expression has been observed in human tumor tissues. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 36

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase C19 or ubiquitin-specific protease family of cysteine proteases. Members of this family remove ubiquitin molecules from polyubiquitinated proteins. The encoded protein may deubiquitinate and stabilize the transcription factor c-Myc, also known as MYC, an important oncoprotein known to be upregulated in most human cancers. The encoded protease may also regulate the activation of autophagy. This gene exhibits elevated expression in some breast and lung cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene 9

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene 6

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene 5

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2R 2

Protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous and pleiotropic Ser/Thr protein kinase involved in cell growth and transformation. This gene encodes a protein similar to the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBC3/CDC34. Studies suggest that CK2-dependent phosphorylation of this ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme functions by regulating beta-TrCP substrate recognition and induces its interaction with beta-TrCP, enhancing beta-catenin degradation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 2 pseudogene

BRCA1 associated protein-1 (ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase)

This gene belongs to the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase subfamily of deubiquitinating enzymes that are involved in the removal of ubiquitin from proteins. The encoded enzyme binds to the breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) via the RING finger domain of the latter and acts as a tumor suppressor. In addition, the enzyme may be involved in regulation of transcription, regulation of cell cycle and growth, response to DNA damage and chromatin dynamics. Germline mutations in this gene may be associated with tumor predisposition syndrome (TPDS), which involves increased risk of cancers including malignant mesothelioma, uveal melanoma and cutaneous melanoma. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, J2

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 3 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 4 (putative) pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 4, Y-linked

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C pseudogene 2

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C pseudogene 3

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C pseudogene 4

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C pseudogene 5

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 3 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2G 2

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein shares 100% sequence identity with the mouse counterpart. This gene is ubiquitously expressed, with high expression seen in adult muscle. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2G 1

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family and catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. The protein may be involved in degradation of muscle-specific proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 5, Y-linked

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 21

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

OTU deubiquitinase, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1

The product of this gene is a member of the OTU (ovarian tumor) superfamily of predicted cysteine proteases. The encoded protein is a highly specific ubiquitin iso-peptidase, and cleaves ubiquitin from branched poly-ubiquitin chains but not from ubiquitinated substrates. It interacts with another ubiquitin protease and an E3 ubiquitin ligase that inhibits cytokine gene transcription in the immune system. It is proposed to function in specific ubiquitin-dependent pathways, possibly by providing an editing function for polyubiquitin chain growth. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

OTU deubiquitinase, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 2

This gene encodes one of several deubiquitylating enzymes. Ubiquitin modification of proteins is needed for their stability and function; to reverse the process, deubiquityling enzymes remove ubiquitin. This protein contains an OTU domain and binds Ubal (ubiquitin aldehyde); an active cysteine protease site is present in the OTU domain. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 3

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 5

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 4

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 2

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 8

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 9

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 4

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 6

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 7

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

putative ubiquitin-like protein FUBI-like protein ENSP00000310146

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 4 (putative) pseudogene

ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 1

This gene encodes a member of a subfamily of RING-finger type E3 ubiquitin ligases. The protein binds to specific DNA sequences, and recruits a histone deacetylase to regulate gene expression. Its expression peaks at late G1 phase and continues during G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. It plays a major role in the G1/S transition by regulating topoisomerase IIalpha and retinoblastoma gene expression, and functions in the p53-dependent DNA damage checkpoint. It is regarded as a hub protein for the integration of epigenetic information. This gene is up-regulated in various cancers, and it is therefore considered to be a therapeutic target. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. A related pseudogene exists on chromosome 12. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 17-like protein 2-like

ubiquitin-like 5

This gene encodes a member of a group of proteins similar to ubiquitin. The encoded protein is not thought to degrade proteins like ubiquitin but to affect their function through being bound to target proteins by an isopeptide bond. The gene product has been studied as a link to predisposition to obesity based on its expression in Psammomys obesus, the fat sand rat, which is an animal model for obesity studies. Variation in this gene was found to be significantly associated with some metabolic traits (PMID: 15331561) but not associated with childhood obesity (PMID: 19189687). Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 3, 5 and 17. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

ubiquitin-like 7

Enables molecular adaptor activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Is active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-like 3

Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 pseudogene 5

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 28

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 22

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 23

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein deubiquitination. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 20

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin associated protein 1-like

Predicted to enable ubiquitin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway. Predicted to be part of ESCRT I complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 6

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is highly similar in primary structure to the enzyme encoded by the UBE2L3 gene. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 4 (pseudogene)

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 3

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is demonstrated to participate in the ubiquitination of p53, c-Fos, and the NF-kB precursor p105 in vitro. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 1 (pseudogene)

ubiquitin specific peptidase 4 (proto-oncogene) pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 21 pseudogene

ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like (yeast) pseudogene

ubiquitin family domain containing 1

Enables RNA binding activity and cadherin binding activity. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2E 4 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 5 (pseudogene)

Predicted to enable ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Predicted to be involved in protein K11-linked ubiquitination and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 4 (putative)

Enables ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Involved in protein polyubiquitination. Acts upstream of or within protein ubiquitination. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 2

Regulated degradation of misfolded, damaged or short-lived proteins in eukaryotes occurs via the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS). An integral part of the UPS system is the ubiquitination of target proteins and covalent linkage of Ub-containing proteins to form polymeric chains, marking them as targets for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. Ubiquitination of proteins is mediated by a cascade of enzymes which includes E1 (ubiquitin activating), E2 (ubiquitin conjugating), and E3 (ubiquitin ligases) enzymes. This gene encodes a member of the E2 enzyme family. Substrates of this enzyme include the tumor suppressor protein p53 and peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5 (PEX5). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme functions in the ubiquitination of the tumor-suppressor protein p53, which is induced by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 1

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is closely related to a stimulator of iron transport (SFT), and is up-regulated in hereditary hemochromatosis. It also functions in the ubiquitination of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF1alpha by interacting with the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 10

ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 (herpes virus-associated) pseudogene

ubiquitin D pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1-like

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2F (putative) pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 11

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 10

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 13

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 12

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 21 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 22

Enables deubiquitinase activity; enzyme binding activity; and nuclear receptor coactivator activity. Contributes to histone H4 acetyltransferase activity. Involved in several processes, including G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle; protein deubiquitination; and regulation of gene expression. Part of SAGA complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-fold modifier 1

UFM1 is a ubiquitin-like protein that is conjugated to target proteins by E1-like activating enzyme UBA5 (UBE1DC1; MIM 610552) and E2-like conjugating enzyme UFC1 (MIM 610554) in a manner analogous to ubiquitylation (see UBE2M; MIM 603173) (Komatsu et al., 2004 [PubMed 15071506]).[supplied by OMIM, Dec 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 2

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Involved in several processes, including CAAX-box protein processing; protein deubiquitination; and regulation of defense response. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 1

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 7

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 5

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity and lncRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to act upstream of or within protein deubiquitination. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 4

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 8

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 38

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity and protein sequestering activity. Involved in negative regulation of innate immune response; negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein K33-linked deubiquitination. Is active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 39

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity and zinc ion binding activity. Involved in spliceosomal complex assembly. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 30

USP30, a member of the ubiquitin-specific protease family (see USP1, MIM 603478), is a novel mitochondrial deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme (Nakamura and Hirose, 2008 [PubMed 18287522]).[supplied by OMIM, Dec 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 31

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein deubiquitination and proteolysis. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 32

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Involved in positive regulation of TORC1 signaling. Located in cytosol. Is active in Golgi apparatus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 33

This gene encodes a deubiquinating enzyme important in a variety of processes, including Slit-dependent cell migration and beta-2 adrenergic receptor signaling. The protein is negatively regulated through ubiquitination by von Hippel-Lindau tumor protein (VHL). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants and protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 34

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity and cysteine-type endopeptidase activity. Involved in positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway and protein K48-linked deubiquitination. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 37

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; cysteine-type endopeptidase activity; and protein kinase binding activity. Involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle; protein deubiquitination; and regulation of DNA replication. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin associated protein 2-like

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in binding activity of sperm to zona pellucida; positive regulation of stress granule assembly; and stress granule assembly. Acts upstream of or within hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis. Part of PcG protein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ankyrin repeat and ubiquitin domain containing 1

ubiquitin D

This gene encodes a protein which contains two ubiquitin-like domains and appears to have similar function to ubiquitin. Through covalent attachment, the encoded protein targets other proteins for 26S proteasome degradation. This protein has been implicated to function in many cellular processes, including caspase-dependent apoptosis, formation of aggresomes, mitotic regulation, and dendritic cell maturation. Upregulation of this gene may promote inflammation in chronic kidney disease and has been observed in many cancer types. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

ubiquitin B

This gene encodes ubiquitin, one of the most conserved proteins known. Ubiquitin has a major role in targeting cellular proteins for degradation by the 26S proteosome. It is also involved in the maintenance of chromatin structure, the regulation of gene expression, and the stress response. Ubiquitin is synthesized as a precursor protein consisting of either polyubiquitin chains or a single ubiquitin moiety fused to an unrelated protein. This gene consists of three direct repeats of the ubiquitin coding sequence with no spacer sequence. Consequently, the protein is expressed as a polyubiquitin precursor with a final amino acid after the last repeat. An aberrant form of this protein has been detected in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 1, 2, 13, and 17. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

ubiquitin C

This gene represents a ubiquitin gene, ubiquitin C. The encoded protein is a polyubiquitin precursor. Conjugation of ubiquitin monomers or polymers can lead to various effects within a cell, depending on the residues to which ubiquitin is conjugated. Ubiquitination has been associated with protein degradation, DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, kinase modification, endocytosis, and regulation of other cell signaling pathways. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 29

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 26

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 27

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 24

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 25

Enables RNA binding activity; cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; and hyaluronic acid binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process and protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in nucleolus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin domain containing 2

Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin domain containing 1

The degradation of many proteins is carried out by the ubiquitin pathway in which proteins are targeted for degradation by covalent conjugation of the polypeptide ubiquitin. This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the ubiquitin family of proteins. The encoded protein is thought to regulate E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes belonging to the UBE2D family. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

ubiquitin specific peptidase like 1

Enables SUMO binding activity and deSUMOylase activity. Involved in several processes, including Cajal body organization; protein desumoylation; and snRNA transcription. Located in Cajal body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L5

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity; endopeptidase inhibitor activity; and proteasome binding activity. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway; protein deubiquitination; and regulation of primary metabolic process. Located in cytosol and nuclear lumen. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

putative ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q2-like protein

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 22

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 23

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 22 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1-like

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 17-like protein 2-like

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 16, pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N pseudogene

ubiquitin-fold modifier conjugating enzyme 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 2 (pseudogene)

ubiquitin associated and SH3 domain containing A

This gene encodes one of two family members belonging to the T-cell ubiquitin ligand (TULA) family. Both family members can negatively regulate T-cell signaling. This family member can facilitate growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis in T cells, which may occur via its interaction with AIF, an apoptosis-inducing factor. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ubiquitin associated and SH3 domain containing B

This gene encodes a protein that contains a ubiquitin associated domain at the N-terminus, an SH3 domain, and a C-terminal domain with similarities to the catalytic motif of phosphoglycerate mutase. The encoded protein was found to inhibit endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2F (putative) pseudogene 1

ubiquitin family domain containing 1 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 1

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein is 98% identical to the mouse counterpart. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N-like (gene/pseudogene)

This gene is intronless and encodes a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The protein product is 91% identical to ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N, a multi-exon gene product. This locus represents a polymorphic pseudogene, where some individuals contain an allele that can encode a full-length protein, while others have a non-functional allele containing a premature stop codon (reference SNP rs237520) that truncates the coding sequence. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 10 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2W pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2O

Enables ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway; protein ubiquitination; and retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi. Located in cytoplasm and nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2B

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is required for post-replicative DNA damage repair. Its protein sequence is 100% identical to the mouse, rat, and rabbit homologs, which indicates that this enzyme is highly conserved in eukaryotic evolution. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

putative ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 17-like protein 23

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2M pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 13 (isopeptidase T-3)

Enables several functions, including BAT3 complex binding activity; peptidase activity; and proteasome binding activity. Involved in several processes, including maintenance of unfolded protein; regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and regulation of catabolic process. Acts upstream of or within protein deubiquitination and protein stabilization. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 pseudogene

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 7

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme family. The encoded enzyme is a retinoid target that triggers promyelocytic leukemia (PML)/retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) degradation and apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia, where it is involved in the conjugation of the ubiquitin-like interferon-stimulated gene 15 protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 54

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein deubiquitination and proteolysis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 53

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in response to auditory stimulus and sensory perception of sound. Predicted to act upstream of or within action potential; epithelial cell apoptotic process; and outer hair cell apoptotic process. Located in bicellular tight junction. Implicated in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 50

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Involved in regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including nuclear speck organization; positive regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly; and positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process. Located in centrosome; cytoplasm; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 51

Enables chromatin binding activity; deubiquitinase activity; and histone binding activity. Involved in DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling; regulation of cell cycle process; and regulation of double-strand break repair. Predicted to be located in chromosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 15 pseudogene

homocysteine-inducible, endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducible, ubiquitin-like domain member 1

The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers the ER stress response. This response includes the inhibition of translation to prevent further accumulation of unfolded proteins, the increased expression of proteins involved in polypeptide folding, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), and the destruction of misfolded proteins by the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) system. This gene may play a role in both UPR and ERAD. Its expression is induced by UPR and it has an ER stress response element in its promoter region while the encoded protein has an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain which may interact with the ERAD system. This protein has been shown to interact with presenilin proteins and to increase the level of amyloid-beta protein following its overexpression. Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. The full-length nature of all transcript variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2F (putative) pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2H

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein sequence is 100% identical to the mouse homolog and 98% identical to the frog and zebrafish homologs. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene and they encode distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2K

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This protein interacts with RING finger proteins, and it can ubiquitinate huntingtin, the gene product for Huntington's disease. Known functions for this protein include a role in aggregate formation of expanded polyglutamine proteins and the suppression of apoptosis in polyglutamine diseases, a role in the dislocation of newly synthesized MHC class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum, and involvement in foam cell formation. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2M

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein is linked with a ubiquitin-like protein, NEDD8, which can be conjugated to cellular proteins, such as Cdc53/culin. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Studies in mouse suggest that this protein plays a role in DNA postreplication repair. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2A

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and ubiquitin-protein ligases. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme is required for post-replicative DNA damage repair, and may play a role in transcriptional regulation. Mutations in this gene are associated with cognitive disability. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and ubiquitin-protein ligases. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein is required for the destruction of mitotic cyclins and for cell cycle progression, and may be involved in cancer progression. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes of this gene have been defined on chromosomes 4, 14, 15, 18, and 19. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2F (putative)

Enables NEDD8 conjugating enzyme activity. Involved in protein neddylation. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Z

This gene encodes an enzyme which ubiquitinates proteins which participate in signaling pathways and apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S

This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein is able to form a thiol ester linkage with ubiquitin in a ubiquitin activating enzyme-dependent manner, a characteristic property of ubiquitin carrier proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2U (putative)

Predicted to enable ATP binding activity and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Predicted to be involved in protein ubiquitination. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T

The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to protein substrates. Defects in this gene have been associated with Fanconi anemia of complementation group T. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2W (putative)

This gene encodes a nuclear-localized ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) that, along with ubiquitin-activating (E1) and ligating (E3) enzymes, coordinates the addition of a ubiquitin moiety to existing proteins. The encoded protein promotes the ubiquitination of Fanconi anemia complementation group proteins and may be important in the repair of DNA damage. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

ubiquitin-fold modifier conjugating enzyme 1

UFC1 is an E2-like conjugating enzyme for ubiquitin-fold modifier-1 (UFM1; MIM 610553) (Komatsu et al., 2004 [PubMed 15071506]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 19

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 7

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 6

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 9

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 8

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1

Ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme variant proteins constitute a distinct subfamily within the E2 protein family. They have sequence similarity to other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes but lack the conserved cysteine residue that is critical for the catalytic activity of E2s. The protein encoded by this gene is located in the nucleus and can cause transcriptional activation of the human FOS proto-oncogene. It is thought to be involved in the control of differentiation by altering cell cycle behavior. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been described for this gene, and multiple pseudogenes of this gene have been identified. Co-transcription of this gene and the neighboring upstream gene generates a rare transcript (Kua-UEV), which encodes a fusion protein comprised of sequence sharing identity with each individual gene product. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant proteins constitute a distinct subfamily within the E2 protein family. They have sequence similarity to other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes but lack the conserved cysteine residue that is critical for the catalytic activity of E2s. The protein encoded by this gene also shares homology with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 and yeast MMS2 gene product. It may be involved in the differentiation of monocytes and enterocytes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2-like

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 2 pseudogene

ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 2 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 27, X-linked

This gene encodes a member of the peptidase protein family. The encoded protein functions as a deubiquitinase that is involved in upregulation of the pro-apoptotic Bim protein. This protein may act as a tumor suppressor by increasing levels of Bim to counteract anti-apoptotic signals in cancer cells. Mutations in this gene have been associated with X-linked cognitive disability. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D N-terminal like (pseudogene)

ubiquitin related modifier 1

Enables sulfur carrier activity. Involved in tRNA thio-modification and tRNA wobble uridine modification. Predicted to be located in cytosol. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains, 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-like 5 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin-like 5 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin-like 5 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 26 pseudogene

small ubiquitin-related modifier 2-like

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 2 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 14, pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 32 pseudogene 3

ubiquitin specific peptidase 29

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity and cysteine-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle; positive regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway; and protein K48-linked deubiquitination. Predicted to be located in perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 28

The protein encoded by this gene is a deubiquitinase involved in the DNA damage pathway and DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of this gene is seen in several cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2016]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 26

This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-specific processing (UBP) family of proteases and is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) with His and Cys domains. It is specifically expressed in testis tissue. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Sertoli cell-only syndrome and male infertility. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 25

Ubiquitin (MIM 191339) is a highly conserved 76-amino acid protein involved in regulation of intracellular protein breakdown, cell cycle regulation, and stress response. Ubiquitin is released from degraded proteins by disassembly of the polyubiquitin chains, which is mediated by ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), such as USP25 (Valero et al., 1999 [PubMed 10644437]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 24

Modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin is an essential regulatory mechanism controlled by the coordinated action of multiple ubiquitin-conjugating and deubiquitinating enzymes. USP24 belongs to a large family of cysteine proteases that function as deubiquitinating enzymes (Quesada et al., 2004 [PubMed 14715245]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 21

This gene encodes a member of the C19 peptidase family, also known as family 2 of ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolases. The encoded protein cleaves ubiquitin from ubiquitinated proteins for recycling in intracellular protein degradation. The encoded protein is also able to release NEDD8, a ubiquitin-like protein, from NEDD8-conjugated proteins. This gene has been referred to as USP16 and USP23 but is now known as USP21. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 20

This gene encodes a ubiquitin specific processing protease that was first identified as a substrate of the VHL (von Hippel-Lindau disease) protein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. In addition to being ubiquitinated by the VHL-E3 ligase complex, this enzyme deubiquitinates hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha and thereby causes increased expression of HIF-1alpha targeted genes which play a role in angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation and metastasis. The enzyme encoded by this gene also regulates G-protein coupled receptor signaling by mediating the deubiquitination of beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2). This enzyme is a ubiquitously expressed thiolester hydrolase. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

putative ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q2-like protein

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 17

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 15

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 13

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 12

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 11

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 10

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 18

Predicted to enable cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 17-like protein 2-like

ubiquitin family domain containing 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D4 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 9, pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2H pseudogene 1

putative ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q2-like protein

ubiquitin associated protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene contains a UBA (ubiquitin associated) domain, which is characteristic of proteins that function in the ubiquitination pathway. This gene may show increased expression in the adrenal gland and lymphatic tissues. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

ubiquitin associated protein 1

This gene is a member of the UBA domain family, whose members include proteins having connections to ubiquitin and the ubiquitination pathway. The ubiquitin associated domain is thought to be a non-covalent ubiquitin binding domain consisting of a compact three helix bundle. This particular protein originates from a gene locus in a refined region on chromosome 9 undergoing loss of heterozygosity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Taking into account its cytogenetic location, this UBA domain family member is being studies as a putative target for mutation in nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier

The protein encoded by this gene is a ubiquitin-like protein that is conjugated to intracellular target proteins upon activation by interferon-alpha and interferon-beta. Several functions have been ascribed to the encoded protein, including chemotactic activity towards neutrophils, direction of ligated target proteins to intermediate filaments, cell-to-cell signaling, and antiviral activity during viral infections. While conjugates of this protein have been found to be noncovalently attached to intermediate filaments, this protein is sometimes secreted. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 7

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 6

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 2 pseudogene 8

small ubiquitin-like modifier 1

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. It functions in a manner similar to ubiquitin in that it is bound to target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. However, unlike ubiquitin which targets proteins for degradation, this protein is involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. It is not active until the last four amino acids of the carboxy-terminus have been cleaved off. Several pseudogenes have been reported for this gene. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

small ubiquitin-like modifier 2

This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. It functions in a manner similar to ubiquitin in that it is bound to target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. However, unlike ubiquitin which targets proteins for degradation, this protein is involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. It is not active until the last two amino acids of the carboxy-terminus have been cleaved off. Numerous pseudogenes have been reported for this gene. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

small ubiquitin-like modifier 4

This gene is a member of the SUMO gene family. This family of genes encode small ubiquitin-related modifiers that are attached to proteins and control the target proteins' subcellular localization, stability, or activity. The protein described in this record is located in the cytoplasm and specifically modifies IKBA, leading to negative regulation of NF-kappa-B-dependent transcription of the IL12B gene. A specific polymorphism in this SUMO gene, which leads to the M55V substitution, has been associated with type I diabetes. The RefSeq contains this polymorphism. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin-like domain containing CTD phosphatase 1

Enables proteasome regulatory particle binding activity and protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity. Involved in negative regulation of ATP-dependent activity and regulation of proteasome assembly. Located in nucleolus and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-like 4B

Involved in positive regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin interaction motif containing 1

This gene encodes a nuclear protein that interacts with Brca1 (breast cancer 1) in a complex to recognize and repair DNA lesions. This protein binds ubiquitinated lysine 63 of histone H2A and H2AX. This protein may also function as a repressor of transcription. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 17-like family member 6, pseudogene

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Involved in protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 pseudogene

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 pseudogene

negative regulator of ubiquitin-like proteins 1

This gene encodes a protein that functions as a negative regulator of NEDD8, a ubiquitin-like protein that conjugates with cullin family members in order to regulate vital biological events. The protein encoded by this gene regulates the NEDD8 conjugation system post-transcriptionally by recruiting NEDD8 and its conjugates to the proteasome for degradation. This protein interacts with the product of the AIPL1 gene, which is associated with Leber congenital amaurosis, an inherited retinopathy, and mutations in that gene can abolish interaction with this protein, which may contribute to the pathogenesis. This protein is also known to accumulate in Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, and in glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy, with this abnormal accumulation being specific to alpha-synucleinopathy lesions. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 24 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1-like

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene

ubiquitin B pseudogene 1

ubiquitin B pseudogene 2

ubiquitin B pseudogene 3

ubiquitin B pseudogene 4

ubiquitin B pseudogene 5

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2E 1

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2E 3

The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. The encoded protein shares 100% sequence identity with the mouse and rat counterparts, which indicates that this enzyme is highly conserved in eukaryotes. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2E 2

Enables ISG15 transferase activity and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Involved in protein modification by small protein conjugation. Acts upstream of or within DNA damage response and positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle. Predicted to be active in nucleus. Implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin domain containing 2 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked pseudogene 19

ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 2 pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family-like 1

Enables ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Predicted to be involved in protein polyubiquitination. Located in nucleoplasm and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 pseudogene

small ubiquitin-like modifier 2

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S pseudogene 1

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S pseudogene 2

ubiquitin specific peptidase 49

Enables histone binding activity and peptidase activity. Involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome; negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction; and protein deubiquitination. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 48

This gene encodes a protein containing domains that associate it with the peptidase family C19, also known as family 2 of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolases. Family members function as deubiquitinating enzymes, recognizing and hydrolyzing the peptide bond at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. Enzymes in peptidase family C19 are involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 45

The protein encoded by this gene is a deubiquitylase that binds ERCC1, the catalytic subunit of the XPF-ERCC1 DNA repair endonuclease. This endonuclease is a critical regulator of DNA repair processes, and the deubiquitylase activity of the encoded protein is important for maintaining the DNA repair ability of XPF-ERCC1. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 44

The protein encoded by this gene is a protease that functions as a deubiquitinating enzyme. The encoded protein is thought to help regulate the spindle assembly checkpoint by preventing early anaphase onset. This protein specifically deubiquitinates CDC20, which stabilizes the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 47

Enables WD40-repeat domain binding activity and cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Involved in several processes, including monoubiquitinated protein deubiquitination; negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process; and positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Located in cytoplasm. Part of SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. Is active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 46

Modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin is an essential regulatory mechanism controlled by the coordinated action of multiple ubiquitin-conjugating and deubiquitinating enzymes. USP46 belongs to a large family of cysteine proteases that function as deubiquitinating enzymes (Quesada et al., 2004 [PubMed 14715245]).[supplied by OMIM, Jun 2009]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 41

ubiquitin specific peptidase 40

Modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin is an essential regulatory mechanism controlled by the coordinated action of multiple ubiquitin-conjugating and deubiquitinating enzymes. USP40 belongs to a large family of cysteine proteases that function as deubiquitinating enzymes (Quesada et al., 2004 [PubMed 14715245]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 43

Predicted to enable ISG15-specific peptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in translesion synthesis. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 42

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Predicted to be involved in protein deubiquitination; regulation of apoptotic process; and regulation of protein stability. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be active in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2 pseudogene 2

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene, X-linked

ubiquitin specific peptidase 12 pseudogene, Y-linked

IQ motif and ubiquitin domain containing

Involved in flagellated sperm motility and mating. Predicted to be located in sperm flagellum. Predicted to be part of radial spoke. Predicted to be active in acrosomal vesicle and motile cilium. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small ubiquitin-like modifier 3

This gene encodes a member of the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) family of eukaryotic proteins. The encoded protein is covalently conjugated to other proteins via a post-translation modification known as sumoylation. Sumoylation may play a role in a wide variety of cellular processes, including nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis, transcriptional regulation, and signal transduction. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct proteins have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 8

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the ubiquitin-specific processing protease family of proteins. The encoded protein is thought to regulate the morphology of the endosome by ubiquitination of proteins on this organelle and is involved in cargo sorting and membrane trafficking at the early endosome stage. This protein is required for the cell to enter the S phase of the cell cycle and also functions as a positive regulator in the Hedgehog signaling pathway in development. Pseudogenes of this gene are present on chromosomes 2 and 6. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 1

This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-specific processing (UBP) family of proteases that is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) with His and Cys domains. This protein is located in the cytoplasm and cleaves the ubiquitin moiety from ubiquitin-fused precursors and ubiquitinylated proteins. The protein specifically deubiquitinates a protein in the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway. Alternate transcriptional splice variants have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 2

This gene encodes a member of the family of de-ubiquitinating enzymes, which belongs to the peptidase C19 superfamily. The encoded protein is a ubiquitin-specific protease which is required for TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor alpha) -induced NF-kB (nuclear factor kB) signaling. This protein deubiquitinates polyubiquitinated target proteins such as fatty acid synthase, murine double minute 2 (MDM2), MDM4/MDMX and cyclin D1. MDM2 and MDM4 are negative regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor and cyclin D1 is required for cell cycle G1/S transition. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 3

Enables deubiquitinase activity and histone binding activity. Involved in DNA repair and DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling. Located in several cellular components, including Flemming body; cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 4 (proto-oncogene)

The protein encoded by this gene is a protease that deubiquitinates target proteins such as ADORA2A and TRIM21. The encoded protein shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm and is involved in maintaining operational fidelity in the endoplasmic reticulum. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 5 (isopeptidase T)

Ubiquitin (see MIM 191339)-dependent proteolysis is a complex pathway of protein metabolism implicated in such diverse cellular functions as maintenance of chromatin structure, receptor function, and degradation of abnormal proteins. A late step of the process involves disassembly of the polyubiquitin chains on degraded proteins into ubiquitin monomers. USP5 disassembles branched polyubiquitin chains by a sequential exo mechanism, starting at the proximal end of the chain (Wilkinson et al., 1995 [PubMed 7578059]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 6

Enables cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity. Involved in protein deubiquitination and regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization. Located in plasma membrane and recycling endosome. Is active in glutamatergic synapse and postsynaptic density, intracellular component. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 (herpes virus-associated)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the peptidase C19 family, which includes ubiquitinyl hydrolases. This protein deubiquitinates target proteins such as p53 (a tumor suppressor protein) and WASH (essential for endosomal protein recycling), and regulates their activities by counteracting the opposing ubiquitin ligase activity of proteins such as HDM2 and TRIM27, involved in the respective process. Mutations in this gene have been implicated in a neurodevelopmental disorder. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

ubiquitin recognition factor in ER associated degradation 1

The protein encoded by this gene forms a complex with two other proteins, nuclear protein localization-4 and valosin-containing protein, and this complex is necessary for the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. In addition, this complex controls the disassembly of the mitotic spindle and the formation of a closed nuclear envelope after mitosis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Catch 22 syndrome as well as cardiac and craniofacial defects. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 18. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]

zinc finger containing ubiquitin peptidase 1

This gene encodes a protein containing zinc finger motifs and a cysteine peptidase domain. The encoded protein functions as a K63-specific de-ubiquitinating enzyme that specifically cleaves long K63-linked polyubiquitin chains in the middle of a chain (i.e. `endo cleavage) rather than by removing the terminal ubiquitin from a chain. This enzyme is thought to be involved in the regulation of DNA repair by cleaving K63-linked ubiquitin chains at repair foci. This protein is related to proteases for the ubiquitin-like modifiers Ufm1 (ubiquitin fold modifier 1) and Atg8/Gabarapl2, but does not have any activity on these modifiers. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2018]

ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 L5

Predicted to enable ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. Predicted to be involved in protein K11-linked ubiquitination and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear speckle splicing regulatory protein 1

Enables mRNA binding activity. Involved in developmental process and regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Located in nuclear speck. Part of ribonucleoprotein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, U5B small nuclear 1

Predicted to be involved in formation of quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP and spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex assembly. Predicted to be part of U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex and U5 snRNP. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide C pseudogene 6

RNA, U6 small nuclear 67, pseudogene

RNA, U7 small nuclear 36 pseudogene

nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1

This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the nuclear receptor subfamily 1. The encoded protein is a ligand-sensitive transcription factor that negatively regulates the expression of core clock proteins. In particular this protein represses the circadian clock transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (ARNTL). This protein may also be involved in regulating genes that function in metabolic, inflammatory and cardiovascular processes. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 2

This gene encodes a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family, specifically the NR1 subfamily of receptors. The encoded protein functions as a transcriptional repressor and may play a role in circadian rhythms and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

nuclear pore associated protein 1 pseudogene

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C pseudogene 4

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C pseudogene 2

RNA, U1 small nuclear 16, pseudogene

ligand dependent nuclear receptor interacting factor 1

Predicted to enable nuclear retinoic acid receptor binding activity. Involved in dosage compensation by inactivation of X chromosome. Located in centriolar satellite; chromosome, telomeric region; and nuclear lumen. Implicated in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 3. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, U7 small nuclear 53 pseudogene

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F pseudogene 1

RNA, U5A small nuclear 5, pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Ser (TGA) 3-1

proliferating cell nuclear antigen

The protein encoded by this gene is found in the nucleus and is a cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. The encoded protein acts as a homotrimer and helps increase the processivity of leading strand synthesis during DNA replication. In response to DNA damage, this protein is ubiquitinated and is involved in the RAD6-dependent DNA repair pathway. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes of this gene have been described on chromosome 4 and on the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

PEST proteolytic signal containing nuclear protein

Involved in proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process and protein ubiquitination. Located in nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

TMF1-regulated nuclear protein 1

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including cerebellar cortex morphogenesis; neural precursor cell proliferation; and regulation of cell population proliferation. Predicted to be located in euchromatin. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1-like 4

Predicted to enable pre-mRNA 3'-splice site binding activity. Predicted to be involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be part of U2AF complex and spliceosomal complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, U2 small nuclear 6, pseudogene

SP140 nuclear body protein-like

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tandem C2 domains, nuclear

Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 pseudogene 50

SAM domain, SH3 domain and nuclear localization signals 1

SAMSN1 is a member of a novel gene family of putative adaptors and scaffold proteins containing SH3 and SAM (sterile alpha motif) domains (Claudio et al., 2001 [PubMed 11536050]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 pseudogene 57

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 pseudogene 59

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 27kDa (U4/U6.U5) pseudogene

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B pseudogene 1

nuclear casein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase substrate 1

This gene encodes a nuclear protein that is highly conserved in vertebrates. The conserved regions of the protein contain several consensus phosphorylation sites for casein kinase II and cyclin-dependent kinases, two putative nuclear localization signals, and a basic DNA-binding domain. It is phosphorylated in vivo by Cdk1 during mitosis of the cell cycle. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

LSM5 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

LSM2 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

RNA, U7 small nuclear 1

Implicated in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, U6 small nuclear 46, pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Leu (TAA) 1-1

nuclear receptor binding factor 2 pseudogene 5

meiotic nuclear divisions 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

RNA, U5E small nuclear 6, pseudogene

RNA, U7 small nuclear 24 pseudogene

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D3 polypeptide 18kDa

This gene encodes a core component of the spliceosome, which is a nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex that functions in pre-mRNA splicing. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D2 polypeptide 16.5kDa

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein core protein family. It is required for pre-mRNA splicing and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein biogenesis. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2009]

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D1 polypeptide 16kDa

This gene encodes a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein that belongs to the SNRNP core protein family. The protein may act as a charged protein scaffold to promote SNRNP assembly or strengthen SNRNP-SNRNP interactions through nonspecific electrostatic contacts with RNA. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 pseudogene 63

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 pseudogene 68

nuclear protein localization 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable ubiquitin binding activity and ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity. Predicted to contribute to K48-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding activity and K63-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway; negative regulation of type I interferon production; and proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process. Located in nucleus. Part of UFD1-NPL4 complex and VCP-NPL4-UFD1 AAA ATPase complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear RNA export factor 2B

This gene encodes a member of a family of nuclear RNA export proteins. The encoded protein is associated with the nuclear envelope and aids in the export of mRNAs. There is a closely related paralog of this gene located adjacent on chromosome X and on the opposite strand. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2015]

RNA, U1 small nuclear 28, pseudogene

RNA, U1 small nuclear 13, pseudogene

myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen

The myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) is detected only in nuclei of cells of the granulocyte-monocyte lineage. A 200-amino acid region of human MNDA is strikingly similar to a region in the proteins encoded by a family of interferon-inducible mouse genes, designated Ifi-201, Ifi-202, and Ifi-203, that are not regulated in a cell- or tissue-specific fashion. The 1.8-kb MNDA mRNA, which contains an interferon-stimulated response element in the 5-prime untranslated region, was significantly upregulated in human monocytes exposed to interferon alpha. MNDA is located within 2,200 kb of FCER1A, APCS, CRP, and SPTA1. In its pattern of expression and/or regulation, MNDA resembles IFI16, suggesting that these genes participate in blood cell-specific responses to interferons. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

meiotic nuclear divisions 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The product of the MND1 gene associates with HOP2 (MIM 608665) to form a stable heterodimeric complex that binds DNA and stimulates the recombinase activity of RAD51 (MIM 179617) and DMC1 (MIM 602721) (Chi et al., 2007 [PubMed 17639080]). Both the MND1 and HOP2 genes are indispensable for meiotic recombination.[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

RNA, U7 small nuclear 5 pseudogene

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 8

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 2

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 6

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 7

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 4

RNA, U6atac small nuclear 5, pseudogene

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 pseudogene 6

required for meiotic nuclear division 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the evolutionary conserved sif2 family of proteins that share the DUF155 domain in common. This protein is thought to be localized in the mitochondria and involved in mitochondrial translation. Mutations in this gene are associated with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-11. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

nuclear transcription factor Y, gamma

This gene encodes one subunit of a trimeric complex forming a highly conserved transcription factor that binds with high specificity to CCAAT motifs in the promoters of a variety of genes. The encoded protein, subunit C, forms a tight dimer with the B subunit, a prerequisite for subunit A association. The resulting trimer binds to DNA with high specificity and affinity. Subunits B and C each contain a histone-like motif. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

nuclear transcription factor Y, beta

The protein encoded by this gene is one subunit of a trimeric complex, forming a highly conserved transcription factor that binds with high specificity to CCAAT motifs in the promoter regions in a variety of genes. This gene product, subunit B, forms a tight dimer with the C subunit, a prerequisite for subunit A association. The resulting trimer binds to DNA with high specificity and affinity. Subunits B and C each contain a histone-like motif. Observation of the histone nature of these subunits is supported by two types of evidence; protein sequence alignments and experiments with mutants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear transcription factor Y, alpha

The protein encoded by this gene is one subunit of a trimeric complex, forming a highly conserved transcription factor that binds to CCAAT motifs in the promoter regions in a variety of genes. Subunit A associates with a tight dimer composed of the B and C subunits, resulting in a trimer that binds to DNA with high specificity and affinity. The sequence specific interactions of the complex are made by the A subunit, suggesting a role as the regulatory subunit. In addition, there is evidence of post-transcriptional regulation in this gene product, either by protein degradation or control of translation. Further regulation is represented by alternative splicing in the glutamine-rich activation domain, with clear tissue-specific preferences for the two isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

proliferating cell nuclear antigen pseudogene 1

proliferating cell nuclear antigen pseudogene 4

LSM8 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a member of the like-Sm family of proteins. The encoded protein consists of a closed barrel shape, made up of five anti-parallel beta strands and an alpha helix. This protein partners with six paralogs to form a heteroheptameric ring which transiently binds U6 small nuclear RNAs and is involved in the general maturation of RNA in the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

LSM4 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes a member of the LSm family of RNA-binding proteins. LSm proteins form stable heteromers that bind specifically to the 3'-terminal oligo(U) tract of U6 snRNA and may play a role in pre-mRNA splicing by mediating U4/U6 snRNP formation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

LSM5 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

Sm-like proteins were identified in a variety of organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family (see SNRPD2; MIM 601061). Sm-like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif, which consists of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length that folds as a loop. The Sm-like proteins are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are important for pre-mRNA splicing.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

nuclear RNA export factor 5 pseudogene

LSM6 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated (S. cerevisiae)

Sm-like proteins were identified in a variety of organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family (see SNRPD2; MIM 601061). Sm-like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif, which consists of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length that folds as a loop. The Sm-like proteins are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are important for pre-mRNA splicing.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G pseudogene 9

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G pseudogene 7

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G pseudogene 6

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G pseudogene 5

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G pseudogene 4

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G pseudogene 1

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N pseudogene

nuclear receptor coactivator 2

The protein encoded by this gene functions as a transcriptional coactivator for nuclear hormone receptors, including steroid, thyroid, retinoid, and vitamin D receptors. The encoded protein acts as an intermediary factor for the ligand-dependent activity of these nuclear receptors, which regulate their target genes upon binding of cognate response elements. This gene has been found to be involved in translocations that result in fusions with other genes in various cancers, including the lysine acetyltransferase 6A (KAT6A) gene in acute myeloid leukemia, the ETS variant 6 (ETV6) gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and the hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1 (HEY1) gene in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

nuclear receptor coactivator 3

The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear receptor coactivator that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors to enhance their transcriptional activator functions. The encoded protein has histone acetyltransferase activity and recruits p300/CBP-associated factor and CREB binding protein as part of a multisubunit coactivation complex. This protein is initially found in the cytoplasm but is translocated into the nucleus upon phosphorylation. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. In addition, a polymorphic repeat region is found in the C-terminus of the encoded protein. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

nuclear receptor coactivator 1

The protein encoded by this gene acts as a transcriptional coactivator for steroid and nuclear hormone receptors. It is a member of the p160/steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family and like other family members has histone acetyltransferase activity and contains a nuclear localization signal, as well as bHLH and PAS domains. The product of this gene binds nuclear receptors directly and stimulates the transcriptional activities in a hormone-dependent fashion. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear receptor coactivator 6

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional coactivator that can interact with nuclear hormone receptors to enhance their transcriptional activator functions. This protein has been shown to be involved in the hormone-dependent coactivation of several receptors, including prostanoid, retinoid, vitamin D3, thyroid hormone, and steroid receptors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

nuclear receptor coactivator 7

Enables nuclear receptor binding activity and nuclear receptor coactivator activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear receptor coactivator 4

This gene encodes an androgen receptor coactivator. The encoded protein interacts with the androgen receptor in a ligand-dependent manner to enhance its transcriptional activity. Chromosomal translocations between this gene and the ret tyrosine kinase gene, also located on chromosome 10, have been associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. Pseudogenes are present on chromosomes 4, 5, 10, and 14. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

nuclear receptor coactivator 5

This gene encodes a coregulator for the alpha and beta estrogen receptors and the orphan nuclear receptor NR1D2. The protein localizes to the nucleus, and is thought to have both coactivator and corepressor functions. Its interaction with nuclear receptors is independent of the AF2 domain on the receptors, which is known to regulate interaction with other coreceptors. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

RNA, U7 small nuclear 62 pseudogene

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B

This gene belongs to the subfamily of ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). The hnRNPs are produced by RNA polymerase II and are components of the heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) complexes. They are associated with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and appear to influence pre-mRNA processing and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport. While all of the hnRNPs are present in the nucleus, some seem to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The hnRNP proteins have distinct nucleic acid binding properties. The protein encoded by this gene, which binds to one of the components of the multiprotein editosome complex, has two repeats of quasi-RRM (RNA recognition motif) domains that bind to RNAs. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 pseudogene 42

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 pseudogene 41

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 pseudogene 46

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 pseudogene 47

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 pseudogene 44

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 pseudogene 45

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Located in nucleus. Part of catalytic step 2 spliceosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A0

This gene belongs to the A/B subfamily of ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). The hnRNPs are RNA binding proteins and they complex with heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). These proteins are associated with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and appear to influence pre-mRNA processing and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport. While all of the hnRNPs are present in the nucleus, some seem to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The hnRNP proteins have distinct nucleic acid binding properties. The protein encoded by this gene has two repeats of quasi-RRM domains that bind RNAs, followed by a glycine-rich C-terminus. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1

This gene encodes a member of a family of ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which are RNA-binding proteins that associate with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and influence pre-mRNA processing, as well as other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the most abundant core proteins of hnRNP complexes and plays a key role in the regulation of alternative splicing. Mutations in this gene have been observed in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 20. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found. There are numerous pseudogenes of this gene distributed throughout the genome. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

RNA, U6 small nuclear 79, pseudogene

nuclear prelamin A recognition factor-like

Predicted to enable 4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding activity and metal ion binding activity. Involved in several processes, including intracellular oxygen homeostasis; iron-sulfur cluster assembly; and response to hypoxia. Part of cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, U4 small nuclear 7, pseudogene

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, beta

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the NF-kappa-B inhibitor family, which inhibit NF-kappa-B by complexing with, and trapping it in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of serine residues on these proteins by kinases marks them for destruction via the ubiquitination pathway, thereby allowing activation of the NF-kappa-B, which translocates to the nucleus to function as a transcription factor. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, delta

Predicted to enable NF-kappaB binding activity. Predicted to be involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation; and regulation of gene expression. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including negative regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus; negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction; and positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, epsilon

The protein encoded by this gene binds to components of NF-kappa-B, trapping the complex in the cytoplasm and preventing it from activating genes in the nucleus. Phosphorylation of the encoded protein targets it for destruction by the ubiquitin pathway, which activates NF-kappa-B by making it available to translocate to the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, zeta

This gene is a member of the ankyrin-repeat family and is induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The C-terminal portion of the encoded product which contains the ankyrin repeats, shares high sequence similarity with the I kappa B family of proteins. The latter are known to play a role in inflammatory responses to LPS by their interaction with NF-B proteins through ankyrin-repeat domains. Studies in mouse indicate that this gene product is one of the nuclear I kappa B proteins and an activator of IL-6 production. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a DNA-binding zinc finger transcription factor and is a member of the fushi tarazu factor-1 subfamily of orphan nuclear receptors. The encoded protein is involved in the expression of genes for hepatitis B virus and cholesterol biosynthesis, and may be an important regulator of embryonic development. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016]

nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional activator involved in sex determination. The encoded protein binds DNA as a monomer. Defects in this gene are a cause of XY sex reversal with or without adrenal failure as well as adrenocortical insufficiency without ovarian defect. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

RNA, U6 small nuclear 8

Predicted to enable U4 snRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in formation of quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP and spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex assembly. Predicted to be part of U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex and U6 snRNP. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, U6 small nuclear 9

Predicted to enable U4 snRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in formation of quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP and spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex assembly. Predicted to be part of U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex and U6 snRNP. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, U6 small nuclear 7

Predicted to enable U4 snRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in formation of quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP and spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex assembly. Predicted to be part of U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex and U6 snRNP. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, U6 small nuclear 1

Predicted to enable U4 snRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in formation of quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP and spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex assembly. Predicted to be part of U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex and U6 snRNP. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA, U6 small nuclear 2

Predicted to enable U4 snRNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in formation of quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP and spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex assembly. Predicted to be part of U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex and U6 snRNP. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear receptor subfamily 6, group A, member 1

This gene encodes an orphan nuclear receptor which is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family. Its expression pattern suggests that it may be involved in neurogenesis and germ cell development. The protein can homodimerize and bind DNA, but in vivo targets have not been identified. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

nudC nuclear distribution protein

This gene encodes a nuclear distribution protein that plays an essential role in mitosis and cytokinesis. The encoded protein is involved in spindle formation during mitosis and in microtubule organization during cytokinesis. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

RNA, U6 small nuclear 69, pseudogene

nuclear pore membrane glycoprotein 210-like

RNA, U1 small nuclear 20, pseudogene

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1-like 2 pseudogene

gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 8 pseudogene 2

RNA, U7 small nuclear 47 pseudogene

pirin (iron-binding nuclear protein)

This gene encodes a member of the cupin superfamily. The encoded protein is an Fe(II)-containing nuclear protein expressed in all tissues of the body and concentrated within dot-like subnuclear structures. Interactions with nuclear factor I/CCAAT box transcription factor as well as B cell lymphoma 3-encoded oncoprotein suggest the encoded protein may act as a transcriptional cofactor and be involved in the regulation of DNA transcription and replication. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

RNA, U7 small nuclear 86 pseudogene

nuclear receptor corepressor 1 pseudogene 2

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 8-1

RNA, U7 small nuclear 13 pseudogene

RNA, U6 small nuclear 36, pseudogene

RNA, U4atac small nuclear 2, pseudogene

nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 4

nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 3

nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 2

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R

This gene encodes an RNA-binding protein that is a member of the spliceosome C complex, which functions in pre-mRNA processing and transport. The encoded protein also promotes transcription at the c-fos gene. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. There are pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 4, 11, and 10. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

RNA, U6 small nuclear 64, pseudogene

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L

Heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNAs) which include mRNA precursors and mature mRNAs are associated with specific proteins to form heterogenous ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complexes. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L is among the proteins that are stably associated with hnRNP complexes and along with other hnRNP proteins is likely to play a major role in the formation, packaging, processing, and function of mRNA. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L is present in the nucleoplasm as part of the HNRP complex. HNRP proteins have also been identified outside of the nucleoplasm. Exchange of hnRNP for mRNA-binding proteins accompanies transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Since HNRP proteins have been shown to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, it is possible that they also have cytoplasmic functions. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 200kDa (U5)

Pre-mRNA splicing is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a complex of specialized RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA segment. The spliceosome consists of small nuclear RNA proteins (snRNPs) U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6, together with approximately 80 conserved proteins. U5 snRNP contains nine specific proteins. This gene encodes one of the U5 snRNP-specific proteins. This protein belongs to the DEXH-box family of putative RNA helicases. It is a core component of U4/U6-U5 snRNPs and appears to catalyze an ATP-dependent unwinding of U4/U6 RNA duplices. Mutations in this gene cause autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found, but the full-length nature of these variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (AU-rich element RNA binding protein 1, 37kDa) pseudogene 1

nuclear ubiquitous casein and cyclin-dependent kinase substrate 1-like

poly(A) binding protein, nuclear 1-like (cytoplasmic)

Predicted to enable poly(A) binding activity. Predicted to be involved in nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay. Predicted to act upstream of or within maternal-to-zygotic transition of gene expression; negative regulation of SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent catabolic process; and negative regulation of protein ubiquitination. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 pseudogene 2

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 pseudogene 3

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 pseudogene 1

RNA, U5B small nuclear 5, pseudogene

thymocyte nuclear protein 1

This gene encodes a protein that is highly conserved among vertebrates and plant species and may be involved in the induction of apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

RNA, U6 small nuclear 63, pseudogene

RNA, U7 small nuclear 54 pseudogene

RNA, U5A small nuclear 2, pseudogene

nuclear transcription factor Y, beta pseudogene

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transfer RNA-Gln (TTG) 2-1

Sjoegren syndrome nuclear autoantigen 1 homolog

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1

This gene encodes a 105 kD protein which can undergo cotranslational processing by the 26S proteasome to produce a 50 kD protein. The 105 kD protein is a Rel protein-specific transcription inhibitor and the 50 kD protein is a DNA binding subunit of the NF-kappa-B (NFKB) protein complex. NFKB is a transcription regulator that is activated by various intra- and extra-cellular stimuli such as cytokines, oxidant-free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial or viral products. Activated NFKB translocates into the nucleus and stimulates the expression of genes involved in a wide variety of biological functions. Inappropriate activation of NFKB has been associated with a number of inflammatory diseases while persistent inhibition of NFKB leads to inappropriate immune cell development or delayed cell growth. NFKB is a critical regulator of the immediate-early response to viral infection. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms, at least one of which is proteolytically processed. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (p49/p100)

This gene encodes a subunit of the transcription factor complex nuclear factor-kappa-B (NFkB). The NFkB complex is expressed in numerous cell types and functions as a central activator of genes involved in inflammation and immune function. The protein encoded by this gene can function as both a transcriptional activator or repressor depending on its dimerization partner. The p100 full-length protein is co-translationally processed into a p52 active form. Chromosomal rearrangements and translocations of this locus have been observed in B cell lymphomas, some of which may result in the formation of fusion proteins. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 18. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

RNA, U7 small nuclear 32 pseudogene

basic leucine zipper nuclear factor 2 pseudogene

nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1

The product of this gene is a component of the nuclear factor of activated T cells DNA-binding transcription complex. This complex consists of at least two components: a preexisting cytosolic component that translocates to the nucleus upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, and an inducible nuclear component. Proteins belonging to this family of transcription factors play a central role in inducible gene transcription during immune response. The product of this gene is an inducible nuclear component. It functions as a major molecular target for the immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin A. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. Different isoforms of this protein may regulate inducible expression of different cytokine genes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 2

This gene is a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family. The product of this gene is a DNA-binding protein with a REL-homology region (RHR) and an NFAT-homology region (NHR). This protein is present in the cytosol and only translocates to the nucleus upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, where it becomes a member of the nuclear factors of activated T cells transcription complex. This complex plays a central role in inducing gene transcription during the immune response. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 4

This gene encodes a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) protein family. The encoded protein is part of a DNA-binding transcription complex. This complex consists of at least two components: a preexisting cytosolic component that translocates to the nucleus upon T cell receptor stimulation and an inducible nuclear component. NFAT proteins are activated by the calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin. The encoded protein plays a role in the inducible expression of cytokine genes in T cells, especially in the induction of interleukin-2 and interleukin-4. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

nuclear receptor interacting protein 1

Nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 (NRIP1) is a nuclear protein that specifically interacts with the hormone-dependent activation domain AF2 of nuclear receptors. Also known as RIP140, this protein modulates transcriptional activity of the estrogen receptor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear receptor interacting protein 2

Predicted to enable aspartic-type endopeptidase activity. Predicted to be involved in proteolysis. Predicted to act upstream of or within Notch signaling pathway and negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]